稳定剂对玉米汁水溶性膳食纤维饮料影响的研究

研究稳定剂对玉米汁水溶性膳食纤维饮料稳定性的影响,确定最佳稳定剂添加量。利用酶法分离提取水溶性膳食纤维,并加入玉米汁饮料中,以产品的感官评分和混浊稳定系数为指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验对稳定剂进行筛选,确定提高产品稳定性的最佳稳定剂添加量。稳定性研究表明,黄原胶、海藻酸钠、羧甲基纤维素钠对玉米汁水溶性膳食纤维饮料的影响较大;单因素试验结果表明,黄原胶最佳添加量为0.12%,海藻酸钠最佳添加量为0.10%,羧甲基纤维素钠最佳添加量为0.15%;正交试验结果表明,复配稳定剂最佳配方为黄原胶添加量0.12%,海藻酸钠添加量0.20%,羧甲基纤维素钠添加量0.15%,此时产品的稳定性较好。稳定剂复配使用可以增加玉米汁水溶性纤维饮料的稳定性,并能得到良好的感官性状。     

核桃银耳复合饮料的研制

以核桃、银耳为主要原料,研制出核桃银耳复合饮料,并通过正交试验对复合饮料的配方和复合稳定剂配比进行了优化。结果表明,核桃银耳复合饮料的最佳工艺配方为核桃浆添加量25%,银耳汁添加量25%,蜂蜜添加量12%,pH值6.5;复合稳定剂配比为CMC-Na添加量0.10%,黄原胶添加量0.20%,单甘酯添加量0.09%,蔗糖酯添加量0.05%。     

红肉火龙果浊汁饮料的研究

以红肉火龙果为原料,经打浆、调配、均质、杀菌等工艺,研制红肉火龙果饮料。采用正交试验对饮料的配方及稳定剂进行筛选。结果表明,红肉火龙果浊汁饮料的最佳配方为柠檬酸添加量0.20%,白砂糖添加量10%,红肉火龙果原浆添加量11%;最适稳定剂组成为黄原胶添加量0.005%,CMC-Na添加量0.003%,结冷胶添加量0.004%。     

燕麦鹰嘴豆复合饮料配方优化及工艺研究

以燕麦和鹰嘴豆为原料,参考联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织（FAO/WHO）规定的氨基酸组成标准模式,确定了燕麦和鹰嘴豆最佳氨基酸互补质量比为138∶18。在单因素试验的基础上对燕麦鹰嘴豆复合饮料配方进行正交试验优化,并在最佳复合饮料配方基础上,通过响应面试验对其稳定性进行优化。结果表明,燕麦鹰嘴豆复合饮料最佳配方为：料液比（燕麦鹰嘴豆复合粉∶水）1∶16（g/mL）,白砂糖添加量20 g/L,柠檬酸添加量2 g/L,在此条件下配制的复合饮料口感最佳,感官评分为88.63±0.97分;燕麦鹰嘴豆复合饮料最佳稳定剂配方为：羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC-Na）添加量0.8 g/L,黄原胶添加量0.5 g/L,海藻酸钠添加量0.3 g/L,在此条件下复合饮料稳定性最高,离心沉淀率为12.40%±0.07%。该试验结果为谷豆类复合饮料加工提供了理论支撑。     

猴头菇枸杞复合饮料的制备工艺

以猴头菇、枸杞为主要原料,辅以白砂糖、柠檬酸等辅料,对猴头菇枸杞复合饮料的配方和工艺进行了研究。通过单因素试验和正交试验对复合饮料的最佳配比和生产工艺进行了优化。结果表明,饮料的最佳配比为猴头菇汁与枸杞汁配比3∶1,白砂糖添加量6%,柠檬酸添加量0.12%。通过稳定性试验确定最佳稳定剂添加量为果胶0.10%,CMC-Na 0.07%,黄原胶0.04%。在此条件下,所得复合饮料颜色透明均一、口感优良、风味独特,有良好的稳定性,营养价值丰富。     

