花斑皮蠹成虫行为观察

在适宜的温度范围内,随着温度的升高,花斑皮蠹成虫活动性越强,飞翔的虫口数越多;光照度为380 lx时,短时间内即可刺激成虫起飞,在黑暗的条件下,成虫比较安静;未交尾的雌、雄成虫起飞虫口数分别为31.1%和82.52%;交尾产卵后雌、雄成虫起飞虫口分别为6.67%和77.78%;配对成虫有61.2%的成虫飞翔,其中雌虫占14.3%,雌虫未产卵或开始产卵或羽化后7 d内起飞较多;成虫交尾呈"V"型,一生多次交尾;雌虫产卵前活动频繁,身体边爬行边后倾,后倾时露出产卵器上下左右摆动,寻找适当的产卵场所;卵有单产、串产、成排产、聚堆产,卵多产于缝隙等处.     

花斑皮蠹的生物学特性及防治技术

介绍了花斑皮蠹的形态特征、为害特点及防治技术。     

花斑皮蠹发育起点温度和有效积温研究

在不同的温度下,分别观察和测定了花斑皮蠹(Trogoderma variabileBallion)各虫态的发育历期、发育起点温度及有效积温。结果表明,在17.8~35℃温度范围内,花斑皮蠹均能完成发育,其发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,卵、幼虫、蛹、产卵前期的发育起点温度分别为14.5、15.9、14.6和13.6℃,有效积温分别为113.25、513.43、71.29和43.67d.℃;整个世代的发育起点温度为15.5℃,有效积温为716.76 d.℃,持续高温(37.8℃)不适合其生长发育。     

甲酸乙酯对花斑皮蠹熏蒸防治研究

研究了不同浓度、时间和温度条件下,甲酸乙酯(EtF)对花斑皮蠹(Trogoderma variabile)成虫的致死作用.结果表明:处理时间和温度显著影响甲酸乙酯对花斑皮蠹成虫的致死作用;甲酸乙酯具有良好的速效性,48 h以内能发挥很好的熏蒸活性,低温(20℃)条件下熏蒸比高温(35℃)下效果好,当温度为20℃时,处理花斑皮蠹成虫、幼虫、蛹和卵24 h,其LC50分别为26.2、29.1、30.9、33.3μL·L-1;用70 g·m-3甲酸乙酯熏蒸昆虫标本48 h,可100%杀灭花斑皮蠹.     

花斑皮蠹生物学研究及幼虫密度对化蛹的影响

为搞清楚花斑皮蠹的生物学特性和幼虫密度与化蛹的关系,对花斑皮蠹采用室内 饲养和系 统观察。结果表明,（1）在相对湿度为（75±3）%,温度为35℃、32.8℃、27.8℃、2 2.8℃、17.8℃的 条件下,花斑皮蠹的蛹期分别为（3.97±0.91） 、（4.07±0.88）、（5.13±0.89）、 （9.41±1.49）、（18. 8±4.3）d,成虫产卵前期分别为（2.14±0.69）、（2.25±0.59）、（2.43±0.92）、 （4.53±2.34） 、 （ 17.23 ±5.65）d,卵期分别为（5.59±0.49）、（5.9±0.97） 、（8.85±1.04）、 （13.79±1.0） 、（28.6 ± 0.26 ） d,蛹平均羽化率为（98.7±0.4）%,每雌虫平均产卵量为（53.6±5.8）粒, 卵平均孵化率为 （82.8±3.7）%;（2）羽化后的成虫取食蜂蜜后其寿命相应延长,未交尾的雌虫寿命长 于雄虫,而交 尾后则相反;（3）虫口密度越大末龄幼虫化蛹历期越长;（4）雌雄性比为1.0∶1.1。     

溴甲烷和磷化氢混用对花斑皮蠹幼虫的室内毒力测定

在温度为25℃,相对湿度75%条件下,研究了溴甲烷与磷化氢以100∶1、100∶2、100∶5、100∶10的比例熏蒸防治花斑皮蠹(Trogoderma variabile)3～4龄幼虫各5 h,结果表明:溴甲烷及4种比例混用的LD50分别为8.43、6.71、6.42、5.89 g.m-3和3.86 g.m-3,4种比例混用均能使溴甲烷增效,但以100∶5的比例使用最好。     

