管理措施及土壤因子对5种农田生境地表蜘蛛群落多样性的影响

以往的研究表明有机管理有利于生物多样性保护,但在不同农业生境类型中是否都存在这个结论呢?基于此问题,本研究在一个多生境的有机管理农场与一个相邻的多生境常规集约化管理农区,采用陷阱法进行蜘蛛取样,对比有机和常规管理措施下大棚菜地、果园、稻田田埂、露天田块及农田边界等5种生境类型的农田蜘蛛多样性的差异,并分析土壤因子对蜘蛛多样性的影响。研究发现:1)有机管理与常规管理的蜘蛛物种数没有显著差异,但有机管理的果园中蜘蛛个体数比常规管理的果园中多139%,且差异显著。同一管理措施下,仅常规管理农田区的农田边界蜘蛛个体数和物种数分别显著高于其他生境均值104%和59%。2)有机管理农场比常规管理农田的蜘蛛物种组成差异略大,且在有机管理下不同生境间的蜘蛛群落组成差异更明显。3)土壤因子中有机质、全氮、全磷含量等对蜘蛛群落结构有显著影响,但对蜘蛛个体数和物种数没有显著影响,仅土壤Cu含量和蜘蛛个体数呈显著负相关。在本研究中虽然有机管理和土壤因子对蜘蛛多样性有一定影响,但不同生境间管理强度、植被结构等差异对蜘蛛多样性的影响更大。因此,发展多种农业生境类型的有机农业可提升物种β多样性。同时,在常规集约化管理农区,保留农田边界等半自然生境、适当减少化肥和农药等投入、降低农田内部的管理强度、防止土壤重金属污染等措施均有助于保护蜘蛛多样性。     

区域景观中生境特异性对昆虫多样性的影响——以西双版纳为例

生境特异性(habitat-specific)在维持生物多样性上发挥着重要作用。本研究旨在了解在区域景观中,不同类型生境对不同类群昆虫多样性的贡献及群落结构差异,从大尺度上探讨昆虫多样性分布格局和维持机制。于2019年8—9月,在西双版纳地区利用样线调查法,调查了保护区、次生林、人工林和农田4种生境中蝴蝶、蝽和甲虫的物种数、特有物种数,分析了昆虫群落的生境特异性指数、群落结构相似性及物种丰富度与生态因子的关系。共采集昆虫2588头,其中蝴蝶94种(744头),蝽197种(1094头),甲虫129种(750头),保护区的昆虫物种数和特有物种数均高于其余类型生境。保护区昆虫群落的生境特异性指数实测值高于期望值,而其余类型生境昆虫群落的生境特异性指数实测值均低于期望值;不同类型生境间,3个类群的昆虫群落汇总的生境特异性指数不存在显著差异(F_(3,57)=2.054),甲虫生境特异性指数差异显著(F_(3,55)=3.478),蝴蝶(F_(3,38)=1.504)和蝽类(F_(3,53)=1.153)生境特异性指数差异不显著。群落结构相似性分析显示,保护区和农田的3个类群昆虫群落汇总的群落结构差异显著;次生林和人工林的蝴蝶群落结构差异显著,保护区和次生林的蝽类群落结构差异显著,甲虫昆虫群落结构差异不显著。本研究还发现,只有生境类型对昆虫群落的物种丰富度产生的影响极显著(P0.01),而其他生态因子的影响不显著。在大尺度区域景观中,保护区对昆虫群落的多样性影响最大,生境类型与昆虫群落的物种丰富度密切相关,保护较好的天然林是维持区域昆虫群落分布格局和多样性的重要机制。     

