基于微卫星标记对长江中上游胭脂鱼增殖放流效果的评估

利用已经发表的11对胭脂鱼多态性微卫星标记, 对长江中上游胭脂鱼(Myxocyprinus asiaticus)增殖放流效果进行评估。结果表明, 5个胭脂鱼养殖场内所有的149尾繁殖亲本和长江中上游采集的65尾胭脂鱼中共观测到140个等位基因, 其观测杂合度和期望杂合度的平均值(范围)分别为0.771(0.519~0.906)和0.759(0.469~0.894), 多态信息含量(范围)为0.726(0.392~0.882)。通过软件Cervus统计得到, 11个微卫星座位累计排除率为99.998 3%, 并且在长江中上游采集的65个样本中, 11个样本与养殖场内繁殖亲本确定存在亲子关系, 据此确定这11尾为增殖放流的胭脂鱼, 并由此推算增殖放流的胭脂鱼对长江中上游野生群体的贡献量为16.92%。研究结果表明, 增殖放流是实现胭脂鱼野生种群资源恢复的有效途径。

     

安徽：首次在巢湖人工增殖放流大规格胭脂鱼苗种6000尾

2009年2月4日,安徽省在巢湖水域增殖放流大规格胭脂鱼苗种6000尾。这是安徽省在巢湖水域首次进行胭脂鱼增殖放流活动。安徽省渔政渔港监督管理局、巢湖渔业管理局和合肥市、巢湖市等沿湖5个县（区）渔业主管部门、渔政机构负责同志,渔政执法人员、媒体记者、渔民代表百余人参加了放流活动。     

长江胭脂鱼人工放流子一代遗传多样性初步研究

运用微卫星分子标记对80尾胭脂鱼人工放流子一代个体的遗传多样性和种群遗传结构进行了分析。用磁珠富集法构建了胭脂鱼(AAAG)n富集文库,从中分离并鉴定得到的22个微卫星位点最终设计合成18对引物。对长江中、上游的80尾人工增殖放流的胭脂鱼子一代进行了遗传多样性的初步研究,其中5对引物呈现多态性,等位基因数目为 2～8个;多态信息含量0.2957～0.8038;Shannon多样性指数0.5466～1.8840;观测杂合度0.3056～0.7222;期望杂合度0.3658～0.8381;Hard-Weinberg遗传偏离指数（D）-0.1818～0.4287。结果初步表明,胭脂鱼人工放流子一代处于较高的遗传多样性水平,但很大程度上仍受到人类活动的影响。     

基于微卫星的胭脂鱼养殖群体遗传多样性及人工放流监测的分析

利用13个微卫星分子标记研究了我国重庆、江西永丰、江西新干三个胭脂鱼(Myxocyprinus asiaticus)繁殖基地子一代群体的遗传多样性和遗传结构。结果显示,13个微卫星位点均呈现多态性,等位基因数目为8~17个,多态信息含量为0.35~0.84,Shannon多样性指数为1.61~1.64,观测杂合度为0.108 1~0.825 5,期望杂合度为0.384 6~0.856 8,Hard-Weinberg遗传偏离指数(D)为-0.718 9~0.072 5,表明三个养殖群体遗传多样性均较高。从群体间的遗传结构看,三个养殖群体间存在遗传分化,其中江西新干胭脂鱼养殖群体内具有显著的遗传分化。野外采自赣江的5尾胭脂鱼的遗传结构分析推断其可能来自永丰和新干胭脂鱼繁殖基地的子一代个体,其结果对胭脂鱼的人工放流监测有指导意义。     

四川19．6万尾珍稀鱼放流长江

据报道,“2009四川长江珍稀濒危水生动物增殖放流活动”在四川省宜宾市举行。当日共放流19．6万尾珍稀鱼,其中国家一级重点保护水生野生动物达氏鲟1000尾,国家二级保护水生野生动物胭脂鱼2万尾,以及长江特有鱼类岩原鲤、中华倒刺鲤、长薄鳅、厚颌鲂、白甲等17．5万尾。     