4种杀虫剂对花斑皮蠹幼虫的毒力测定及药效试验研究

为了掌握4种杀虫剂对花斑皮蠹的防治效果,分别采用点滴法和喷雾法对花斑皮蠹进行了室内毒力测定和药效试验。结果表明:京绿一号、24.5%虫无敌乳油、20%杀灭菊酯乳油和阿维菌素2.0 LD50分别为1.78×1-0 3、3.56×1-0 3、7.03×1-0 3、32.90×1-0 3μg.头-1;使用京绿一号、虫无敌和杀灭菊酯48 h后,花斑皮囊平均死亡率分别为89%、82%和78%,3种药剂防治花斑皮蠹效果较好。     

花斑皮蠹在自然变温下的发育起点温度和有效积温测定

2003～2005年在室内观察了花斑皮蠹(Trogoderma variabile)在自然变温下的发育历期,依据有效积温法则测得其卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫产卵前期和世代的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为13.5、15.2、14.0、13.7、15.5℃和96.4、455.6、51.8、24.6、594.4℃,并建立了各虫态的历期预测式,可用于发生期和防治适期的预测.     

白腹皮蠹幼虫肠道细菌分离及鉴定

为了研究白腹皮蠹幼虫肠道环境中的细菌种类,从中分离、纯化、培养,获得6个细菌菌株,对其培养性状、染色反应、菌体形态、生理生化反应进行系统研究。鉴定结果表明,上述6个细菌菌株分别属于坚强芽孢杆菌(Bacillus firmus)、气微菌属(Aeromicrobium Miller,Woese and Brenner,1978)、浸麻芽孢杆菌(Bacillus macerans)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus Rosenback,1884)、巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)和短芽孢杆菌(Bacillus brevis)。从白腹皮蠹肠道环境中分离出6个菌株,鉴定出分类地位,菌株之间的数量存在明显差异,以巨大芽孢杆菌数量最多(5.32×1019),需要进一步研究该6个菌株在白腹皮蠹肠道环境中的具体作用,以期寻求有效防治白腹皮蠹的新途径。     

白腹皮蠹幼虫肠道细菌分离及鉴定

为了研究白腹皮蠹幼虫肠道环境中的细菌种类,从中分离、纯化、培养,获得6个细菌菌株,对其培养性状、染色反应、菌体形态、生理生化反应进行系统研究。鉴定结果表明,上述6个细菌菌株分别属于坚强芽孢杆菌(Bacillus firmus)、气微菌属(Aeromicrobium Miller,Woese and Brenner,1978)、浸麻芽孢杆菌(Bacillus macerans)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus Rosenback,1884)、巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)和短芽孢杆菌(Bacillus brevis)。从白腹皮蠹肠道环境中分离出6个菌株,鉴定出分类地位,菌株之间的数量存在明显差异,以巨大芽孢杆菌数量最多(5.32×1019),需要进一步研究该6个菌株在白腹皮蠹肠道环境中的具体作用,以期寻求有效防治白腹皮蠹的新途径。     

两种斑皮蠹幼虫头部化学感觉器的形态比较

用扫描电镜观察谷斑皮蠢 Trogoderma granarium 和花斑皮蠢 T.variabile 幼虫头部化学感觉器。在触角端部,谷斑皮蠢幼虫有2个栓状感觉器,花斑皮蠢幼虫有一个栓状感觉器;在下颚须端部,两种幼虫均有10个栓状感觉器;在下唇须端部,谷斑皮蠢幼虫有10个栓状感觉器,花斑皮幼虫有6个栓锥状感觉器和4个栓状感觉器。作者认为昆虫幼虫头部化学感觉器的形态特征可用于幼虫的分类和鉴定。     

Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis of the Main Lineages of Nymphalinae （Nymphalidae： Lepidoptera） Based on the Partial Mitochondrial COI Gene

The phylogenetic relationships of the subfamily Nymphalinae （sensu Chou 1994） were analyzed based on 1 488 bp of mtDNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I （COI） gene sequence data obtained from 24 individuals, along with those of eight species obtained from GenBank. The base compositions of this COI fragment varied among the individuals as follows： T 39.9%, C 14.6%, A 32.2%, and G 13.4%, with a strong AT bias （72.1%）, as usually found in insect mitochondrial genomes. The A ＋T contents of the third, second, and first codon positions of the COI fragments in this study was 92.4, 62.2, and 61.4%, respectively. The phylogenetic trees were reconstructed by neighbor-joining （NJ）, maximum likelihood （ML）, and Bayesian methods by using Byblia anvatara as outgroup. Phylogenetic analyses based on the COI gene sequence data created very similar topologies, which were producing trees with two main clades A and B, and five subclades. The data indicated that the tribes Nymphalini and Hypolimni （sensu Chou 1994） are not monophyletic groups, and the genus Junonia should be removed from Nymphalini to Hypolimni （=Junoniini）. On the basis of the data, the Symbrenthia and Araschnia had a relative distant relationship with the rest of Nymphalini. The relationships of species in the Nymphalini were confirmed via the NJ, ML, and Bayesian methods, namely （（（（Nymphalis ＋ Kaniska） ＋ Polygonia） ＋Aglais） ＋ Vanessa） ＋ （Symbrenthia ＋Araschnia）. This investigation provides a little novel information for Chinese researches of butterflies.     

First record of the little fire ant,Wasmannia auropunctata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), in Chinese mainland

In January 2022, we received ant specimens collected from three field colonies from Shantou City, Guangdong Province, China. They were identified as the little fire ant, Wasmannia auropunctata, through morphological and molecular analyses. Wasmannia auropunctata is listed as one of the 100 most dangerous invasive species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and has spread from its native range in South America to every continent except Antarctica. DNA analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) in nine specimens of W. auropunctata found that they had a close genetic relationship with specimens from Argentina. This study represents the first formal record of the establishment of W. auropunctata outdoor in Chinese mainland. However, the invasion stage and occurrence degree of W. auropunctata in China are not clear to date. The implementation of quarantine measures, investigation of the occurrence and distribution, and development of monitoring and control strategies are needed to actively respond to the threat posed by this highly invasive ant.     

基于线粒体细胞色素c氧化酶亚基I基因序列的帘蛤科贝类分子系统发育研究

对21种帘蛤科贝类线粒体细胞色素c氧化酶亚基I(cytochrome c oxidase subunit I,COI)基因核苷酸序列进行了分析,以探讨这一序列在种质鉴定、分子系统发生研究中的应用价值.测序结果表明,所有物种扩增片段长度均为707 bp(含引物),序列A+T含量(62.4％-67.8％)明显高于G+C含量.物种间共有变异位点379个,其中简约信息位点334个;此区段共编码235个氨基酸,种间共有氨基酸变异位点100个.以COI基因片段序列为标记,用中国蛤蜊(Mactra chinensis)作外群,构建了35种帘蛤科贝类(其中14种贝类COI序列从GenBank下载)的系统发生树,结合拓扑结构分析和序列比对分析,结果表明:支持将短文蛤(Meretrix petechinalis)和丽文蛤(M.lusoria)订为文蛤(M.meretrix)的同物异名的观点,建议将丽文蛤和短文蛤订为文蛤的地理亚种;支持将薄片镜蛤(Dosinia corrugata)和D.angulosa订为2个独立种的观点;认为将波纹巴非蛤(Paphia undulata)和织锦巴非蛤(P.textile)订为2个独立种是合适的.COI基因序列含有丰富的遗传信息,适合作为帘蛤科贝类种群遗传结构和系统发生研究的分子标记.     

