四川成都经济区土壤腐殖质重金属元素含量特征研究

通过对四川成都经济区16件土壤样品腐殖质组成及其各组分中重金属元素含量的分析表明,胡敏素是土壤腐殖质的主要组成部分,富里酸和胡敏酸次之。土壤腐殖质中重金属元素含量占土壤全量20%～44%,是土壤重金属污染元素主要存在方式。重金属元素在腐殖质不同组分中的含量具有很大的差异,Cr主要赋存在胡敏素中,Cd、As、Cu、Zn等元素主要赋存在富里酸中。各重金属元素在腐殖酸中含量较高,富里酸中的含量均大于胡敏酸,其机理是富里酸对重金属元素的络合是腐殖酸与重金属相互作用的主要方式。     

施用生物质炭对黑土腐殖质组成及水稳性团聚体分布的影响

为探究生物炭对土壤腐殖质组成和团聚体特征的影响，以东北黑土区植烟土壤为研究对象，设置了3个处理，2019-2020年连续施用低量生物炭5t/hm2（C1）；高量生物炭25t/hm2（C2）和不施生物炭（CK），分析了不同用量生物炭对土壤腐殖质组分及水稳性团聚体分布的影响，并利用傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)和13C核磁共振光谱(13C-NMR)对土壤胡敏酸化学结构进行表征。结果表明：C1和C2处理分别使富里酸减少了16.90%和40.85%，胡敏酸含量显著增加了14.86%和33.78%，胡敏酸在腐殖酸中所占比例（PQ值）也显著增加；FTIR和13C-NMR分析表明，C2处理的土壤胡敏酸的2920/1620值降低了11.82%，脂族C/芳香C比值降低了13.04%，表明高量生物炭使胡敏酸芳构化程度增强，脂肪结构比例降低；生物炭的添加促使土壤大团聚体（>0.25mm）比例增加，C2处理提升大团聚体的作用更显著。结合相关性分析发现，胡敏酸含量与2~0.25mm大团聚体含量显著正相关，胡敏酸分子的脂肪族官能团特征与>2mm粒级团聚体显著正相关。此外，C1和C2处理显著提高了烟叶产量。从而表明，生物炭能提升土壤腐殖质中胡敏酸含量和结构，有利于土壤大团聚体形成，提高土壤固碳潜力，对作物有一定的增产效果。     

酸沉降对土壤团聚体及土壤可蚀性的影响

从土壤团聚体的角度探讨了酸沉降对土壤可蚀性的影响。根据已有的资料分析表明 ,酸沉降主要通过改变土壤的酸碱条件、土壤胶体的稳定性以及土壤胶结物质的数量和性质来影响土粒团聚和有机无机复合 ;其结果是团聚作用降低而黏粒含量增加 ,最终导致土壤的可蚀性加大。由此可见 ,长期的酸沉降在土壤侵蚀退化中具有重要作用 ,进行深入而广泛的有关酸沉降对土壤结构体的影响研究 ,可为从土壤结构管理的角度防治土壤侵蚀退化提供理论依据     