东北平原典型玉米种植区农业景观植物多样性研究——以昌图县为例

非耕作生境是农业景观中的重要组成部分,为生物提供食物和栖息地,对生物多样性保护具有重要意义。本文以辽宁省昌图县为例,选取了20个非耕作生境比例为0~50%的网格(1 km?1 km)为样区,采用典型样地法对调查区域内农业景观中的林地、田间路、草地、沟渠、果园5类主要非耕作生境中的植物群落进行调查,探讨不同非耕作生境类型和比例中植物多样性及其与景观异质性之间的关系。研究结果表明,随着非耕作生境比例增加,植物物种多样性和均匀度先增加后减小,在20%~30%时达到峰值;非耕作生境比例在0~40%范围内时,植物物种丰富度同样呈现先增加后减小,且在20%~30%时达到峰值;非耕作生境比例高于40%时,植物物种丰富度再次出现峰值且高于20%~30%。随着非耕作生境比例的增加,农业景观香浓多样性、香浓均匀度指数和景观斑块形状复杂程度逐渐增加,蔓延度恰好相反。不同生境中重要值最高的均为禾本科植物,但植物种不同;优势种优势度为果园沟渠草地田间路林地。果园、草地和沟渠的物种多样性和均匀度指数显著高于林地和田间路,丰富度指数为草地林地沟渠果园田间路,且草地、果园和田间路的不同调查区域间植物群落指数存在较大的变异性。草地、果园、沟渠、田间路和林地中景观异质性与物种多样性相关性顺次降低。研究结论表明,东北平原典型玉米种植区农业景观中,最适宜非耕作生境比例为20%~30%;非耕作生境中林地、沟渠对物种多样性维持、湿生植物多样性保护具有积极作用;不同生境干扰类型和方式不同,景观异质性与植物物种多样性相关性程度也不同。在今后农业景观生物多样性保护中应综合考虑非耕作生境的类型和比例,干扰的类型和方式等多种因素对生物多样性、生态服务及农业产量的影响。     

农田防护林对田间地表节肢动物分布的影响——以昌图县为例

提升农田生物多样性是当前生态农业研究的热点问题。为探讨农田防护林的生物多样性保护功能,本研究在辽宁省昌图县金家镇选取8个农田-防护林单元（每个单元即为1个田块）,使用陷阱法调查了不同类型林带（完整型、残缺型、消亡型）相邻的农田中,距林带不同距离处（0 m、50 m、100 m、150 m、200 m）地表节肢动物的分布情况,同时记录林带内的植被群落特征。采用方差分析以及群落排序的方法,分析了林带类型、距离梯度以及林带植被结构对农田地表节肢动物分布的影响。研究结果表明：1）与消亡型相比,完整型和残缺型林带相邻的农田物种多度显著较高,物种多样性在各类型林带农田间无显著差异,与完整型及残缺型林带相邻的农田维持着区别于消亡型林带的地表节肢动物群落结构。2）完整型和残缺型林带相邻的农田物种多度梯度变化显著,随距林带距离的增加均呈由低到高的变化趋势;不同类型林带农田中,物种多样性随距林带距离的增加逐渐递减,边缘效应显著。3）林带中草本层物种多度和乔木层盖度是影响农田地表节肢动物群落分布的主要因子,共解释了35.4%的节肢动物数量变异;不同节肢动物物种对林带植被结构的响应存在差异,步甲和蜘蛛作为当地农业景观中主要的天敌类群,与上述林带植被结构因子关系密切：林带内较高的草本层物种多度有利于增加农田中某些步甲常见种的多样性,而较高的乔木层盖度有利于增加蜘蛛目常见科的多样性。研究结果表明,农田防护林作为研究区主要的非耕作生境类型,能够显著提升相邻农田中地表节肢动物的多度,对于物种多样性的提升作用则不明显;林带内草本层物种多度以及乔木层盖度对蜘蛛、步甲等多类天敌多样性保护具有积极作用。因此,加强农业景观中现有林地的改造和提升,如营造适宜盖度的上层林木以及丰富的林下植被,能够提升现有林地的生境质量,进一步发挥其对农田生物多样性的保育功能。     

