Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of steam-pretreated lespedeza stalks for the production of ethanol

1 Introduction Ethanol is now recognized as a potential alternative to petroleum-derived vehicle fuels, and offers environ- mental advantages. The combustion of biofuels does not result in a net contribution of CO2 to the atmos- phere, so they do not contribute to the greenhouse ef- fect. Lignocellulosic material is the most abundant renewable resource available for the production of fuel ethanol. The cellulose and hemicellulose fractions of lignocellulosic material can be hydrolyzed to sugar…     

蒸汽爆破和有机溶剂预处理对杨木底物酶水解性质的影响

选取三倍体毛白杨为原料,通过分析最优条件下有机溶剂法和蒸汽爆破法预处理后纤维素得率、结晶度指数、木质素含量及酶水解的结果,比较两种预处理工艺对底物性质的影响。结果表明:蒸汽爆破法能脱出部分木质素,而有机溶剂法能使大部分木质素脱除,木质素质量分数比未处理的降低63.34%。与原料相比,经过预处理后,结晶度指数都有所提高,蒸汽爆破预处理后达1.962,有机溶剂法预处理后达1.712。有机溶剂法预处理的样品葡萄糖转化率为81.36%,蒸汽爆破预处理的样品的葡萄糖转化率可达91.29%。     

Changes in chemical characteristics of bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) components during steam explosion

Chemical changes in cell wall components of bamboo internode during steam explosion process were analyzed to investigate self-binding mechanism of binderless board from steam-exploded pulp. More than 30% of xylose on initial mass, which is a major hydrolyzate of bamboo hemicelluloses, was lost after steam explosion treatment. Bamboo lignin is characterized by the presence of ester- and/or ether-linked p-coumaric acid to lignin. The content of phenolic hydroxyl groups of lignin isolated from steam-exploded pulp was characterized 2.3 times higher than those of the extract-free bamboo internode due to the cleavage of β-O-4 linkages. Alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation of the bamboo lignin gave vanillin, syringaldehyde and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde as major products. The content of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde decreased after steam explosion treatment, indicating the cleavage of ester- and/or ether-linked p-coumaric acid. The total yield of erythronic and threonic acids in ozonation products of the extract-free bamboo internode lignin was 268 mmol (200 g lignin)⁻¹, while those of lignins in the steam-exploded pulp and powdery fraction were 96 and 129 mmol (200 g lignin)⁻¹, respectively, suggesting the significant cleavage of β-O-4 linkages during steam explosion treatment. The cleavage of β-O-4 linkages was also confirmed by ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR spectroscopic observations.     

Thermo characteristics of steam-exploded bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) lignin

Bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) internode was subjected to steam explosion treatment to produce an excellent fiber for binderless boards. Lignin was isolated from extract-free bamboo meal with Björkman’s procedure and steam-exploded pulp. The self binding-mechanism was discussed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermo-gravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and analytical ozonation. It is well-known that steam explosion treatment liberates lignin from the cell wall to the fiber surface, which is the most important component relevant to binderless board production. Results of TG and DSC analyses showed that steam-exploded bamboo pulp started mass loss at lower temperature compared to bamboo internode meal. The thermal softening temperature of lignin prepared from steam-exploded pulp was much lower than that of lignin prepared from extract-free bamboo meal. This suggests that intermonomer linkages of lignin, especially β-aryl-ether linkage which is the major intermonomer linkage of lignin, were cleaved during steam explosion treatment resulting in low molecular weight phenolic compounds. The cleavage of β-aryl-ether intermonomer linkage of lignin was also confirmed by ozonation analysis.     

Development of boards made from oil palm frond II: properties of binderless boards from steam-exploded fibers of oil palm frond

Binderless boards were prepared from steam-exploded fiber of oil palm(Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) frond at six levels of explosion conditions. Their properties were investigated and evaluated. The mechanical properties (i.e., modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and internal bonding strength) of the boards increased linearly with increasing board density as the usual hardboard. The boards made from fibers treated under a steam explosion condition of 25 kgf/cm² (steam pressure) and 5 min (digestion period) exhibited the maximum strength. These boards at a density of 1.2 g/cm³ met the requirement of S-20 grade of JIS A 5905 — 1994 (fiberboard). Thickness swelling of the boards ranged from 6% to 14% under the JIS A 5908 — 1994 (particleboard) test condition and showed no significant changes with increasing board density. The main bonding strength of the board is believed to be due to a ligninfurfural linkage. Considering the chemical components of oil palm frond, which is rich in hemicellulose, there seems to be a good possibility for producing binderless boards using steam-exploded fibers of oil palm frond.This study was presented in part at the 2nd International Wood Science Seminar, Serpong, Indonesia, November 1998     