侵蚀红壤腐殖酸组分特点及其对水稳性团聚体的影响

在华中地区采集不同侵蚀程度(轻度、中度、严重)的红壤,利用干湿筛法获得不同粒径的水稳性团聚体(0.25 mm)。通过测定不同粒径水稳性团聚体(0.25 mm)的腐殖酸组分(胡敏酸和富里酸)碳量,以及向不同侵蚀程度的各粒径团聚体(0.25 mm)中添加不同浓度(0.06、0.6 g L-1)的胡敏酸,分析侵蚀红壤腐殖酸组分特点及其对水稳性团聚体的影响。结果表明:随着侵蚀程度的增加,供试红壤和水稳性团聚体(0.25 mm)的腐殖酸组分含量减少;轻度和中度侵蚀红壤中,大粒径(4和2~4 mm)水稳性团聚体的胡敏酸碳量较小粒径(1~2、0.5~1和0.25~0.5 mm)的高;同种侵蚀程度下,除严重侵蚀红壤中2~4 mm团聚体的富里酸碳量与1~2 mm团聚体中的有显著差异外,不同粒径团聚体中富里酸碳量差别不大。3种侵蚀程度红壤的胡富比总体上小于1,其中中度侵蚀红壤和各粒径水稳性团聚体的胡富比均大于其他两种侵蚀程度的。腐殖酸组分与水稳性团聚体(0.25 mm)含量呈极显著正相关,与胡敏酸碳量的相关系数最大(r=0.85**,n=19)。添加不同浓度(0.06和0.6 g L-1)胡敏酸后,3种侵蚀程度红壤各粒径水稳性团聚体(0.25 mm)的含量均增加,且小粒径团聚体(1~2、0.5~1和0.25~0.5 mm)的增加量要高于大团聚体(2~4、4 mm)的。     

黄土丘陵区刺槐林土壤团聚体稳定性和土壤可蚀性动态变化

退耕还林工程是黄土高原控制水土流失的主要措施之一,探讨退耕还林对土壤团聚体稳定性与土壤可蚀性的影响,可为黄土高原地区生态恢复和水土保持效益评价提供科学依据。以农田为对照,选取不同退耕年限(5,10,15,20,25,30年)刺槐林为研究对象,研究退耕还林后0—30 cm土层土壤团聚体稳定性和土壤可蚀性动态变化,并探讨土壤可蚀性与土壤团聚体稳定性之间的关系。结果表明:(1)＞0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量、平均重量直径、几何平均直径随着退耕年限增加呈递增趋势,三者相比退耕前(农田)分别增加32%~79%,32%~98%,2%~60%。(2)土壤团聚体分形维数随着退耕年限增加呈递减趋势,较退耕前减少0.6%~6.0%;土壤有机质随着退耕年限增加呈递增趋势,较退耕前增加8.4%~38.9%。(3)土壤可蚀性因子(K)随着土层增加而增加,但随退耕年限增加呈递减趋势,随退耕年限递增(K)分别减少1.0%,2.7%,3.6%,3.9%,5.0%,7.9%。(4)退耕还林后,＞0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量和土壤团聚体分形维数是土壤可蚀性变化的主要驱动因子; 地上生物量通过影响＞0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量和土壤团聚体分形维数间接影响土壤可蚀性因子(K),且总效应最大。退耕还林后地上生物量增加对土壤团聚体的形成与稳定,以及土壤可蚀性降低起着重要作用,且退耕还林可显著提高团聚体稳定性,降低土壤可蚀性。     

土壤团聚体研究进展

土壤团聚体是土壤的重要组成部分,影响了土壤的各种物理化学性质,对土壤侵蚀有重要影响,其水稳性和数量是评价土壤可蚀性的重要评价指标。综述了土壤团聚体的形成、影响土壤团聚体水稳性的因素、以及土壤团聚体研究方法的研究的最新进展,针对其中存在问题,指出今后可能的发展方向。     

不同种植模式下菜地土壤腐殖质组分特性的动态变化

通过在南京普朗克有机农场开展的9年长期定位监测,研究了有机(露地和大棚)和常规种植模式下蔬菜地耕层土壤有机碳和土壤腐殖质组分特性的动态变化。结果表明,有机露地、有机大棚和常规露地种植土壤有机碳含量分别从11.41、9.29、9.00 g k g-1提高至15.35、20.90、10.00 g kg-1;胡敏酸碳(CHA)分别从1.79、1.23、1.14 g kg-1提高至2.11、3.11、1.31 g kg-1;富里酸碳(CFA)分别从2.19、1.88、1.73 g kg-1提高至2.44、2.68、1.91 g kg-1。两种有机种植模式的土壤有机碳及腐殖质组分含量增加达到显著水平,而常规种植模式下的变化不显著。两种有机种植模式下表征土壤腐殖质品质的胡/富比(CHA/CFA)、胡敏酸占总腐殖物质的比例(PQ值)均高于常规种植模式,土壤富里酸的E4/E6值、色调系数(ΔlogK)值随着种植时间增加的幅度较常规种植模式更大,土壤胡敏酸芳化度呈现先降低后增高的趋势,但在常规种植下变化不明显。说明土壤在长期有机种植模式下不仅更有利于土壤有机碳的积累,而且能促进土壤腐殖化进程。     