城市扩张对农田景观中非农生境的影响*——以辽宁省沈阳市沈北新区为例

农田景观因其巨大面积和更高的生产力,在全球生物多样性维持,甚至濒危物种的维持中扮演着重要角色。而农田景观中非农生境被蚕食的现象较为突出,尤其城市周边农田景观中更为普遍。本文以沈阳市沈北新区为例,采用景观紊乱度法将其划分为城市、城市边缘区和乡村3个区域,利用GIS技术分析3个区域农田景观中非农生境类型、数量与面积比例,探讨城市扩张对农田景观中非农生境影响程度。结果表明,随着与城市中心距离的增加,由城市、城市边缘区至乡村,非农生境类型呈现逐渐增加趋势,靠近城市中心的非农生境仅有林地,而在乡村区域有草地、林地、水域和农村道路4种类型。非农生境斑块数量比例呈现总体增加趋势,城市平均比例为8.63%、城市边缘区平均比例为17.08%、乡村平均比例为22.48%。非农生境面积比例呈现先增后减的倒"U"字型变化,城市边缘区的非农生境面积比例最高,值为1.93%。非农生境斑块密度呈现先增加、再减少和后增加的变化趋势,城市边缘区的非农生境斑块密度最小。最大斑块指数和聚集度指数呈现先减少后再增加的趋势,城市边缘区的非农生境最大斑块指数和聚集度指数最小。景观形状指数和多样性指数呈现先增加后减少的趋势,城市边缘区景观形状指数和多样性指数最大。总体而言,距离城市中心最近的城市区域受城市化强烈影响后,保留在城市景观之中的农田景观重新建立一种相对稳定的景观格局,残留其间的非农生境类型单一、斑块数量低,斑块较大、形状规则;正在受到城市建设切割的城市边缘区农田景观中非农生境面积比例、景观形状指数和多样性指数表现为虚高,但其斑块密度、最大斑块指数和聚集度指数均较小;距离城市中心最远的乡村区域非农生境受城市化影响较弱,类型趋于多样、斑块数量比例高、景观异质性较高。     

不同生境对蚂蚁功能群的影响* ——以云南省绿春县为例

为探究土地利用变化主导的生境变化对蚂蚁功能群的影响,采用陷阱法和Winkler袋法调查了云南省绿春县天然次生林(N)、桉树林(E)、紫胶林(L)、橡胶林(R)、紫胶-玉米混农林(M)、旱地(D)和农田(F)7种生境类型的蚂蚁群落。共采集蚂蚁37 891头,隶属于8亚科52属137种;依据竞争关系、生境要求、行为优势以及对环境压力和干扰的响应等4个生态学特性,将52属划分为7个功能群:优势臭蚁亚科(DD)、从属弓背蚁族(SC)、广义切叶蚁亚科(GM)、机会主义者(O)、隐蔽物种(C)、气候特化种(CS)和专业捕食者(SP)。不同功能群的物种丰富度排序为机会主义者(10属32种)气候特化种(15属29种)广义切叶蚁亚科(3属24种)隐蔽物种(14属21种)从属弓背蚁族(2属16种)专业捕食者(6属14种)优势臭蚁亚科(2属2种)。从属弓背蚁族、气候特化种、隐蔽物种3个功能群的蚂蚁多度在天然次生林、桉树林和紫胶林中所占比例较高,而优势臭蚁亚科功能群则在干扰多的农田中比例较高;除优势臭蚁亚科仅2属2种外,在天然次生林、桉树林、紫胶林和紫胶-玉米混农林中大多数功能群的蚂蚁物种丰富度明显高于农田,而专业捕食者功能群蚂蚁物种丰富度在不同生境中差异不大。桉树林和紫胶林蚂蚁功能群的群落结构与天然次生林较为接近,橡胶林、紫胶-玉米混农林和旱地蚂蚁功能群的群落结构相似。气候特化种、广义切叶蚁亚科、机会主义者和从属弓背蚁族在不同类型样地中的物种组成变化程度大于同一类型生境重复样地间的变化程度。广义切叶蚁亚科、机会主义者和从属弓背蚁族3个功能群的蚂蚁群落在不同生境中变化明显,整体上表现为桉树林、紫胶林和天然次生林的蚂蚁群落与旱地和农田不相似;隐蔽物种和气候特化种仅在桉树林和紫胶林蚂蚁群落较为相似;专业捕食者功能群蚂蚁群落在不同生境中的变化不明显。蚂蚁功能群能够指示生境变化,广义切叶蚁亚科、从属弓背蚁族和机会主义者的指示效果较好,实质上是不同功能群中不同物种的多度及功能群内的群落组成变化对生境变化导致的干扰及资源可利用程度的响应有差异。     