Mechanistic study of microstructural deformation and stress in steam-exploded softwood

Steam explosion pretreatment results in the formation of microcracks in the cell walls of wood. In the present study, steam explosion experiments were performed and structural changes in Norway spruce were identified using scanning electron microscopy. The cellular structure of the softwood spruce was simulated using the finite element method, and the effects of pressure generated during the steam explosion pretreatment on the deformation of the cells were investigated. The simulated model included earlywood, latewood, and ray cells. The effects of bordered and cross-field pits on the stresses in the cell wall were studied as well. Many similarities were observed between the microcracks in the steam-exploded wood and the high-stress regions predicted by the model. The experimental and simulation results showed that the radial cell walls in the earlywood cells experienced major deformation. The presence of the pits created stress localization and facilitated the formation of microcracks in the cell walls.     

锯木屑蒸汽爆破预处理制备糠醛的研究

以锯木屑为原料,采用蒸汽爆破进行预处理,然后酸催化提取糠醛。探讨了预处理温度、爆破压力、预处理时间及液料比等因素对糠醛得率的影响。采用响应面法建立二次回归模型,并对预处理工艺进行了优化。研究结果表明:预处理能有效的促进锯木屑的降解,提高糠醛的得率。在预处理温度为216℃、爆破压力1.8 MPa、预处理时间6 min、液料比3∶1(mL∶g)时,糠醛的得率(79.13%)比相同条件下未进行蒸汽爆破预处理的试样(55.35%)提高了23.78个百分点。     

几种纤维素酶制剂水解和吸附性能的研究

比较了商品纤维素酶和自产纤维素酶在蛋白组分及蛋白组分含量上存在的差异。商品纤维素酶水解稀酸预处理和蒸汽爆破预处理的玉米秸秆,其水解得率均低于自产纤维素酶。以蒸汽爆破的玉米秸秆为碳源制备纤维素酶,添加外源8 IU/g(以纤维素计)的β-葡萄糖苷酶,水解蒸汽爆破的玉米秸秆48 h,纤维素水解得率为90.08%;水解液中纤维二糖的质量浓度从17.06 g/L降低到1.12 g/L,相应葡萄糖质量浓度从21.09 g/L提高到44.01 g/L,可发酵性糖从55.28%提高到97.52%。微晶纤维素对商品酶和自产酶的吸附在30 m in达到平衡,且符合Langmu ir等温吸附方程;由Langmu ir常数分析得知两类酶均来自里氏木霉,且对微晶纤维素的亲和力相差不大。     

酸催化的蒸汽爆破预处理强度对麦草酶水解影响的研究

以蒸汽爆破法对0.5 %的稀硫酸浸渍的麦草进行预处理,研究了不同处理强度对麦草浆得率、半纤维素回收率、纤维素回收率、纤维素酶水解得率产生的影响.实验结果表明,在蒸汽爆破预处理过程中,麦草纤维组分发生分离.随着处理强度的提高,粗浆得率降低,细浆得率上升,纤维素的降解程度和半纤维素的去除程度提高,酶水解得率相应提高.在处理强度为4.14的预处理条件下,半纤维素的水解程度最大,而细浆得率和纤维素的酶解得率最高,分别为62.0 %和73.4 %;最佳的处理强度为3.55,此条件下,汽爆麦草原料细浆中的葡萄糖得率和滤出液中总糖的得率最高,分别为20.0 %和13.0%.     

蒸汽爆破尾叶桉木材的化学组分及纤维素酶水解工艺

采用蒸汽爆破技术处理尾叶桉木材，研究蒸汽爆破对其主化学成分的影响，以及爆破材料用纤维素酶水解的工艺，确定了水解糖化条件：温度50qC，pH值4．8，酶用量25FPIU／g底物，底物浓度2％。结果表明，蒸汽爆破过程溶解出一定量的半纤维素和木质素，而纤维素基本不受损失，有利于提高酶解率；爆破前用硫酸预处理，木质素脱除率和木聚糖分解率在同样的爆破压力下比未用硫酸预处理的高。在最优的水解条件下，硫酸预处理，2．2MPa爆破的尾叶按木材多糖水解率达到82．43％，比未用硫酸预处理的提高36．86％。     