胭脂鱼的移养驯化及开发利用

胭脂鱼（Ｍｙｎｏｃｙｐｒｉｎｕｓ ａｓｉａｔｉｃｕｓ Ｂｌｅｅｋｅｒ）是亚洲特有的特种,在鱼类和动物地理学上占有特殊地位,系国家二级保护动物。由于种种原因天然种群数量急剧下降,目前单靠天然增殖已很难恢复其种群数量。水产工作者从七十年代开始对胭脂鱼进行了移养、缋化及内塘人工繁殖的研究,取得了可喜的成果,已培育出子二代。恢复胭脂鱼天然种群数量,必须处理好资源保护和开发利用的关系,尽快建立放流站;允许开     

长江胭脂鱼开口饵料的研究

用不同组合的饵料投喂刚能平游的长江胭脂鱼鱼苗40 d,研究长江胭脂鱼适宜的开口饵料。结果显示,用配合饲料作开口饵料时长江胭脂鱼的开口率、成活率和出池规格都显著低于水蚯蚓组和卤虫组,补充蛋黄后开口率、成活率、出池规格变化不明显,但补充螺旋藻后开口率、成活率、出池规格均显著提高。用配合饲料和卤虫作主体饵料再补充蛋黄和螺旋藻粉也获得了较高的开口率和成活率。建议在水泥池育苗条件下长江胭脂鱼的开口饵料用配合饲料和鲜活饵料作主体饵料并补充少量螺旋藻粉。     

胭脂鱼苗种培育技术

胭脂鱼(Myxocyprinus asiaticus)属鲤形目,胭脂鱼科,胭脂鱼属,俗称火烧鳊、黄排,主要分布于长江及闽江水系,是集学术、食用、观赏于一体的珍稀特有鱼类,是国家二级保护动物。作为观赏鱼,该鱼容易饲养,色彩美观,型体优美,有一帆风顺之美称,深受国内以及港澳、东南亚客商喜爱,象征事业一帆风顺;作为食用鱼,该鱼肉质细嫩润滑、刺少,味道鲜美,极富营养价值。2011年4月,我单位     

胭脂鱼听觉阈值研究

利用听性脑干反应技术, 研究了胭脂鱼(Myxocyprinus asiaticus)的听觉阈值。通过插入皮下的电极记录了10尾胭脂鱼的短纯音听觉诱发电位。结果显示, 在系统最大声强下, 胭脂鱼的听频范围为100~5 000 Hz, 其中对100~2 000 Hz的声音敏感度较高, 最敏感的频率为800 Hz, 听觉阈值约为69.8 dB。随着声强的减小, 胭脂鱼的听性脑干反应波形最大, 振幅减小, 潜伏期延长。将10尾胭脂鱼的阈值平均, 得到了胭脂鱼的听性脑干反应听力图。胭脂鱼的听力图呈“U”形, 属于典型的动物听力曲线。研究胭脂鱼的听觉阈值对胭脂鱼物种保护具有重要意义, 同时可为评估噪声对胭脂鱼的影响提供数据支持。

     

Dietary vitamin C requirement of juvenile Chinese sucker (Myxocyprinus asiaticus)