太湖流域稻田管理方式对蜘蛛群落特征的影响

蜘蛛是稻田重要的天敌生物,通过改进生产管理方式提升稻田蜘蛛多样性及其害虫生物控制服务,对推动稻田可持续生产具有重要意义。本研究调查太湖流域有机、绿色、常规生产模式下稻田蜘蛛群落多样性及群落结构和功能组成,以评估不同生产管理模式对稻田蜘蛛多样性的影响。结果显示:不同生产方式蜘蛛α多样性指数差异显著,有机生产稻田蜘蛛的丰富度、多度和辛普森多样性指数均显著高于常规及绿色生产稻田。捕猎类型在不同稻田差异显著,有机和绿色生产稻田蜘蛛以结网型为主,而常规生产稻田以捕猎型为主; 3种生产模式稻田蜘蛛体长和飞航能力无显著差异。有机和常规生产稻田蜘蛛群落组成间存在显著差异,绿色生产稻田蜘蛛群落组成介于有机与常规生产稻田之间,是这两种生境蜘蛛组成的过渡类型;有机生产稻田具有较多的的蜘蛛指示种,而绿色和常规生产稻田蜘蛛群落分布上以广布种与共有种为主,缺乏特有种。稻田蜘蛛群落组成随水稻生长而变化,但有机生产稻田蜘蛛丰富度、多度除分蘖早期和拔节期外,其余时期均显著高于常规和绿色生产稻田。研究结果表明,相较于常规和绿色生产,有机生产方式可以有效提高稻田蜘蛛多样性,维持更强的害虫捕食能力,对推动该地区绿色发展和生态环境恢复具有重要意义。     

石羊河中下游不同生境柽柳群落物种多样性及土壤水分、盐分关系

为了给石羊河流域柽柳群落植被恢复与保护提供参考依据,以石羊河流域4种类生境型柽柳群落为研究对象,测定了群落物种组成、数量特征及土壤水分、盐分,分析了不同生境群落特征及其与土壤水分之间的关系。结果表明:(1)柽柳群落中共有植物22种,分属9科20属,其中灌木植物最多,为8种(5科6属),其次是多年生草本,为7种(4科7属),一年生草本为7种(3科7属),分别占总物种数的36.36%,31.82%,31.82%。(2)柽柳群落中,固定盐碱沙地密度最大,盐碱地和退耕湿地次之,丘间低地最低; 平均密度差异不显著(p>0.05); 盖度差异显著(p<0.05),以固定盐碱沙地最大,为73.33%,盐碱地和丘间低地次之,均为61.67%,退耕湿地最小,为47.00%。(3)不同生境类型柽柳群落在物种组成及多样性方面存在差异,从Margalef丰富度指数、Shanon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数和Alatulo均匀度指数看,丘间低地>盐碱地>固定盐碱沙地>退耕湿地(p<0.05),丘间低地群落优势度指数低于盐碱地和固定盐碱沙地、退耕湿地,群落结构相对稳定; 丘间低地Pielou均匀度指数明显高于其他3种类型。(4)在0—10 cm,10—20 cm,20—30 cm,30—40 cm,40—60 cm,60—80 cm土层范围内,盐减地和固定盐碱沙地土壤含水率最高,其次是退耕湿地和丘间低地,总体呈现出先升高然后逐渐下降的趋势。物种多样性与土壤水分均呈正相关关系,但均未达到显著水平(p<0.05),综上所述,不同生境柽柳群落组成物种稀少,结构简单,种群物种平均密度差异不显著。群落组成物种中,灌木种类最多,多年生和一年生草本种类相同。丘间低地多样性指数高于其他生境类型,退耕地最低,而生态优势度指数则相反,物种多样性与土壤水分表现出非显著的正相关关系。     

稻蟹共作与常规稻田蜘蛛群落组成及多样性分析

稻蟹共作是一种新型的稻田生态种养殖技术,对推动生态农业发展具有重要意义。目前对稻田蜘蛛的研究仅限于常规稻田,而关于稻蟹共作系统蜘蛛方面的研究尚少见报道。本试验旨在研究稻蟹共作田与常规稻田中蜘蛛群落的组成及多样性特点,探索稻蟹共作田蜘蛛的发生特点,为进一步研究稻蟹共作系统生物多样性特征奠定基础。试验采用吸虫器抽吸法,系统调查了盘锦稻蟹共作田和常规稻田蜘蛛物种组成,并分析了蜘蛛群落多样性特点。结果表明：这两类稻田共调查11科31种蜘蛛,狼蛛科（Lycosidae）、皿蛛科（Linyphiidae）和园蛛科（Araneidae）数量最多,占总蛛数70%;稻蟹共作田蜘蛛个体数量显著高于常规稻田。2类稻田蜘蛛优势种均为草间钻头蛛（Hylyphantes graminicola）和拟水狼蛛（Pirata subpiraticus）。多样性指数表明,6月初蜘蛛Shannon-Wiener多样性指数最低,8-9月蜘蛛群落最高;而均匀度指数、丰富度指数总体与其呈正相关,优势度指数与其呈负相关;2类稻田蜘蛛群落多样性特点基本一致。研究结果表明稻蟹共作田和常规稻田蜘蛛种类和多样性特点没有显著差异,但蜘蛛个体数量有显著差异,即稻蟹共作田蜘蛛个体数量显著高于常规稻田。     