蒸汽爆破-乙醇蒸煮两步法预处理对麦秆结构的影响

对麦秆采用先蒸汽爆破后乙醇蒸煮的两步法进行预处理,研究预处理对麦秆组分及结构变化的影响。蒸汽爆破过程实验条件选取200 g绝干麦秆,压力1.75 MPa和时间3.5 min。乙醇预处理过程选取80 g蒸汽爆破麦秆(绝干),55%乙醇,两者固液比1∶5(g∶mL),温度170℃、时间30 min。通过高效液相色谱法测定,预处理最终产物组分中半纤维素降低89%左右,木质素降低35%左右。采用红外光谱、纤维形态分布分析及SEM分析对预处理过程中麦秆结构变化情况进行研究,结果表明:蒸汽爆破过程破坏了半纤维素酯键连接且半纤维素降解非常明显,但对纤维素链结构影响和降解作用相对较低;麦秆经过蒸汽爆破预处理后,纤维平均长度明显降低,而平均宽度却显著增加;再经乙醇预处理后纤维平均长度基本保持不变,但平均宽度降低;经两步预处理后麦秆纤维的天然物理结构由紧密到蓬松,纤维束呈松散状态且纤维表面基本无碎片附着物,利于后续加工利用。     

蒸汽爆破法预处理木质纤维原料的研究

木质生物资源可以用来生产乙醇,但其结构与化学成分阻碍了纤维素对酶的可及性,因此必须对原料进行预处理,从而有效地酶解纤维素。蒸汽爆破法预处理木质生物资源。可有效去除半纤维素。分离出活性纤维。并且成本低,不用或少用化学药品。对环境无污染。     

A review of wood thermal pretreatments to improve wood composite properties

The objective of this paper is to review the published literature on improving properties of wood composites through thermal pretreatment of wood. Thermal pretreatment has been conducted in moist environments using hot water or steam at temperatures up to 180 and 230 °C, respectively, or in dry environments using inert gases at temperatures up to 240 °C. In these conditions, hemicelluloses are removed, crystallinity index of cellulose is increased, and cellulose degree of polymerization is reduced, while lignin is not considerably affected. Thermally modified wood has been used to manufacture wood–plastic composites, particleboard, oriented strand board, binderless panels, fiberboard, waferboard, and flakeboard. Thermal pretreatment considerably reduced water absorption and thickness swelling of wood composites, which has been attributed mainly to the removal of hemicelluloses. Mechanical properties have been increased or sometimes reduced, depending on the product and the conditions of the pretreatment. Thermal pretreatment has also shown to improve the resistance of composites to decay.     

纤维素预处理技术的发展

预处理在纤维素的衍生物反应和功能转化中起着非常重要的作用。本文综述提高纤维 可及度和反应性能的各种物理和化学的预处理技术及其发展,并对蒸汽爆破、微波、超声波等预处理新技术作一简单介绍。     

Recrystallization behavior of cellulose and lignocellulose from Pinus massoniana

Summary In an X-ray diffraction investigation, the recrystallization behavior of ball-milled Chinese southern pine wood was found to differ from that of cellulose. The crystallinity of lignocellulose milled for a very long time and recrystallized by wetting in water did not decrease with increasing milling time as was the case with milled cellulose. In addition, it appeared that the presence of lignin tended to restrict the amorphous cellulose produced by milling from recrystallizing into Cellulose II, whereas it had no influence on the recrystallization into Cellulose I. These results were discussed in the context of the mechanism of the conversion of Cellulose I to Cellulose II.     

生物基极性非质子溶剂/对甲苯磺酸耦合体系中竹粉定向解聚研究

以两种生物基极性非质子溶剂γ-戊内酯（GVL）和二氢左旋葡萄糖酮（Cyrene）,分别与对甲苯磺酸水溶液（TsOH aq）构成耦合体系，对竹粉定向解聚及其酶解过程开展了研究。实验结果表明：质量浓度为75 g/L的TsOH,溶剂体积比为4∶1的GVL/TsOH aq体系在130℃预处理毛竹60 min后，半纤维素和木质素分离效率更高，半纤维素分离率（S_H）和木质素分离率（S_L）分别达到98.5%和98.4%,同时纤维素保留率（R_C）为91.5%;而质量浓度为30 g/L的TsOH,溶剂体积比为0.8∶1的Cyrene/TsOH aq体系在120℃预处理毛竹60 min后，R_C达到87.3%,S_H和S_L仅为85.5%和79.4%。预处理后固体样品的表征结果表明：竹粉经GVL/TsOH aq预处理后的样品木质纤维致密结构被有效破坏，无定形的半纤维素和木质素绝大部分被分离，结晶度达68.27%,结构更接近于微晶纤维素，同时暴露出更多的游离羟基，有利于后续酶解。而酶...     