An 8‐week growth experiment was conducted to quantify the appropriate dietary vitamin C requirement of juvenile Chinese sucker (Myxocyprinus asiaticus). Triplicate groups of 30 experimental fish [initial body weight: (7.1 ± 0.3) g] were cultured in 500 L aquaria and fed with semi‐purified diets containing six levels [10.1 (unsupplemented diet), 37.4, 64.9, 125.2, 244.2 and 482.0 mg kg^?1 diet, respectively] of vitamin C (supplied as L‐ascorbyl‐2‐polyphosphate). Results showed that weight gain of Chinese sucker was significantly increased with increasing dietary vitamin C levels, but there was no significant difference of weight gain among fish fed the diets containing more than 125.2 mg kg^?1 vitamin C. As dietary vitamin C increased, the liver vitamin C content of fish showed the increasing trend firstly and then stabled, while the muscle vitamin C content significantly increased without reaching a constant level. Lower liver malondialdehyde content was observed in 125.2, 244.2 and 482.0 mg kg^?1 vitamin C groups, and higher antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase activities were observed in supplemented groups when compared to the unsupplemented group. Liver aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities were also significant affected by dietary vitamin C. Ash content of fish fed the diet with 244.2 or 482.0 mg kg^?1 vitamin C was significantly higher than that of fish fed the other diets. However, dietary vitamin C had no significant effects on whole‐body crude protein, lipid and moisture contents. The vitamin C requirement of juvenile Chinese sucker was estimated to be 84.6 and 126.1 mg kg^?1 based on weight gain and liver vitamin C concentration respectively.     

Dietary phosphorus requirement of juvenile Chinese sucker,Myxocyprinus asiaticus

A growth trial was conducted to estimate the optimum requirement of dietary available phosphorus (P) for Chinese sucker juveniles. Triplicate groups of juveniles Chinese sucker (initial mean weight: 1.77 ± 0.02 g, mean ± SD) were fed diets containing graded levels (3.1, 5.3, 7.5, 9.6 and 11.8 g kg^?1) of available phosphorus. The basal diet (diet 1), containing 3.1 g kg^?1 available P, was supplemented with graded levels of monocalcium phosphate to formulate four experimental diets. The fish were fed twice daily (08:00 and 17:00 h) to satiation for 8 weeks. During the experimental period, the water temperature fluctuated from 27.5 to 30.5 °C and dissolved oxygen was more than 6 mg L^?1. The specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio were all significantly increased by dietary available phosphorus up to 7.5 g kg^?1 (P < 0.05) and then levelled off beyond this level. Feed conversion ratio significantly decreased with dietary available phosphorus level up to 7.5 g kg^?1 (P < 0.05). Dietary treatments did not significantly affect feed intake (P > 0.05). Efficiency of phosphorus (P) utilization significantly decreased with dietary available phosphorus level (P < 0.05). Body composition analysis showed that the whole‐body lipid, ash, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) contents were all significantly affected by dietary available P concentration (P < 0.05); however, no significance were found for manganese (Mn) concentration and calcium/phosphorus (Ca/P) ratios in whole‐body among all the treatments (P > 0.05). Dietary phosphorus levels also significantly affected the mineralization of vertebrae and scale (P < 0.05), and Ca/P ratios in scale were not influenced by dietary P supplementation, while vertebrae Ca/P ratio decreased with dietary available P levels (P < 0.05) (quadratic effect, P < 0.001). Signs of phosphorus deficiency were characterized by poor growth, slightly reduced mineralization and an increase in body lipid content. The blood chemistry analysis showed that dietary available P had distinct effects on enzyme activities of alkaline phosphatase, as well as contents of triacyglycerol and total cholesterol (P < 0.05). Broken‐line analysis based on weight gain indicated the minimum available phosphorus requirement for the optimal growth of juvenile Chinese sucker was 7.4 g kg^?1. Based on the phosphorus content in whole body, vertebrae or scale indicated that the requirements were 8.3, 8.8 and 8.6 g kg^?1 respectively.     

胭脂鱼微卫星富集文库的构建及其应用前景展望

以湖北武汉和四川宜宾人工增殖放流的胭脂鱼子一代酒精浸泡鳍条样本为材料,提取完整基因组DNA,选用人工合成的生物素标记(AAAG)7探针,采用FJASCO(fast isolation by AFLP of sequences containing repeats)磁珠富集法构建胭脂鱼(Myxocyprirnus asiaticus)微卫星富集文库.以Msel-N引物组和设计合成的微卫星核心序列引物(AAAG)5,用双引物PCR法筛选含有微卫星的阳性克隆,从54个阳性克隆中共获得22个微卫星序列,其中完美型(perfect)共15个(占68.2%),非完美型(imperfect)6个(占27.3%),混合型(compound)1个(占4.5%);(AAAG/ITYC)n序列在胭脂鱼的基因组DNA中含量非常丰富.根据微卫星侧翼序列最终设计并合成了18对胭脂鱼微卫星引物,经其有效性检验后,可应用于胭脂鱼遗传多样性、种群遗传结构等进一步研究及人工增殖放流效果评估.     

