棉铃虫捕食性天敌控制作用评价

在分析棉田捕生天敌数量变化及空间动态的基础上,综合考试捕食性天敌的数量、天敌与棉铃虫的空间生态位重叠度和时间发生上的同步性,建立了棉铃虫捕食性天敌控制作用的评价模型。结果表明,在棉田棉铃虫发生期,控制棉铃虫卵和初孵幼虫的天敌集团作用的大小依次为：瓢虫草蛉类〉捕食性蝽类〉蜘蛛类。天敌对棉铃虫的控制作用存在时间上的序列性和阶段性,不同棉铃虫发生世代天敌功能团和优势天敌作用大小不同。二代主要为龟纹瓢虫、     

3种杀虫剂对中稻田白背飞虱及捕食性天敌群落的影响

采用室内毒力测定、田间试验和系统调查方法研究了3种杀虫剂对中稻田白背飞虱及捕食性天敌群落的影响,旨在提高水稻白背飞虱的化学防治效率,减少农药对环境的污染,保护天敌对害虫的自然控制作用,为水稻白背飞虱的综合治理提供依据。研究结果表明,阿维菌素、吡蚜酮和毒死蜱3种杀虫剂对白背飞虱3龄若虫均有较高的室内毒力,LC50分别为0.339 1、0.896 0和4.714 7mg/L,说明安徽省桐城市白背飞虱种群对这3种药剂尚未产生较高的抗药性。阿维菌素对白背飞虱的田间防治效果较差,毒死蜱药后3d即达到较好的防治效果,但持效期较短。吡蚜酮对白背飞虱有很好的防治效果,药后7d和14d的防效分别达到90.94%和89.94%,且对捕食性天敌群落影响较小,有助于保护和加强天敌的自然控制作用,是防治中稻田白背飞虱较理想的药剂。     

多物种共存系统中拟水狼蛛对三种稻虫的捕食作用

选择稻田蜘蛛优势种拟水狼蛛(Pirata subparaticus)和水稻主要害虫褐飞虱(Nilaparvata lugens)、白背飞虱(Sogatella furciferz)、黑尾叶蝉(Nephotettix cincticeps)组成多物种共存系统,运用二次通用旋转组合设计试验探讨蜘蛛对稻虫的控制作用,分析天敌与害虫间、害虫之间的相互作用关系,得到天敌对害虫的4个捕食量模型,其中拟水狼蛛对3种害虫的总捕食量模型为Y_4=28.143 6.375X_1 1.792X_2 1.625X_3-0.042X_4-4.754X_1~2-3.129X_2~2-1.629X_3~2-2.129X_4~2-0.188X_1X_2 0.063X_1X_3-0.438X_1X_4-0.188X_2X_3-0.438X_2X_4-1.438X_3X_4。对该模型的主效分析表明,天敌自身密度对捕食量的影响最大;其次是害虫密度的影响,其中褐飞虱对捕食量的影响较大,白背飞虱次之,黑尾叶蝉最小。害虫间的互作分析表明,白背飞虱同黑尾叶蝉间的交互效应对拟水狼蛛捕食作用的影响最强。     

青翅蚁形隐翅虫在稻田捕食性天敌中的地位与作用

1986～1987年,广东四会早稻田19次调查统计:在捕食性天敌中,狼蛛、其它蜘蛛和隐翅虫的数量分别占20.06、53.93和17.65％,捕食白背飞虱的血清反应阳性率:狼蛛为60.5％、其它蜘蛛20.0％,隐翅虫为13.0％。据此,青翅蚁形隐翅虫的数量和捕食害虫效能居第三位。     