Species diversity of thrips (Thysanoptera) in selected avocado orchards from Mexico based on morphology and molecular data

Avocado is one of the most important crops in the world, and Mexico is the largest producer of this fruit. Several insect pests affect its production, and thrips are amongst the most important. A key step in the design of control methods is accurate species identification. Despite this, formal reports on species diversity of thrips in Mexico are very scarce. Morphological identification can sometimes be time-consuming and inconclusive. Therefore, we explored the species diversity of thrips in Mexican avocado orchards(Michoacan state) based on partial sequences of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit Ⅰ(COⅠ). Forty-four specimens were analysed, which represented approximately 8% of all individuals collected from five localities distributed in three Municipalities. All specimens were analysed using the COⅠ marker, and specimens within the genera Frankliniella were also analysed using a marker within the D2 domain of the 28 S(28 SD2) nuclear ribosomal DNA. Molecular identifications were confirmed using morphological taxonomy. Overall, six genera were found(Neohydatothrips, Scirtothrips, Frankliniella, Arorathrips, Caliothrips and Leptothrips). All genera contained only one species, except Frankliniella, for which there were six species. Data from the two molecular markers suggest the existence of cryptic species within Mexican F. occidentalis populations.     

一种昆虫的分子生物学鉴定

[目的]生物学鉴定攀西地区1种重要的经济昆虫。[方法]采用分子生物学技术对该昆虫进行线粒体细胞色素氧化酶（COI）基因种属特异性研究。[结果]利用PCR技术扩增出长度为1 100 bp的序列,经过序列分析比对,确定该昆虫属于昆虫纲,广翅目（Mega-loptera）,齿蛉科（Corydalidae）,巨齿蛉属（Acanthacorydalis）。[结论]结果为人工养殖该种昆虫提供了重要的理论依据。     

Phylogeny of Limenitidinae Butterflies （Lepidoptera： Nymphalidae） Inferred from Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I Gene Sequences

The phylogenetic analyses of the subfamily Limenitidinae are performed based on 1471 bp of mtDNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I (C01) gene sequence data which were obtained from 21 individuals spanning 9 genera, along with those of 17species obtained from GenBank, using Apatura iris, Aglais urticae, and Polyura dolon as outgroup species. Although the transitions at the third codon positions of the COI data set were highly saturated, they were still retained for analysis as they contain the majority of the phylogenetic information, and thus, the maximum pasimony (MP) under different weighting schemes and maximum likelihood (ML) trees were reconstructed in this study. The results showed that within this subfamily, the results based on the COI gene sequences are approximately identical to the traditional classification results. However, the clustering of Lexias pardalis and Tanaecia julii within the genus Euthalia as well as the clustering of Phaedyma aspasia within the genus Neptis with weak support are different from that of the current classification scheme made by Chinese scholars. The genus Limenitis is splited into two subelusters in the trees constructed by using MP and ML methods. These results support one of the strongest hypotheses for the tribe relationships within Limenitidinae.     

