利用RNAi分析松材线虫ncr基因功能

由松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)侵染引起的松材线虫病是松属植物的重要病害之一,其繁殖和传播速度快,防治困难。RNAi技术是目前研究植物寄生线虫基因功能的重要手段。本文利用农杆菌介导灰葡萄孢菌表达松材线虫ncr基因的dsRNA(PDH-RH-NCR),并连续多代喂饲松材线虫使ncr基因表达稳定下调后分析其表型。结果表明,在转有PDH-RH-NCR的灰葡萄孢菌上连续培养10代的松材线虫,ncr基因表达量显著下调13倍。ncr基因表达下调后,线虫发育缓慢,繁殖力也显著降低;处理4 d后发育成成虫的百分率为61.75%,显著低于PDH-RH-s GFP(89.75%)和空载体(88.75%)处理;而9 d的繁殖量则较PDH-RH-s GFP和空载体处理分别少2 314和2 347条。松材线虫ncr基因表达下调后,4龄幼虫平均寿命(20.9 d)和体内脂肪量(1.340 nmol)则显著高于PDH-RH-s GFP(15.5 d,0.336 nmol)和空载体(15.2 d,0.323 nmol)处理。通过喂饲法RNAi发现松材线虫ncr基因可能与松材线虫的发育速度、繁殖量、寿命、脂肪积累等表型相关。     

利用RAPD研究松材线虫和拟松材线虫亲缘关系

 用RAPD技术对18个松材线虫株系、8个拟松材线虫株系基因组DNA多态性进行研究。在事先优化的条件下,用15个随机引物进行PCR扩增,一共扩增出165条谱带,多态性为91.5%。通过聚类分析,结果表明:松材线虫和拟松材线虫种间和种内都表现出很大的差异性,但种间差异大于种内差异,因而松材线虫和拟松材线虫应为2个独立的种。     

区分松材线虫和拟松材线虫的生化及分子鉴别方法

本文从蛋白质，激素，脂类及核酸等不同的角度，概述了松材线虫和拟松材线虫的一些生化和分子鉴别方法及其优缺点。其中以DNA为基础的分子诊断技术（如对rDNA中ITS区的PCR-RFLP等）系目前较稳定可靠的鉴别方法；而以蛋白质为基础的单克隆抗体技术对于正确，快速地鉴别两种线虫也有极大的潜力。     

口岸截获的日本松材线虫和中国南京松材线虫研究（摘要）

口岸截获的日本松材线虫和中国南京松材线虫研究（摘要）焦国尧沈培垠徐培方安榆林李红梅付鹏（南京动植物检疫局２１０００９）（南京农业大学２１００９４）数十年来，由松材线虫（Ｂｕｒｓａｐｈｅｌｅｎｃｈｕｓｘｙｌｏｐｈｉｌｕｓ）引起的松树萎蔫病在日本普遍发...     

松材线虫fem-1基因的克隆与表达特性研究

 松材线虫病是世界性的检疫病害,严重威胁松林等森林资源和生态安全。有研究表明,Feminization(fem)基因家族在秀丽隐杆线虫中参与性别决定和分化。本研究克隆了松材线虫fem-1基因,并对其表达特征和调控功能进行研究。结果表明,该基因cDNA全长为856 bp,包含681 bp的开放阅读框,编码226个氨基酸,进化分析显示与秀丽隐杆线虫位于同一进化分支。荧光定量PCR以及原位杂交结果显示, fem-1基因在松材线虫各个发育阶段均有表达,其中在2龄虫期表达水平最高;在卵期至3龄虫期阶段于虫体中后部表达,而发育后期,多位于皮下细胞中表达,肠道、性腺等部位极少出现杂交反应。利用RNA干扰技术沉默fem-1基因后,线虫种群雌雄比例出现下降,说明fem-1基因可能参与松材线虫性别分化和决定过程。研究结果有助于了解松材线虫性别决定相关基因表达特性与功能,为深入研究松材线虫发育生物学提供一定的理论依据。     

松材线虫传播特点及检疫对策

口岸检疫松材线虫必须先弄清楚传播过程和病木、媒介昆虫、线虫三者之间的关系。松材线虫从甲地传播到乙地为害有远距离传播和近距离扩散两个过程。 松材线虫飘洋过海作远距离传播必须有三个因子(木材、昆虫、线虫)的组合体同时从甲地传播到乙地,才对乙地的松树构成威胁,其中只有两个     