稀酸预处理改善玉米秸秆酶水解性能的机制探讨

为了探讨在稀酸预处理提高玉米秸秆在纤维素酶酶解阶段提高纤维素转化率的机制,利用一系列的检测方法:FT-IR、XRD、SEM和比表面积分析仪分析了预处理前后玉米秸秆在形态学和物理化学性质方面的变化.在经过稀酸预处理后的玉米秸秆在纤维素酶酶解阶段其纤维素转化率有较大的提高,经过170℃,60 min,固液比1∶15(g∶mL),1.00 g/mL酸质量浓度的条件预处理后,从31.88％提高到95.74％.XRD结果显示预处理后玉米秸秆的结晶度有所增加,从原料的37.8％增加到58.7％,但是当预处理强度增加到一定程度后,结晶度没有较大的变化,基本维持在58％.玉米秸秆的表面结构在稀酸预处理后,原来的光滑表面变得粗糙、多孔,这样的表面有利于纤维素酶与玉米秸秆的接触,预处理后玉米秸秆的比表面积有很大程度的增加,经过170℃,60 min,固液比1∶15,1.00g/mL酸质量浓度的条件预处理后,玉米秸秆的比表面积从0.329 m2/g增加到2.878 m2/g,这都有利于改善纤维素酶对纤维素的作用,增加纤维素转化率.     

蒸汽爆破预处理对柞木地板坯料干燥速率的影响

对柞木地板坯料进行了压力为0.25、0.4和0.55 MPa的蒸汽爆破预处理,并与未处理的对照材进行对比.结果认为:前者干燥速度分别提高了13.6%、27.3%和36.4%.蒸汽爆破预处理的压力越大,干燥速度提高的越多;在设定的试验压力范围内,柞木试材的力学强度未受影响.     

Recycled ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate pretreatment for enhancing enzymatic saccharification of softwood without cellulose regeneration

In this work, pretreatment of wood meals using a recycled ionic liquid (IL), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([Emim]Ac), enhanced glucose liberation by enzymatic saccharification, without dissolution of cellulose and lignin. In contrast, previous studies on IL pretreatment have mostly focused on lignocellulosic dissolution to regenerate cellulose and removing lignin. Softwood (Cryptomeria japonica) was pretreated with [Emim]Ac at 60–100 °C for 2–8 h without collecting regenerated cellulose. The pretreatment did not have a strong effect on wood component dissolution (weight of residues: 91.7–98.8%). The residues contained relatively high amounts of lignin (26.6–32.6%) with low adsorption of [Emim]Ac (0.9–2.7%). Meanwhile, the crystallinity index (C _r I) of cellulose in the wood was significantly reduced by pretreatment, from 50.9% to 28.4–37.1%. In spite of the high lignin contents in the residues, their glucose liberation values by enzymatic saccharification using a cellulase mixture were 3–16 times greater than that of untreated wood. A good correlation was found between the saccharification effectiveness of pretreated samples and the C _r I. Although lignin dissolved in [Emim]Ac continued to accumulate after repeated use of [Emim]Ac, the pretreatment was found to be effective for three consecutive cycles without the need to remove the dissolved materials.     

Effect of steam explosion treatments on drying rates and moisture distributions during radio-frequency/vacuum drying of larch pillar combined with a longitudinal kerf

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of steam explosion treatment on drying rates, moisture distribution, shrinking, and checking during radio-frequency/vacuum drying of Korean larch pillar combined with a longitudinal kerf. All the pillars except the nonkerf/control with high initial moisture content (MC) could be dried within 89 h from the green condition to about 15% MC. In pillars with high initial moistures or in the early stage of drying, the drying rates were sharply accelerated by steam explosion treatments. The final moisture gradients along the transverse direction were gentler for the steamexploded pillars and for pillars with a longitudinal kerf, respectively, than for the unexploded pillars and for pillars without a longitudinal kerf. The moisture gradients along the longitudinal direction on all the layers were gentler for the pillars with a longitudinal kerf than for those without the kerf. Formation of checking was significantly controlled in the pillars with a longitudinal kerf. All the steam-exploded pillars except the kerf/1-cycle, however, were more severely damaged by checks than the unexploded pillars. A prong test revealed an extremely low level of residual stress for all the dried pillars.