发酵大樱桃复合果蔬汁饮料的开发

以大樱桃、苹果为主要原料,经过制浆、发酵、调配、均质、杀菌制得发酵果蔬汁饮料。通过正交试验确定最佳发酵工艺为发酵时间24 h,发酵温度36℃,菌种接种量5%;最佳配料为大樱桃、苹果的配比4∶1,白砂糖添加量7%,柠檬酸添加量0.20%;最佳稳定剂配方为羧甲基纤维素钠添加量0.08%,黄原胶添加量0.08%,海藻酸钠添加量0.03%,瓜尔胶添加量0.03%。     

基于模糊数学综合评判优化酸枣仁复合饮料配方

以酸枣仁、茯苓、薏苡仁、百合和大枣为主要原料,通过模糊数学及正交试验等方法优化酸枣仁复合饮料配方。结果表明,酸枣仁复合饮料的最优配方为：复合澄清汁添加量35%（质量分数,下同）,蜂蜜添加量2.4%,柠檬酸添加量0.1%,蔗糖添加量6%,柠檬酸钾添加量0.4%;最佳稳定剂组合为：羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC-Na）添加量0.20%,黄原胶添加量0.01%,果胶添加量0.15%。该配方下制得的复合饮料色泽纯正,呈浅黄色,酸甜适宜,状态稳定,富有独特的枣香气。     

龙滩珍珠李饮料加工工艺优化

以龙滩珍珠李为材料,在单因素试验的基础上,采用正交试验设计方法对龙滩珍珠李饮料复合护色、酶解、调配配方、复配稳定剂及均质等关键加工工艺进行优化,并对产品品质进行检测分析。结果表明,龙滩珍珠李果汁最佳复合护色剂配方为:0.15%D-异抗坏血酸钠,0.12%L-半胱氨酸盐,0.20%抗坏血酸(均以占果肉质量的百分比计);最佳酶解工艺条件为:果胶酶用量0.03%(以占果浆质量百分比计),酶解温度55℃,酶解时间60 min;最优饮料调配配方为:8%白砂糖,5%蜂蜜,0.08%柠檬酸;复配稳定剂最佳添加量为:黄原胶0.08%,羧甲基纤维素钠0.06%,β-环糊精0.06%;均质压力为30 MPa,均质次数为2次。经该工艺生产的龙滩珍珠李饮料色泽亮丽、风味独特、品质良好。(未标注的百分比均以添加物质量占原果汁质量百分比计)。     

响应面法优化山药葡萄复合饮料的制作

以山药和葡萄为主要原料制备复合饮料,采用单因素试验得出山药与水的最佳配比为1∶6(g∶g);在单因素试验基础上,经Box-Behnken响应面优化法,最终确定山药葡萄复合饮料的最佳配方为白砂糖添加量5.17%,柠檬酸添加量0.16%,山药汁∶葡萄汁配比值0.59,在此配方下山药葡萄复合饮料感官评分为92.10分。采用正交试验确定了产品的最佳稳定剂配方,即黄原胶添加量0.15%,CMC添加量0.30%,海藻酸钠添加量0.10%。     

黑芝麻红枣复合乳饮料加工工艺及其稳定性的研究

以黑芝麻、红枣和牛乳为主要原料,研究黑芝麻红枣复合乳饮料的加工工艺及其稳定性。结果表明,黑芝麻烘烤的最佳工艺条件为温度120℃,时间20 min;黑芝麻红枣复合乳饮料的最佳配方为黑芝麻浆添加量20%,红枣汁添加量10%,纯牛乳添加量30%,蜂蜜添加量4%,pH值6.5~7.0;最佳稳定剂配方为黄原胶添加量0.20%,海藻酸钠添加量0.20%,明胶添加量0.10%,蔗糖酯添加量0.15%。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Evolution under domestication involving disturbance of genic balance

Summary An hypothesis is developed that the rapid change from wild plants into domesticated crops principally involves the selection of alleles with non-functional gene products which leads to reduced control of the highly integrated metabolism and morphogenesis previously accumulated by lengthy natural selection. Such disturbance of the genome produces altered physiological and morphological development which, although deleterious in nature, serves mankind better and has been selected.     

Genetic variation for disease and nematode resistances and forage quality in perennial diploid and tetraploid lucerne populations (Medicago sativa L.)