松材线虫生物防治研究进展

本文综述了国内外对松材线虫生物防治的研究报道,提出了目前生物防治松材线虫的研究方向。     

Duplex PCR 快速检测松材线虫

利用duplex PCR技术对松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)与拟松材线虫(B. mucronatus)的rDNA部分核苷酸序列扩增.根据松材线虫与拟松材线虫的ITS1序列区别,设计出特异性引物,检测松材线虫的存在;在5.8S,28S保守序列区设计通用引物,检测伞滑刃线虫的存在.     

线虫分离器的改进和松材线虫分离特点

对发现松材线虫和另一种伞滑刃线虫的两个木样 ,采用薄木片 (3 0 ) g进行线虫分离 ,线虫逸出有两个高峰期 ,分别是木样浸泡后第 8～ 1 1h和第 1 4～ 1 5h。所设计的分离器结合浅盘法和贝尔曼漏斗法分离线虫的优点 ,可用于线虫的定性分析和定量分析。木包装自身含水量低 ,线虫逸出高峰出现相对较早。     

Induction of resistance against pine wilt disease caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus using selected pine endophytic bacteria

Pine wilt disease (PWD) is the most destructive disease threatening pine worldwide. The disease is mainly caused by the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which is vectored by pine sawyer longhorn-beetles, Monochamus spp. This study aimed to select resistance-inducing pine endophytic bacteria for management of PWD. To set up a defence-related genes expression pattern for screening, four chemical inducers (salicylic acid, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), β-aminobutyric acid and α-aminobutyric acid) were tested in vitro on pine calli and in vivo on pine seedlings. Treatment with GABA had the greatest reduction in PWD severity on pine seedlings. The pattern of defence-related gene expression in calli treated with GABA was used to select potential resistance-inducing bacterial strains. In addition, 92 bacterial strains were isolated from pine tree needles and stems and were tested for expression of defence-related genes in pine calli in vitro. Among the tested strains, 13 showed a similar pattern to GABA treatment in at least four tested defence-related genes and were selected for the seedling assay. From the seedling assay, three bacterial strains (16YSM-E48, 16YSM-P180 and 16YSM-P39) showed significant reduction in PWD severity compared to the untreated control. Moreover, among the selected strains, cell-free culture supernatant of strain 16YSM-P180 significantly reduced PWD severity in inoculated pine seedlings. The selected strains were identified based on the 16S rRNA sequence as Pseudomonas putida 16YSM-E48, Curtobacterium pusillum 16YSM-P180 and Stenotrophomonas rhizophila 16YSM-P39. These selected strains are suggested as potential alternatives for management of PWD by induction of systemic resistance.     

棉铃虫羧酸酯酶基因HaCarE序列分析及其RNAi效应

为明确棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera羧酸酯酶（carboxylesterase,CarE）编码基因的功能及其RNA干扰（RNA interfering,RNAi）效应,通过棉铃虫转录组数据筛选获得CarE基因,并克隆得到其全长cDNA序列,对其进行生物信息学分析,并利用实时荧光定量PCR（quantitative real-timePCR,qPCR）技术检测该基因在棉铃虫不同发育时期和不同组织中的表达水平,同时通过RNAi技术检测其对棉铃虫的致死效果。结果表明,从棉铃虫中克隆获得的HaCarE基因全长cDNA序列为1 677 bp,编码558个氨基酸,编码蛋白质由15个α螺旋和14个β折叠结构组成。qPCR检测结果显示该基因在棉铃虫不同发育时期均有表达,其中在1龄幼虫期的相对表达量最高,随着龄期的增长,相对表达量逐渐降低,在6龄幼虫期和蛹期的相对表达量最低;在5龄幼虫不同组织中,该基因在中肠中的相对表达量最高。注射dsHaCarE能够明显抑制靶标基因的表达,24 h抑制率为75.41%;饲喂dsHaCarE对棉铃虫2龄幼虫有显著致死作用,5 d时死亡率为64.57%,体长与对照组相比减少了23.29%。表明获得的HaCarE基因对棉铃虫生长发育有显著抑制作用,并有较好的致死效果。     