侵蚀红壤中结合态腐殖质及其与水稳性团聚体的关系

以亚热带地区3种侵蚀程度(依据其植被、坡度以及土层厚度不同分为轻度、中度和严重侵蚀)的红壤为供试材料,利用湿筛法获得粒径4、2~4、1~2、0.5~1、0.25~0.5 mm的水稳性团聚体,分析侵蚀红壤和团聚体中3种结合态(紧结态、松结态和稳结态)腐殖质含碳量的分布特征,及其对0.25 mm团聚体稳定性的影响。结果表明:随着红壤侵蚀程度的增强,3种结合态腐殖质的含碳量均逐渐减小。在轻度侵蚀的红壤中,随着团聚体粒径的增大,其紧结态和松结态腐殖质的含碳量逐渐升高,稳结态腐殖质的含碳量逐渐降低;但是在中度和严重侵蚀红壤中,不同粒径团聚体的3种结合态腐殖质的含碳量基本相同。侵蚀红壤的紧结态、松结态腐殖质的含碳量与其0.25 mm水稳性团聚体的含量均呈极显著正相关(r分别为0.88,0.74),说明土壤中腐殖质与矿物质的结合方式和松紧程度不一样,其对侵蚀红壤的结构具有不同的影响。     

青海省东部山区旱作农田土壤团聚体特征研究

比较了青海省东部山区垂直梯度分布的三种旱作农田土壤(黑钙土、栗钙土、灰钙土),在0~60 cm土层的不同粒级土壤风干团聚体和水稳性团聚体含量间的差异,并结合其它土壤质量指标(有机质、粘粒)对不同土壤结构和抗侵蚀能力进行了综合评价。结果表明,>0.25mm风干团聚体、>0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量和土壤有机质含量与土壤类型间有密切关系。均表现为黑钙土>栗钙土>灰钙土。黑钙土和栗钙土的土壤有机质含量与>0.25mm水稳性团聚体间存在显著正相关关系(P<0.05),灰钙土则无明显相关性;三种土壤粘粒含量与>0.25mm风干团聚体和0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量间无明显相关性。各项指标综合比较,三种土壤抗侵蚀能力大小为:黑钙土>栗钙土>灰钙土。     

秸秆还田条件下内陆盐碱土腐殖质的动态变化

采用室内培养试验的方法,研究了秸秆加入条件下内陆盐碱土的腐殖质及其组分(胡敏酸、富里酸)的动态变化。结果表明,在秸秆腐解过程中,盐碱土腐殖质、富里酸、胡敏酸含量均呈现持续上升趋势,分别平均增加了112.5%,269.54%和92.9%富里酸的含量明显高于胡敏酸的含量,是胡敏酸含量的约3~10倍。土壤的HA/FA(腐殖酸/富里酸)呈现出先增长后降低的趋势,并且在90d时达到平均最高值(0.283)。尿素添加量7.2g的处理土壤腐殖质含量在0.19%~0.38%,该处理秸秆分解的速率最快。土壤腐殖质和富里酸随着尿素含量梯度的增加呈现先上升,后下降,再上升的趋势,且分别平均增加了46.7%和55.3%胡敏酸的变化趋势与腐殖质相反,平均减少了14.3%HA/FA呈下降趋势,但下降趋势不明显。     