气候低适宜区域橡胶种植模式对蚂蚁多样性的影响

为了揭示中、低适宜区域橡胶种植地的生物多样性状况,及选择有益于保护生物多样性的种植模式,使用陷阱法于2015年9月和2016年8月调查了钝叶黄檀-玉米地(对照)、橡胶纯林(Ⅱ)、橡胶-茶树混农林(Ⅲ)、橡胶-咖啡混农林(Ⅳ)中地表层和树冠层蚂蚁物种多样性、群落结构差异及指示物种,以研究不同类型种植模式间蚂蚁群落间的差异。结果表明:4种类型样地中,地表层蚂蚁中多度、物种丰富度、ACE值均存在显著差异(P0.05),大小排序为橡胶-茶树混农林橡胶纯林钝叶黄檀-玉米地橡胶-咖啡混农林;树冠层蚂蚁群落多度存在显著差异(P0.05),大小排序为橡胶纯林橡胶-茶树混农林橡胶-咖啡混农林钝叶黄檀-玉米地,物种丰富度和ACE值不存在显著差异(P0.05)。地表层和树冠层蚂蚁群落结构样地类型间均存在极显著差异(P0.01),其中橡胶-茶树混农林的蚂蚁群落结构与其余样地存在较高的相似性。4种类型样地中均存在1种指示物种,钝叶黄檀-玉米地为棒刺大头蚁(Pheidolespathifera),橡胶林为黑头酸臭蚁(Tapinomamelanocephalum),橡胶-茶树混农林为环纹大齿猛蚁(Odontomachuscirculus),橡胶-咖啡混农林为缅甸细长蚁(Tetraponera birmana)。从本研究来看,橡胶-茶树混农林是当地橡胶复合农林系统中既具经济效益,又能较好保护蚂蚁多样性的种植模式。     

Effects of land management on the abundance and richness of spiders (Araneae): A meta-analysis

Human land use, through forest management and conversion of natural habitats into agroecosystems, has often resulted in loss of biodiversity. Spiders are important predators in terrestrial ecosystems, biological control agents against pests in agroecosystems and forests, and useful indicators due to their sensibility to changes in habitat structure and microclimate. Effects of land use on spiders have been reviewed several times but existing reviews are narrative and usually focused on one single kind of management. We summarize the impacts of land use on spider abundance and species richness using meta-analysis. The main ecosystems where the effect of management on spiders has been studied were forests, agroecosystems and rangelands (including meadows and grasslands). Although our survey retrieved studies from all parts of the world and climatic zones, a dominance of studies from temperate habitats in Europe and North America was evident. The meta-analysis showed negative effects on spider species richness and abundance for agroecosystems and rangelands, but were less evident for forests. From 10 kinds of land management identified, all but forest plantation showed effects on spider richness or abundance. These land management scenarios affected either species richness (forest fragmentation and logging, farmland abandonment, and miscellaneous management including plowing, cutting and fire), or spider abundance (forest fragmentation, forest fire, conventional farming, insecticides, grazing, and farmland abandonment), but not both. Edge effects had contrasting effects depending on the ecosystem, affecting spider species richness in agroecosystems and abundance in rangelands and forests. Direct destruction of spiders or negative effects on habitat heterogeneity or prey populations were the most likely causes of the negative effects detected.     