水稻品种‘Rathu Heenati’、‘玉香油占’对稻飞虱及其捕食性天敌田间种群动态的影响

研究了华南双季稻区水稻抗稻飞虱种质资源‘Rathu Heenati’(RHT)和广东省超级稻主栽品种‘玉香油占’上褐飞虱、白背飞虱及田间捕食性天敌的年发生动态。结果表明,水稻品种‘Rathu Heenati’和‘玉香油占’对褐飞虱和白背飞虱均表现出明显的控制作用。褐飞虱和白背飞虱1年内在华南双季稻区存在两个明显的发生高峰,晚稻稻飞虱的发生数量高于早稻,其中早稻白背飞虱的发生数量要大于褐飞虱,而晚稻情况相反,褐飞虱的发生数量显著大于白背飞虱。当害虫虫口密度较低时,‘玉香油占’对上述两种害虫的控制作用与‘RHT’水稻差异不显著,但当稻飞虱数量急剧增加,‘RHT’对稻飞虱的控制作用就显著强于‘玉香油占’。抗性水稻‘RHT’和‘玉香油占’田的捕食性天敌如蜘蛛、盲蝽和隐翅虫虫口密度均低于感虫对照品种‘Taichung Native 1’田。捕食性天敌年发生动态调查结果表明,蜘蛛在3个品种水稻上早、晚稻各有1次发生高峰;盲蝽在晚稻有1次发生高峰,在早稻发生数量很低;隐翅虫在早稻有一个发生高峰,晚稻发生虫口密度较低。通过比较3个品种上害益虫口比年发生动态,结果表明,早、晚稻3个品种的害益虫口比均呈现“双峰型”,‘RHT’和‘玉香油占’对水稻害虫稻飞虱具有十分显著的控制作用。本文还讨论了华南双季稻区抗虫品种的培育和改良以及与其他防治措施配套综合防控稻田褐飞虱、白背飞虱的可能性。     

稻纵卷叶螟捕食性天敌模拟系统研究

本文建立了稻纵卷叶螟及其主要捕食性天敌相互作用的捕食——被捕食关系的微分方程数学模型,并利用稻纵卷叶螟实验种群生命表及广东省四会县田间调查消长数据估计模型参数,进行计算机模拟。模拟结果基本反应出了稻纵卷叶螟及其捕食性天敌的发生趋势。     

申家店林区捕食性天敌昆虫资源调查

申家店林区植物种类较多,植被保存完好,通过对申家店林区捕食性天敌昆虫调查研究分析,结果表明,试验中采集和观察到的捕食性天敌昆虫共7目14科41种385只;捕食性天敌昆虫种类较多,个别种类数量大;不同样地捕食性天敌昆虫分布差异较大,且具有区域性。本调查研究可为黑龙江省东部地区捕食性天敌昆虫多样性研究提供参考。     

有机稻田白背飞虱种群动态及其天敌作用

为组建有机稻田白背飞虱种群生态控制系统,系统调查了实施有机耕作一年后白背飞虱种群动态,并应用生命表技术评价了自然天敌的作用.结果表明,在有机早稻田中白背飞虱发生2个世代,高峰期分别为5月上中旬和6月上中旬,平均百丛虫量分别为435.4和216.4头,干扰作用控制指数IIPC分别为0.3079和0.4044.水稻移栽后天敌回升迅速,移栽15天迁入稻田的蜘蛛为同期常规稻田蜘蛛的2.56倍;捕食性天敌、寄生性天敌数量在移栽42、38天分别为同期常规稻田的1.64与1.40倍.将天敌因子的作用相加,"捕食及其它"和"寄生"因子对白背飞虱种群的控制作用强,其排除作用控制指数(EIPC)值显著高于常规稻田相应作用因子.     

稻田蜘蛛的混合种群对褐飞虱的捕食功能作用

稻田系统中蜘蛛群落的物种较多,数量较大,对控制害虫的发生起着重要的作用.在研究捕食性天敌对害虫的控制作用时,多采用天敌数量、天敌和害虫的时间及空间生态位重叠、实验室控制条件下的单种天敌与单一害虫的捕食功能反应参数,以及捕食作用参数(如基于种群趋势指数的天敌控制作用指数、EF指数等)来评价[1-6].本文同时采用稻田蜘蛛的数量、蜘蛛与飞虱的时空二维生态位重叠指数,以及不同蜘蛛种类混合种群对褐飞虱的捕食功能反应参数,来估计稻田蜘蛛对飞虱的控制作用,以期为稻田蜘蛛的利用提供理论上的指导.     