几株产荚膜细菌在土壤水稳性团聚体形成中的作用

试验研究几株产荚膜细菌在土壤水稳定性团聚体形成中的作用结果表明,菌株次生代谢产物即发酵物在土壤水稳定性团聚体形成中起作用,而菌体本身不起作用。细菌能够显著促进>0.25mm土壤水稳定性团聚体的形成,其效果随加入C源物质而异,蔗糖效果优于小麦秸秆和玉米秸秆,风化煤几乎不起作用。加入不同C源物质时,菌株之间表现出明显差异。     

黑土开垦后水稳性团聚体与土壤养分的关系

Water-stable aggregates, which are an index for the evaluation of the structural properties of the soil, are affected by many factors. Zhaoguang Farm, Longzhen Farm, and Jiusan Farm were chosen as the representative study sites in the region of black soils, a typical soil resource in Northeast China. The variation in the content of 〉 0.25 mm water-stable aggregates and its relationship with the nutrients in black soil were investigated after different years of reclamation. The results showed that the 〉 0.25 mm water-stable aggregates were more in the surface than in the subsurface soil and they changed in the following order： Longzhen Farm 〉 Zhaoguang Farm 〉 Jiusan Farm. The water-stable aggregates decreased sharply at the initial stage of reclamation and then became stable gradually with time. They were significantly correlated with the contents of organic C, total N, total P, and CEC in black soil, with the correlation coefficients r being 0.76, 0.68, 0.61, and 0.81 （P 〈 0.01）, respectively; however, their relationships with available P, available K, and total K were unclear. These showed that organic matter was the cementation of soil water-stable aggregates. Increasing decompositions and decreasing inputs of organic matter after reclamation were responsible for the amount of reduction of the water-stable aggregates. Thus, to maintain good soil aggregate structure, attention should be paid to improvement of soil nutrient status, especially the supply of organic C and N.     

不同改良剂对黄绵土水稳性团聚体的改良效果及其机制

通过室内土柱培养,采用聚丙烯酰胺(Polyacrylamide,PAM)、沃特保水剂、β-环糊精、腐殖酸等4种土壤结构改良剂对黄绵土水稳性团聚体进行改良。结果表明:4种改良剂均可促进>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体的形成,在浓度0.05%～0.40%范围内,其改良效果表现为PAM>β-环糊精>沃特保水剂>腐殖酸,且黄绵土团聚体分形维数显著降低,尤以PAM改良效果最明显;在低浓度条件下,4种改良剂均可有效地降低土壤密度;土壤粒径分布表明,PAM改良黄绵土水稳性团聚体的机制是使<1 mm粒径的团聚体团聚为更大的团聚体,尤其是团聚为>5 mm的团聚体,PAM在4种改良剂中对黄绵土改良效果最好。阐明不同改良剂对黄绵土水稳性团聚体的改良效果及机制,可为合理利用改良剂改良土壤结构提供理论依据。     

东北黑土区冻融作用对黑土水稳性团聚体的影响

Soil aggregate stability,an important index of the physical characteristics of a soil,can provide a good indication of a soil’s erodibility,and deserves special consideration in regions with cold climate.The objective of this study was to study the effect of freeze-thaw on soil water-stable aggregates in the black soil region of Northeast China.Samples of a typical black soil in the region were collected to measure water-stable aggregates after freeze-thaw under different conditions(i.e.,initial moisture contents,freezethaw cycles and freezing temperatures)by wet-sieving into eight particle size groups(10,10–6,6–5,5–3,3–2,2–1,1–0.5,and0.5–0.25 mm).Freeze-thaw had the most effect on aggregate stability when the samples had an initial moisture content of 400 g kg-1.The water-stable aggregates of the four larger particle size groups(5,5–3,3–2,and 2–1 mm)reached a peak stability value,but those of the two smaller particle size groups(1–0.5 and 0.5–0.25 mm)reached a minimum value when the soil moisture content was 400 g kg-1.Water-stable aggregates of the four larger particle size groups decreased while those of the two smaller particle size groups increased with the increase of freeze-thaw cycles.As temperatures fell,the water-stable aggregates of the four larger particle size groups decreased while those of the two smaller particle size groups increased.     