Plant-pollinator biodiversity and pollination services in a complex Mediterranean landscape

Mediterranean landscapes comprise a complex mosaic of different habitats that vary in the diversity of their floral communities, pollinator communities and pollination services. Using the Greek Island of Lesvos as a model system, we assess the biodiversity value of six common habitats and measure ecosystemic ‘health’ using pollen grain deposition in three core flowering plants as a measure of pollination services. Three fire-driven habitats were assessed: freshly burnt areas, fully regenerated pine forests and intermediate age scrub; in addition we examined oak woodlands, actively managed olive groves and groves that had been abandoned from agriculture. Oak woodlands, pine forests and managed olive groves had the highest diversity of bees. The habitat characteristics responsible for structuring bee communities were: floral diversity, floral abundance, nectar energy availability and the variety of nectar resources present. Pollination services in two of our plant species, which were pollinated by a limited sub-set of the pollinator community, indicated that pollination levels were highest in the burnt and mature pine habitats. The third species, which was open to all flower visitors, indicated that oak woodlands had the highest levels of pollination from generalist species. Pollination was always more effective in managed olive groves than in abandoned groves. However, the two most common species of bee, the honeybee and a bumblebee, were not the primary pollinators within these habitats. We conclude that the three habitats of greatest overall value for plant-pollinator communities and provision of the healthiest pollination services are pine forests, oak woodland and managed olive groves. We indicate how the highest value habitats may be maintained in a complex landscape to safeguard and enhance pollination function within these habitats and potentially in adjoining agricultural areas.     

Hedgerows in an agri-natural landscape: Potential habitat value for native bees

Recent declines in North American honeybee populations have highlighted the importance of native bee conservation, and the need for research on the ecological requirements of native bees in farmland. In this study, we investigated the value of hedgerows as foraging habitat for native bees in mosaics of small-scale agriculture and natural vegetation in two riparian landscapes in southeast Arizona, USA. In the summers of 2002 and 2003, we surveyed bees and flowers in four habitats: hedgerows, agricultural fields, woodlots, and native woodland. We asked: (1) How do hedgerows compare to other available habitats in bee abundance and species richness? (2) How does bee species composition in hedgerows compare to species composition in agricultural fields and woodland? (3) How do flower resources in hedgerows compare to those in fields and woodland?We found that hedgerows were attractive foraging habitat for native bees, especially in early summer, when hedgerows tended to have higher species richness than other agricultural or natural habitats. Cumulative species richness was highest in agricultural fields, although cumulative species richness did not significantly differ among fields, hedgerows, and woodland. While bee faunas overlapped among habitats, bee assemblages in hedgerows were more similar to those in woodland than to those in fields. The hedgerow herbaceous flora was roughly intermediate to that of fields and woodland; hedgerows also supported high densities of woodland-characteristic shrubs. These flowering shrubs were important in attracting bees that were otherwise uncommon in the landscape, including some species that are potentially valuable pollinators of agricultural crops.     

Impacts of coffee agroforestry management on tropical bee communities

Though it is undoubted that tropical bees are influenced by habitat composition, few studies have investigated the relative importance of both local and landscape-level habitat parameters in supporting large and diverse bee communities. The conservation of native bee communities within agroforestry landscapes is particularly urgent given the importance of pollination services within these systems. In this study, we examined tropical bee communities within a largely deforested shade coffee-growing region in Chiapas, Mexico. We used regression tree modeling to examine the response of bee functional groups to local and landscape-level habitat management. Our models revealed that the most predictive factors for bee abundance and species richness were the number of tree species, the number of tree species in flower, and the canopy cover of the local agroforestry landscape. Solitary bees were most abundant in habitats with high canopy cover, while social bees were most abundant in habitats with greater tree species richness. Cavity-nesting and wood-nesting bee abundance was positively affected by the amount of canopy cover in the farm, while ground-nesting bees were most abundant in habitats with a large number of tree species in flower. Our results demonstrate that across bee sociality groups, nesting guilds, and tribes, the most critical factor impacting native bee communities was within-farm local vegetation management. These results reveal the important role that agroforestry managers can have on biodiversity conservation, and the potential contribution they can make by creating resource-rich agricultural matrices. Specifically, our findings highlight the importance of diverse overstory tree management in supporting native bee communities within tropical agroforestry systems.     

Web spider community response along an edge between pasture and Araucaria forest

We investigated how vegetation features and temporal variation influenced web spider richness, abundance and composition along an edge between Araucaria forest and pasture in southern Brazil. Web spiders and vegetation were surveyed four times over a 1-year period, in five 5 × 5 m plots randomised in four locations: 50 m into the pasture, 0, 50 and 250 m into the forest. We collected a total of 836 web spiders (33 morphospecies and six families). We found different web spider assemblages occurring at the pasture edge and forest interior. The richness and abundance of web spiders decreased up to 50 m towards the forest interior in all seasons, and we found a positive influence of vegetation richness on web spider abundance. In conclusion, web spider assemblages are influenced by an edge gradient, this pattern is consistent throughout the year and is strongly related to vegetation features.     