新疆南部地区棉田捕食性天敌种群动态

为开展棉田害虫生态控制,于2004年5～8月系统调查了新疆阿克苏棉区捕食性天敌的种群数量消长动态。结果表明:该地区捕食性天敌种类多数量大,有7目15科28种以上,高峰期天敌虫量平均达到8.86头/株;无干扰情况下能建立稳定的自然种群,对棉田发生的害虫基本上可有效控制;不同天敌田间消长动态存在差异,瓢虫和草蛉为优势种类。     

转Bt基因作物对植物—害虫—天敌食物链的影响

种植转Bt基因作物已经成为当前及未来农业的发展趋势。转Bt基因作物可以有效控制棉铃虫（〖WTBX〗Helicoverpa armigera〖WTBZ〗）、玉米螟（〖WTBX〗Ostrinia furnacalis〖WTBZ〗）等多种靶标害虫。但研究表明Bt作物的种植会改变害虫演化地位,并且Bt毒素可能沿着食物链传递,而对天敌构成潜在的威胁。基于Bt作物对植物—害虫—天敌食物链上各个营养级的影响研究,本文重点分析了Bt毒素对天敌种群结构及生物学的影响。     

Factors that influence the level of weed seed predation: A review

Herbicides applied alone have failed to reduce weed populations in agricultural ecosystems. The use of this management strategy has followed other problems such as damage to ecosystems and organisms that live in it. Herbicide resistance in weeds has also occurred more quickly based on the application of herbicides. Today, most scientists are looking for new integrated weed management programs in agricultural ecosystems. Biological control is one of the most effective ways of weed management. In this way, living organisms are used to reduce and control weed species in arable lands. Weed seed predators, including predispersal and postdispersal predators as biological control agents, can be primary factors of weed seed mortality in agricultural ecosystems. This review has discussed factors influencing seed predator populations, activity, and granivory. Knowledge of the interrelations between factors and seed predators can contribute to designing future strategies that augment weed seed predator activity and enhance weed seed consumption as a component of an integrated weed management system.     

浙江茶树黑刺粉虱的发生危害及天敌的研究

本文报道了浙江省茶树害虫黑刺粉虱天敌的调查结果，共发现天敌昆虫27种，其中捕食性天敌19种，寄生性天敌8种；捕食性蜘蛛9种；寄生性真菌7种。     

阿维菌素对苹果绣线菊蚜的防治作用及对果园天敌的影响

以1.8%阿维菌素乳油为代表品种,开展了阿维菌素对苹果树绣线菊蚜Aphis citricola田间防治效果试验。结果表明,1.8%阿维菌素乳油1000~3000倍液药后2d、7d、14d对绣线菊蚜的防治效果为64.9%~87.6%。此外,研究了阿维菌素乳油对果园捕食性天敌幼虫种群的影响。田间调查结果表明,施药14d后药剂处理区食蚜蝇Chrysopa septempunctata种群难以恢复,七星瓢虫Epistrophc baltcata种群恢复至喷药前的65%以上,大草蛉Coccinella septempunctate种群基本恢复正常;室内实验结果与田间基本相同,对食蚜蝇影响最大,大草蛉影响最小。但枝条喷药后,在太阳光下放置4h后接虫,则天敌幼虫的死亡率均有明显下降。     

微刺盲蝽的生物学特性研究概述(半翅目∶盲蝽科)

微刺盲蝽属 (Campylomma)昆虫既可取食植物如棉花、苹果、梨、芒果和茄子等 ,对农作物造成一定的危害 ,又可捕食多种害虫并成功地应用于生物防治。在害虫与益虫之间难以作一个明确的界定。本文介绍了该属昆虫的主要生物学特性和研究进展 ,旨在为该属昆虫作为害虫和天敌昆虫的进一步研究提供基础。     

A three‐year field study on the short‐term effects of insecticides used to control cereal aphids on plant‐dwelling aphid predators in winter wheat

Short‐term effects of six insecticides used to control aphids were assessed in wheat on plant‐dwelling aphid predators. Products were applied to small plots of winter wheat in June or at the beginning of July and the densities of predators were estimated three days after treatment using a beating method. Insecticides were tested in 1994, 1995 and 1997 at a single dose, corresponding to their maximum recommended field rate in Belgium. Fluvalinate and esfenvalerate did not significantly reduce catches of syrphid larvae compared to the control but ladybirds were affected by these compounds. Pirimicarb was the only product tested that had no effect on ladybirds. However, syrphid larvae appeared sensitive to this product. Cyfluthrin, deltamethrin and phosalone reduced catches of both syrphids and ladybirds. Populations of lacewing larvae were unaffected by any of the insecticide treatments. Syrphid larvae were the most abundant aphid predator and Episyrphus balteatus the most common species. Ladybirds (Coccinella septempunctata and Propylea quatuordecimpunctata) were less numerous and only a few Chrysoperla carnea larvae were recorded. These results indicate that products that are less toxic to syrphid larvae, like esfenvalerate and fluvalinate, may be preferable to other compounds to control cereal aphids in wheat in spring and early summer. However, other criteria, such as the effectiveness of the different aphid‐specific predators, cost, efficacy of the treatment and side effects on other aphid antagonists (including parasitic hymenoptera and polyphagous predators) must also be taken into consideration. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Bt棉田中绿盲蝽防治技术的研究