施肥措施对复垦土壤团聚体碳氮含量和作物产量的影响

研究复垦后不同施肥措施下有机碳(OC)和全氮(TN)在水稳性团聚体及粉黏粒组分中的分布特征,以期深入理解不同施肥措施下土壤有机碳的固持机制。以生土和连续6年不同施肥措施的复垦土壤为研究对象,采集0～20 cm耕层土壤样品,利用湿筛法进行土壤粒径分组,分析大粒径大团聚体(> 2 mm)、小粒径大团聚体(>0.25～2 mm)、微团聚体(0.053～0.25 mm)和粉黏粒组分(<0.053 mm)中OC和TN含量,判断各粒径团聚体及粉黏粒组分中有机碳储量的驱动因素,探究团聚体及粉黏粒组分中有机碳含量与作物产量之间的关系。试验设不施肥(CK)、施氮磷钾化肥(NPK)、单施有机肥(M)和有机无机肥配施(MNPK)4个处理。结果表明:1)整个试验周期(2008—2013年),同CK相比,NPK、M以及MNPK处理均显著提高了玉米籽粒产量,且以MNPK处理的效果最显著,分别提高了79.49%、116.07%和113.85%。2)大团聚体和微团聚体中OC和TN含量相近,总体高于粉黏粒组分。同生土相比,CK、NPK和M处理均显著提高了>0.25～2、0.053～0.25 mm...     

Rapid and sensitive determination of microbial activity in soils and in soil aggregates by dimethylsulfoxide reduction

Summary Based on the reduction of dimethylusulfoxide (DMSO) to dimethylsulfide (DMS) by microorganisms, a simple, rapid, sensitive and inexpensive method for the determination of microbial activity in soil samples was developed. When DMSO was added to samples, DMS appeared immediately in the gas phase, which was quantitatively analyzed by gas chromatography. The DMS liberation rate was constant for several hours. The reaction immediately starts and its linearity indicate that neither the physiological state nor the number of organisms were changed by the assay. DMSO reduction is widespread among microorganisms; out of 144 strains tested (both fungi and bacteria) only 5 were unable to carry out this reaction. The reaction in soil samples was strongly inhibited by toluene, cyanide, azide, or by fumigation, but was considerably stimulated by glucose. These findings demonstrate that the reaction was due to the activity of microorganisms. The DMSO reduction in different soil samples was significantly correlated with arginine ammonification and heat output (r>0.9). A good correlation was observed with the organic-matter content (r = 0.74), but not with microbial numbers, clay content, or the pH of the soil. Standard deviations of less than 10% were routinely found. Furthermore, the method is sufficiently sensitive to allow measurements of activity in very small samples (< 0.1 g). For example, a microbial activity profile can be established for a single soil aggregate, revealing marked differences in activity on the outside and in the interior.     

Effects of 'Agri-SC' soil conditioner on soil structure and erodibility: some further observations

Abstract. In field and laboratory experiments the conditioner‘Agri-SC’has shown improvements in the structure of loamy sand soils in east Shropshire, UK. It resulted in statistically significant decreases in soil bulk density values and increases in soil porosity and aggregate stability. Further experiments are in progress on both loamy sand and silt loam soils.     

Microscale-scale measurement of potential nitrification rates of soil aggregates

To improve our knowledge about the effect of soil structure on potential nitrification (PN) rates in different soil aggregate fractions, we adapted and validated the standard method based on International Organization of Standardization (ISO) 15685 to small sample volumes. This assay was used to determine the distribution of PN in soil aggregates obtained from three different sites (natural grassland, agricultural land and forest). Overall, the external surface layers of the aggregates showed higher PN rates than the interior fractions of the aggregates. These differences were more clear in clayey than in sandy soils.