发芽糙米米面包的加工工艺研究

试验以发芽糙米粉和小麦粉为原料,按一定比例采用直接发酵法制成米面包。工艺中通过添加转谷氨酰胺酶(TG)和谷朊粉提高面包品质、增加发芽糙米粉的添加量。通过单因素试验和正交试验确定发芽糙米米面包的最佳配方(质量分数)为:转谷氨酰胺酶(TG)0.15%,谷朊粉12%,发芽糙米粉22%,水55%(以小麦粉和发芽糙米粉的总量为基准);最佳工艺参数为:发酵时间2.5 h,醒发时间60 min,烘烤温度(底火)220℃(180℃),烘烤时间22 min。     

麦芽汁面包的制作工艺研究

以麦芽汁和高筋小麦粉为原料,制作一款口味独特、营养丰富、保质期长的面包,研究麦芽汁面包的加工工艺。通过单因素试验探讨香花添加量、麦芽汁体积、砂糖添加量、醒发时间对面包感官品质的影响,并通过响应面法优化面包的生产工艺参数。结果表明,麦芽汁面包的最佳加工工艺参数如下:以100 g高筋粉为基重,香花添加量为77%(占酒花总量的百分比),麦芽汁体积为42 mL,砂糖添加量13 g。其他条件如下:黄油8%,奶粉8%,鸡蛋12%,盐1%,酵母1.5%,糖8%,面包改良剂0.8%,水/麦芽汁50%,醒发时间60 min,酒花添加比例0.3%,上火温度180℃,下火温度150℃,烘烤时间20 min。该工艺制得的面包具有独特的麦芽汁香味和色泽,组织细腻、蓬松柔软、含有清爽的酒花香味,口味独特,可以应用到实际。     

冷冻面团生产工艺的研究

以面粉为原料对冷冻面团的生产工艺进行研究,以比容为指标,探讨了冷冻解冻条件对面包品质的影响,并以发酵活力为指标,通过单因素试验及正交试验对冷冻面团的白砂糖添加量、食盐添加量、水添加量、酵母添加量等条件进行优化。结果表明,冷冻前静置时间25 min,冷冻前发酵时间30 min,冷冻温度-20℃,解冻方式采用解开包装后,于30℃条件下解冻30 min,相对湿度95%,于32℃条件下醒发105 min。最佳生产工艺条件为白砂糖添加量10%,食盐添加量0.5%,水添加量60%,酵母添加量2.5%,奶油3%,蛋黄5%,面包改良剂1%,脱脂奶粉3%,为冷冻面团的生产工艺提供了有效的科学依据。     

南方馒头加工工艺优化

为获得制作南方馒头的最适工艺参数,探究了和面时间、醒发时间、醒发温度、醒发湿度、压面次数、辊轴宽度对南方馒头比容、色度L值、硬度、弹性、黏着性及综合品质得分的影响,以南方馒头品质综合得分为评价指标,通过单因素及正交试验优化得出南方馒头最佳工艺条件为:和面时间3 min,醒发湿度80％,醒发时间30 min,醒发温度40℃,压面12次,辊轴宽度5.5 cm.在此条件下,南方馒头的品质综合得分为3.26.     

黑米小麦粉馒头冷冻面团品质的研究

为提高黑米小麦粉馒头冷冻面团品质,以馒头感官评价为指标,研究黑米小麦粉馒头面团的被膜处理、辐照处理、酵母用量、冻前发酵时间、蒸前醒发时间、不同组合的添加剂对黑米小麦粉馒头冷冻面团的影响。结果表明,小麦粉馒头面团被膜处理、酵母用量为1%,冻前发酵时间为1 h,蒸前醒发时间为45 min,添加剂为羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)0.075%,抗坏血酸(VC)0.21%,单甘脂(GMS)0.35%可以得到品质良好的黑米小麦粉冷冻面团。     