通过设置转Bt棉综防田(种植诱集作物和适当使用农药控制害虫)、对照田(依靠自然天敌控制害虫)和化防田(使用农药控制害虫)3种处理,研究了冀南棉区绿盲蝽与捕食性天敌种群关系及绿盲蝽对棉花生长的影响。结果表明,在Bt棉田,绿盲蝽分别于6月29日、8月14日和9月4日出现了3个发生高峰。其中6月29日综防田、对照田和化防田百株发生量差异不显著(p>0.05);8月14日,对照田的百株虫量显著多于化防田和综防田。差异极显著(p<0.01);9月4日,对照田的虫量达到60头/100株,且不同类型田差异显著(p<0.05)。Bt棉生长前期和中后期,捕食性天敌在综防田的百株天敌量明显高于化防田和对照田,其中6月29日、8月29日和9月9日综防田的天敌量达65、70、75头/100株。分析3种不同类型田绿盲蝽对棉花叶危害株率、落蕾率、落铃率和成铃量影响顺序均为对照田>化防田>综防田,除化防田与综防田的落铃率无显著差异,其余均表现差异显著。     

Field assessment of the effects of deltamethrin on polyphagous predators in winter wheat

In the south-west of England, cereal aphids can spread barley yellow dwarf virus and reproduce during winter. Ground-living polyphagous predators may be important in controlling these active cereal aphids. This 2-year study investigated the effect of deltamethrin on predator numbers, using pitfall traps. A randomised block design was used in an area of winter wheat (cv. Aquilla) in which deltamethrin-treated and control plots were surrounded by polyethylene barriers. Pitfall catches of polyphagous predators were reduced by about 30% in the treated plots compared with the control plots.     

Testing banker plants for biological control of mites on roses

We tested whether plant species used in a banker plant system influence the success of a biological control program with predatory mites. Banker plants (BP) may sustain a reproducing population of predators and provide long-term pest suppression. In an experiment lasting 12 weeks, we analyzed the responses of the predatory mite Amblyseius californicus and the pest mite Tetranychus urticae to eight species of potential BP with different morphological structures. Every BP was paired with a rose plant and infested with pest and predatory mites. The measured parameters were vitality and growth of the plants and numbers of predators, pests and their eggs. Reproduction and establishment of the pest and predatory mites differed among plant species as well as plant growth and vitality. Vitis riparia and Viburnum tinus were the most efficient BP in this combination of pest–predator species. Their presence resulted in best health of the rose crops, highest number of predatory mites and lowest number of pests. Both these BP possess domatia which may be responsible for the efficiency in hosting predatory mites. Overall, the species which fulfilled the requirements of a BP best was the local shrub V, tinus, which bore no pests and a very large number of predators and has a compact growth form suited for application in greenhouses. Although our study gives only evidence for an artificial system with a high BP:crop ratio, high numbers of introduced predators and short distances between plants, this study contributes to knowledge of BP systems and to improve the understanding of the criteria for the choice of local plant species to be used as BP for biological control in IPM.     

2.0亿CFU/mL嗜硫小红卵菌HNI-1悬浮剂研发与应用

2.0亿CFU/mL嗜硫小红卵菌HNI-1悬浮剂防治对象为番茄根结线虫和番茄花叶病。番茄根结线虫防治选择番茄移栽时进行灌根处理,每季使用2～3次,用量400～600 mL/667 m²;番茄花叶病防治选择发病前或发病初期,采用喷雾方式,每季使用2～3次,用量180～240 mL/667 m²。该制剂为纯生物制剂,使用后未见药害发生;对捕食天敌、寄生天敌低毒或无影响。