胭脂鱼仔鱼的生长和消化酶活力变化

对胭脂鱼(Myxocyprinus asiaticus)孵化后1～37 d仔鱼的体长、体重、RNA/DNA比率、胰蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶的酶活力变化进行了测定。结果显示:胭脂鱼仔鱼1～37 d体长稳定增长。体重增加呈阶段性,在1～21 d体重增长缓慢,21～29 d体重增加较快,29～37 d体重快速增加。仔鱼从7 d开始摄食,1～6 d,RNA/DNA比率变化很小,蛋白含量逐渐降低;7～21 d,RNA/DNA比率波动较大,蛋白含量增长缓慢;21～37 d,RNA/DNA比率和蛋白质均增长迅速。生长率(GR)与RNA/DNA比率的回归方程为:GR=1.01RNA/DNA+1.6077(R2=0.8516)。从2、5和7 d开始分别检测到明显的胰蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶活力,之后,消化酶活力随着发育先快速地上升然后波动性地下降到一个稳定水平。结果表明:胭脂鱼仔鱼从内源性到外源性营养转化过程中,不同的消化酶能够检测到明显酶活力的时间不同,到仔鱼开始摄食时已经具备消化蛋白质、脂肪和淀粉的能力;RNA/DNA比率可以作为判定仔鱼生长率的可靠指标。     

Dietary l‐lysine requirement of juvenile Chinese sucker,Myxocyprinus asiaticus

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to quantify the dietary l ‐lysine requirement of juvenile Chinese sucker with an initial weight of 1.81 ± 0.04 g reared in indoor flow‐through and aerated tanks. Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic practical diets were formulated to contain graded levels of lysine (1.23%, 1.80%, 2.39%, 2.98%, 3.56% and 4.18% dry matter) at 0.6% increments from dietary ingredients and crystalline l ‐lysine. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 30 fish each and was fed to apparent satiation by hand three times a day (09:00, 13:00 and 17:00 hours) for 8 weeks. There were significant differences in growth performance and feed utilization among the treatments. Weight gain (WG), specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio (PER) significantly increased with increasing lysine levels up to 2.39% of diet (P < 0.05) and remained nearly the same thereafter (P > 0.05). Feed efficiency was the poorest for fish fed the lowest lysine diet (P < 0.05) and showed no significant differences when dietary lysine level increased from 2.39% to 4.18%. The N retention (% N intake) significantly increased with dietary lysine level but did not attain a plateau (P < 0.05). Survival could not be related to dietary treatments. Whole body protein increased (P < 0.05) and whole body lipid decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing dietary lysine level. The condition factor and hepatosomatic index were significantly affected by dietary lysine levels, however, viscersomatic index, whole body moisture and ash did not differ significantly among dietary treatments. Broken‐line analysis on the basis of WG and PER showed that dietary lysine requirements of juvenile Chinese sucker were 2.43% and 2.40% dry diet (5.52% and 5.45% dietary protein) respectively. Based on the ideal protein approach and the A/E ratios determined from muscle amino acid profile an estimation of the EAA requirements of Chinese sucker juveniles were calculated.     