Plant and spider communities benefit differently from the presence of planted hedgerows in highway verges

Road verges should play a crucial role as a refuge for native flora and fauna in human dominated landscapes. However, the influence of construction choices, such as plantation of woody species, on the biodiversity supported by roadsides has received little attention, although the presence of hedgerows in roadsides is likely to enhance their role as a refuge, notably for woodland species. Using standardised methods, we assessed the impact of planted hedgerows on two taxonomic groups (plants and spiders) inhabiting highway verges within an intensive agricultural landscape. We examined community richness, taxonomic and functional composition in sites with and without planted hedgerows. At the site level, the response of plant and spider communities to the presence of planted hedgerows differed markedly: hedgerows were associated with significantly higher plant richness (higher α-diversity), but similar spider richness. Plant communities in sites without hedgerows appeared as a subset of communities in sites with hedgerows, whereas spider communities in non-planted sites were complementary to that of planted sites (increased β-diversity). The presence of planted hedgerows was also associated with increased taxonomic and functional trait diversity at the landscape level (γ-diversity), through an increased β-diversity in both plants and spiders. Our results thus suggest that a mosaic of planted hedgerows and grassland habitats is crucial for the maintenance of biodiversity at a landscape scale. By providing information for road practitioners and policy makers regarding their potential impact on biodiversity, these results have important direct implications for the management of road networks.     

Variation in wolf spider (Araneae: Lycosidae) distribution and abundance in response to the size and shape of woodland fragments

The wolf spider (Lycosidae) community of open paddocks and five different configurations of woodland habitat in the wheatbelt of New South Wales, Australia, was sampled by nocturnal spotlighting. A total of 16 species was detected amongst the 2769 individuals that were sufficiently mature to allow identification, and 80% of these individuals were accounted for by just three species. There were no significant differences in the spider community among any of the woodland configurations, but the community of all five configurations differed significantly from that of open paddocks. However, only three species differed significantly in abundance between paddocks and the woodland configurations. Two species, Venator spenceri and Sp. C appeared to be less common in paddocks than in the woodland habitats, while Sp. A was more abundant in the paddocks. The percentage cover of thistles, medium grass and high grass, as well as the total abundance of Callitris glaucophylla were the habitat variables that best explained variation in the wolf spider community between woodland sites. Of these, thistle cover had the strongest correlation suggesting that disturbance, rather than cover per se, might be an important determinant of wolf spider communities. This study indicates that habitat fragmentation, at the spatial scale associated with current agricultural practices, may not be presenting a threat to generalist ground predators such as wolf spiders.     

华北丘陵及平原有机及常规农田地表蜘蛛多样性研究

为满足日益增长的粮食需求,丘陵地区的农业发展已受到越来越多的重视,而农业集约化生产是导致生物多样性丧失的主要原因之一。为了解地形区域、生产管理模式及边界树篱带对农田地表天敌多样性的影响,在我国华北典型农区,选取5种农田,包括丘陵地区的常规管理无植物篱玉米地(CM)、常规管理有植物篱玉米地(CMH)、有机管理无植物篱玉米地(OM)、有机管理有植物篱玉米地(OMH)和平原地区常规管理无植物篱玉米地(PCM),于2019年8—9月采用陷阱法展开蜘蛛多样性调查。结果表明:处于丘陵地区的玉米地蜘蛛的香农多样性和物种稀疏指数显著高于平原地区,有机管理下的玉米地蜘蛛物种稀疏指数显著高于常规管理下的玉米地,有植物篱的玉米地蜘蛛的物种稀疏指数高于无植物篱的玉米地;且丘陵与平原、有植物篱与无植物篱、有机和常规管理下蜘蛛群落结构显著不同。基于上述研究结果,研究建议农业发展和生物多样性保护应当加强区域土地利用规划和分区管理;丘陵地区因受人类干扰较小,维持了较平原地区更高的蜘蛛物种库,可以作为集约化农区生物多样性保护的热点区,农业发展应优先规划发展低集约化的生产模式(如有机农业等),并加强景观多样性建设。而平原地区也应合理保留农田半自然边界带和降低集约化管理强度以推动生态环境改善和绿色发展。