低糖高纤维玉米软质面包的研制

研究了添加玉米软质面包的生产工艺及操作参数,探讨了玉米粉添加量、酵母用量、复合面团改良剂等因素对面包品质的影响,分析得出低糖高纤维玉米软质面包生产的适宜配方和工艺条件为:玉米粉10%,酵母2.00%,复合面团改良剂2.00%;面团调制的水温约为30℃,调制时间为10min;面包坯醒发时的温度保持在30～40℃,相对湿度保持在85%～90%,醒发时间为120～150min;烘烤面包的温度为160～180℃,时间为10～15min。     

响应曲面法优化耐贮存面包加工工艺的研究

面包作为一种方便主食,其保质期普遍只有5-7天左右,这影响了面包在一些特殊条件下的食用,因此延长面包的贮存期成为人们关注的课题。本文考察了面包比容和硬度间的关系,以及不同工艺参数对面包比容变化的影响,利用响应曲面法对耐贮存面包的加工工艺参数进行了优化。结果表明：在一定范围内,面包比容和硬度呈负相关,改变面包的比容能够显著影响面包的硬化速率;酵母添加量和醒发时间与面包比容增加呈正相关,且二者具有很强的交互作用;通过典型性分析得到面包获得高比容的最佳条件为：酵母添加量2.1%,发酵时间106 min,醒发时间50 min时,面包比容取得理论值达到3.37 cm3/g。     

Plackett-Burman设计和响应面法优化枇杷叶粉保健面包生产工艺

将枇杷干叶打磨成粉,添加到高筋小麦粉中制得枇杷叶粉保健面包。通过Plackett-Burman设计、最陡爬坡试验及响应面法优化试验,确定最佳工艺条件。首先采用Plackett-Burman设计对影响枇杷叶粉面包品质的七个因素进行评价,筛选出具有显著效应的四个因素:枇杷叶粉添加量、白砂糖添加量、酵母添加量和上火焙烤温度;用最陡爬坡路径逼近最大感官得分;采用响应面法确定枇杷叶粉保健面包的最佳工艺为:高筋小麦粉100 g,枇杷叶粉添加量4.36 g,白砂糖添加量26.32 g,酵母添加量1.33 g,食盐添加量1.2 g,鸡蛋添加量12 g,黄油添加量10 g,纯牛奶添加量50 g,上火焙烤温度190℃,下火焙烤温度170℃,焙烤时间30 min。采用该工艺生产的枇杷叶粉保健面包色泽均匀,呈淡绿色,面包组织紧密有弹性、耐咀嚼,风味口感俱佳,产品感官评分为94分。     

富硒面包的加工工艺研究

以富硒平菇粉和高筋面粉为主要原料,通过单因素试验及正交试验法,以感官评分为评价指标,探究富硒面包的最佳加工工艺和配方,并对成品进行TPA质构分析和硒含量的测定。结果表明,富硒面包的最佳加工工艺和配方为烘烤时间30 min,烘烤温度210℃,富硒平菇粉添加量0.06%(即配方中150 g面粉添加0.09 g富硒平菇粉);富硒面包的硬度为217.27,弹性为0.83,咀嚼性为152.19,回复性为0.56,总硒含量为0.416 mg/kg。利用最佳加工工艺和配方研制出的富硒面包口感松软细腻,气孔细密、分布均匀,有一定弹性,咸甜适中,表皮呈金黄色。     

紫米吐司的研制

将紫米粉添加到传统吐司制作中,采用单因素试验和正交试验设计,确定紫米吐司生产的最佳烘烤百分比配方为高筋粉100%,干酵母1.5%,水60%,紫米粉添加量12%,食盐添加量1%,细砂糖添加量10%,黄油添加量8%,奶粉添加量2%;最佳工艺条件为醒发温度35℃,醒发时间1.5 h,烘烤温度200℃,烘烤时间40 min。按此配方及工艺生产出的紫米吐司呈淡紫灰色,色泽均匀、气孔细密、富有弹性、松软适口,富有紫米风味,具有一定的营养和保健作用。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.