Evaluation of fermented soybean meal in the practical diets for juvenile Chinese sucker,Myxocyprinus asiaticus

The study was designed to investigate the influence of fermented soybean meal (FSBM) on the growth and feed utilization of juvenile Chinese sucker, Myxocyprinus asiaticus. Seven isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated with 0%, 15%, 25%, 35%, 45%, 55% or 65% replacement of fish meal with FSBM on a protein basis. Each diet was fed to three replicate groups of fish with an initial weight 4.59 ± 0.2 g for 8 weeks. Weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was significantly lower when FSBM inclusion was 391 g kg^?1 or greater, replacing more than 45% fish meal protein. A significant negative relationship was observed between growth response and the level of fish meal protein replacement with FSBM. Methionine and Lysine content decreased as FSBM inclusion levels increased, consequently compromising growth performance. Feed intake (FI) were unaffected by dietary FSBM levels. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) of fish fed D‐0, D‐15, D‐25 and D‐35 diets was significantly lower than those fed other diets. The protein efficiency ratio (PER) was highest at the lowest FSBM inclusion level. Experimental diets D‐0, D‐15, D‐25 and D‐35 had apparent dry matter digestibility ranging from 71.2% to 72.6% and apparent protein digestibility (ADPs) from 89.1% to 90.1%, while the diets with higher FSBM inclusion (D‐45 to D‐65) had a significantly lower apparent dry matter digestibility range (69.7–70.3%) and ADPs range (88.5–88.9%). It is concluded that FSBM is an acceptable alternative plant protein source that can replace up to 35% of fish meal protein in diets without significant adverse effects on growth, survival, FCR, PER and body composition.     

饲料脂肪水平对胭脂鱼幼鱼生长、体组成和抗氧化能力的影响

试验选用体重(6.73±0.21)g的胭脂鱼(Myxocyprinus asiaticus)幼鱼540尾,随机分成6个组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾试验鱼。以大豆油为脂肪源,配制成脂肪水平为2.04%、4.43%、6.88%、9.02%、11.98%、13.39%的半精制饲料,进行为期56 d的生长试验,研究脂肪水平对胭脂鱼幼鱼生长、体组成及机体抗氧化能力的影响。结果显示:饲料脂肪水平对胭脂鱼的生长性能有显著影响(P<0.05)。脂肪水平为6.88%时,胭脂鱼增重率、特定生长率、蛋白质沉积效率最高,饲料系数最低。脂肪沉积效率随脂肪水平的增加呈下降趋势。随脂肪水平增加,胭脂鱼全鱼、肌肉和肝胰脏脂肪含量逐渐上升,至6.88%组后稳定,而全鱼水分、粗蛋白含量没有显著变化(P>0.05)。胭脂鱼机体抗氧化能力随着脂肪水平的增加呈现先升后降趋势,脂肪水平为6.88%时,总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧物歧化酶(SOD)值最大,丙二醛(MDA)值最小,即抗氧化能力最强。以增重率、特定生长率和饲料系数进行回归分析并考虑脂肪水平对胭脂鱼营养组成和抗氧化能力的影响,确定胭脂鱼幼鱼适宜脂肪水平为6.62%~7.02%。     

中国胭脂鱼的细胞遗传学分析

采用植物血凝素、秋水仙素活体注射和肾细胞直接制片法分析了中国胭脂鱼(Myxiocyprinus asiaticus)的染色体核型和Ag-NORs显带;并以中国胭脂鱼血细胞为样本,鸡血细胞DNA含量为标准(2.50 pg),用流式细胞仪测定了中国胭脂鱼的 DNA 含量.结果表明:(1)中国胭脂鱼染色体数目2n=100,核型公式为10 m+4 sm+12 st+74 t, NF=114,未观察到次缢痕及随体,亦未发现有性染色体.(2)中国胭脂鱼染色体具有1对Ag-NORs,位于第1对染色体短臂上,间期核中Ag-NORs的数目为1~2个,未见Ag-NORs的联合现象.(3)PI和DAPI作为荧光染料,得出中国胭脂鱼DNA含量分别为5.50±0.24 pg和6.16±0.03 pg.(4)中国胭脂鱼为四倍体,在特定的分类阶元中属于较原始的鱼类.