DNA条形码技术鉴定中国地方鸡品种的重新评估

【目的】探讨COI基因作为标准DNA条形码技术鉴定外形差异较小的地方鸡品种的可行性。【方法】以华南地区9种优质地方鸡（怀乡鸡、清远麻鸡、惠阳胡须鸡、中山沙栏鸡、阳山鸡、杏花鸡、五华三黄鸡、文昌鸡和广西三黄鸡）和国外引进品种隐性白羽鸡为试验材料,测定标准的DNA条形码技术的线粒体细胞色素C 氧化酶亚基I （cytochrome C oxidase subunit I,COI）,同时下载已发表的31条家鸡和原鸡及绿头鸭的COI基因序列,分析品种遗传多样性与遗传距离,构建单倍型中介网络图和系统发生邻接树,界定区分品种特异的单倍型。【结果】除去PCR引物序列,获得了695 bp COI基因片段。根据标准的DNA条形码序列,截取648 bp 线粒体COI基因序列进行分析。10个鸡品种203个个体共检测到110个变异位点,占分析位点的16.98%,其中90个单一位点突变,20个简约信息位点。平均核苷酸多样性为0.00394（0.00349-0.00560）,平均单倍型多样性为0.832（0.763-0.905）,其中五华三黄鸡最高,中山沙栏鸡次之,文昌鸡最低。定义了84种单倍型,单倍型1为9个地方鸡种所共享,出现频率为64次;单倍型9和5为家鸡和隐性白羽鸡共享,出现频率分别为29次和19次;每个鸡品种均有品种特异的单倍型。广西三黄鸡、五华三黄鸡与中山沙栏鸡的单倍型数最多,为13个,隐性白羽鸡与清远麻鸡的最少,为8个。不同品种的单倍型分布差异较大,如杏花鸡的单倍型主要分布在1,清远麻鸡主要分布在1和9,惠阳胡须鸡主要分布在1、5和9,隐性白羽鸡主要分布在9和79。10个鸡种品种间遗传距离范围为0.003-0.006,净遗传距离为0-0.003;鸡品种间的遗传距离一般大于鸡品种内的遗传距离;绿头鸭与鸡品种间的遗传距离大于0.2。中介网络图将84个单倍型分为3条进化枝,呈现出一定的品种特异性,如以单倍型9为起点的进化枝没有广西三黄鸡和文昌鸡分布,但另外两枝未表现出此特征;1为祖先单倍型,由此逐渐衍生出其他单倍型。邻接树显示中国家鸡与红原鸡聚为一簇,与黑尾原鸡、灰原鸡和绿原鸡分开;中国地方鸡聚为同一簇,且存在明显的交叉现象,无显著的品种特异性。【结论】COI基因可作为研究鸡品种遗传多样性的候选分子标记。仅依靠标准的DNA条形码技术无法有效区分差异外形较小的地方鸡种,需要联合多种分子标记如COI基因、细胞色素b、 AFLP指纹技术、微卫星位点LEI0258、基因组SNP和品种特异的外貌特征。     

广东省半翅目桑树害虫种类与为害调查

【目的】半翅目（Hemiptera）害虫是广东桑树种植区主要为害桑树的害虫种类,每年都会对蚕桑 生产造成较大的经济损失 , 但目前尚未有对广东省半翅目桑树害虫种类系统鉴定与为害调查的相关研究。因此, 针对广东省半翅目桑树害虫进行系统调查和研究,从而为进一步制定出有效的防治措施及开展相关的研究提供 理论依据有着重要的意义。【方法】通过对桑园鳞翅目害虫的调查与采集,利用形态和分子（细胞色素氧化酶 亚基Ⅰ基因 mtCO Ⅰ）鉴定方法对其进行系统鉴定。【结果】共鉴定出 7 种半翅目害虫,分别为双条拂粉蚧（Ferrisia virgata Cockerell）、桑木虱（Anomoneura mori Schwarz）、桑斑叶蝉（Erythroneura mori Matsumura）、尖胸沫蝉 （Aphrophora sp.）、稻绿蝽（Nezara viridula Linnaeus）、瘤缘蝽（Acanthocoris scaber Linnaeus）、离斑棉红蝽（Dysdercus cingulatus Fabricius）。【结论】在鉴定的 7 种半翅目害虫中,双条拂粉蚧、尖胸沫蝉、离斑棉红蝽为广东省首 次报道为害桑树的害虫。     

普通大蓟马不同地理种群的分子鉴定及酶活测定

普通大蓟马Megalurothrips usitatus(Bagnall)是影响海南豇豆品质的重要害虫之一。笔者在采集不同地理种群的基础上,用试剂盒法提取其总DNA,对mt DNA COⅠ基因序列进行测序分析,并构建系统发育树;用分光光度计法进行酶活比较分析。结果表明,普通大蓟马不同地理种群之间的遗传距离非常小,并没有随地理位置的变化产生较大的遗传分化;抗氧化酶系活力测定中,不同地理种群的普通大蓟马GST活力差异较大,SOD活力不存在显著性差异,个别地理种群CAT活力与其他地理种群存在显著性差异。