Summary Twenty-five lucerne populations of the Medicago sativa complex, which were either diploid or tetraploid and wild or cultivated, were analysed for their resistance to four different fungal diseases and to stem nematode. Forage quality, including stem digestibility and saponin content, was also tested.Populations varied in susceptibility to the diseases caused by Colletotrichum trifolii, Verticillium albo-atrum, Sclerotinia trifoliorum and Pseudopezizza medicaginis, and to the nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci. Except for Sclerotinia rot, sativa and falcata subspecies differed in susceptibility, but this grouping of populations did not account for the full range of variation among them. However, the resistance to P. medicaginis was much lower in the sativa than in the falcata populations.Populations also varied significantly in stem fiber content and digestibility. Stem digestibility was negatively correlated to forage yield. Wild sativa and falcata populations had lower fiber content and higher digestibility than cultivated sativa populations. The medicagenic acid was the sapogenin responsible for the anti-nutritional effect of the lucerne measured by the yellow mealworm larvae Tenebrio molitor. The medicagenic acid content was lowest for the pure sativa populations, highest for the pure falcata populations, and intermediate for the French sativa varieties that have some traits originating from falcata germplasm. Some populations could be used in breeding programs to improve disease and nematode resistance, and forage quality.     

Review of Effects of Active Components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on Central Nervous System

In order to explore the pharmacological effects of active components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on the central nervous system,through consulting related literatures,...     

Effects of Pb on Rhizosphere Soil Enzyme Activity and Chemical Constituents of Achyranthes bidentata Blume

[Objectives]The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Pb on rhizosphere soil enzyme activity and chemical constituents of Achyranthes bidentat...     

不同P-Zn配比对小麦幼苗微量元素营养的影响

采用了螯合-缓冲营养液培养方法对小麦进行了苗期培养试验,在3个P水平(0,0.6,3.0 mmol/L)和3个Zn水平(0,3,30 μmol/L)的完全组合下对小麦苗期生长及Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养进行了研究,旨在为小麦微肥施用提供理论依据.结果表明,P、Zn的正常供应促进了小麦生长,二者的缺乏与过量均会抑制小麦发育,且这种影响在冠部表现得更为明显.在小麦苗期,Zn与Cu的吸收存在明显的拮抗作用,但供Zn则促进了Zn和Cu的转运,而Mn转运则受到了抑制;过量供Zn时,大量Zn被转运到冠部,同时明显抑制了(Fe+Cu+Mn)的吸收总量;P的供应显著地抑制了Fe的吸收,但P的供应提高了Zn、Cu、Mn的转运率;P、Zn在对Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn间吸收竞争的影响中,Zn本身的影响要比P的影响更为明显,供Zn明显促进了小麦幼苗对Zn的吸收;在小麦幼苗冠部,Zn与Fe的竞争中,供P利于Zn的吸收,缺P则利于Fe的吸收;而Zn与Cu以及Zn与Mn间的竞争中,缺磷时利于Zn的吸收,供磷后则利于Cu和Mn的吸收.总之,小麦幼苗Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养中,P、Zn的不同配比会不同程度地改变Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn的协同或拮抗效应.     

Isozyme variation between diploid and tetraploid cytotypes of Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth.

Summary Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth. is a wild perennial species related to the cultivated soybean, G. max (L.) Merr. It is composed of diploid (2n=40) and tetraploid (2n=80) cytotypes. Currently, to differentiate the cytotypes, plants are grown out in the greenhouse and chromosome counts made on pollen mother cells. It is a laborious and time consuming process. The objective of this study was to determine whether electrophoretic techniques could be utilized to separate the cytotypes. Electrophoretic examination of seven isozyme systems from seed of 67 G. tabacina accessions revealed banding patterns that could be used to differentiate between diploid and tetraploid cytotypes in the species. Among the tetraploid accessions, the number of bands observed were always greater than the diploids. Some tetraploid banding patterns consisted of bands similar to the diploid tabacina and/or additional bands previously identified in other Glycine species. The patterns of isozyme multiplicity and variation in the tetraploid tabacinas suggests more than one mode of origin for the tetraploids.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.