Development of a water-soluble preparation of emamectin benzoate and its preventative effect against the wilting of pot-grown pine trees inoculated with the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Water-soluble preparations have been investigated to develop a trunk injection agent based on the poorly water-soluble anti-nematode emamectin benzoate. Following tests on the phytotoxicity of some solvents and solubilizers and demonstration of the ability of some solubilizers to dissolve emamectin benzoate in water, acetone + methanol was selected as the solvent and Polysorbate 80 as the solubilizer. This water-soluble preparation of emamectin benzoate prevented the wilting of pot-grown 4-year-old trees of the Japanese black pine, Pinus thunbergii, artificially inoculated with the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, at a dose of 20 g emamectin benzoate per cubic metre of pine tree.     

南方根结线虫Col基因分子克隆及其VIGS效应分析

为了明确线虫角质层胶原蛋白基因(Col)与根结线虫病害的关系,利用从线虫基因组中预测的Col设计特异引物,克隆了南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognitacol基因MiCol.该基因完整编码区长903bp,编码300个氨基酸.克隆的MiCol与预测的MiCol基因序列一致性高达99.67％,氨基酸序列一致性高达100％.利用病毒介导的基因沉默技术,将其导入番茄植株并接种南方根结线虫,60 d后,沉默载体pTV-MiColi处理番茄植株的根结数比空载体对照及清水对照分别减少49.4％和49.2％,表明MiCol基因沉默显著降低了南方根结线虫的侵染数量.     

三株芽胞杆菌菌株对松材线虫低温存活与繁殖的影响

为明确细菌在松材线虫生态适应性中的作用,本研究选择与致病相关的松材线虫伴生细菌GD1、马尾松内生细菌GD2以及具有杀松材线虫活性的湿地松内生细菌NJSZ-13为试验对象,测定经这3株芽胞杆菌菌株3个浓度低温驯化10、15和20 d后,在冷冻条件下松材线虫强毒虫株AMA3、中毒虫株AA3和弱毒虫株YW4的存活率和繁殖量。结果表明:低温驯化15 d和20 d后3株菌株对不同毒力线虫的活力影响较驯化10 d后的更显著。在低温驯化15 d、-20℃冷冻处理1 h后,5×10⁶CFU/mL浓度菌株GD1处理下,虫株AMA3、AA3和YW4的存活率分别为77.22%、83.68%和84.26%,与对照差异显著;5×10⁵CFU/mL浓度菌株GD1处理下,虫株AMA3、AA3和YW4的存活率分别为75.76%、80.67%和81.50%,与对照差异显著。5×10⁶CFU/mL和5×10⁵CFU/mL浓度菌株GD2处理下,与GD1处理组结果相似,菌株NJSZ-13处理组则与菌株GD1和GD2的结果相反。低温驯化15...     

Occurrence and ITS diversity of wood‐associated Bursaphelenchus nematodes in Scots pine forests in Switzerland

The quarantine pathogen Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (pine wood nematode, PWN) represents a serious threat for Pinus species in Europe. To exclude its presence in Switzerland, in 2010 and 2011 a countrywide survey was conducted in 102 Pinus sylvestris stands, chosen according to whether they contained dying or dead trees or were located in areas at risk of PWN introduction. In total, 285 trees (1–5 per site) were sampled. Nematodes were extracted from wood chips using a standard procedure, and identified to species by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing. Bursaphelenchus species were present in 34% of the trees, but no B. xylophilus was identified, i.e. PWN is still not present in Switzerland. The nematodes found belonged to seven different species, with B. vallesianus the most frequent species, followed by B. sexdentati, B. mucronatus kolymensis and B. eggersi. Three other species (B. borealis, B. pinophilus, B. poligraphi) were each only present in one or two trees. Three groups of sequences could not be assigned to a species because of the lack of matching reference sequences. The species composition found in Switzerland suggests co‐existence of southern and central European Bursaphelenchus species. Intraspecific ITS variability differed considerably among the four most common species. Bursaphelenchus eggersi, B. mucronatus kolymensis and B. sexdentati had several variable sites in the ITS region, resulting in multiple ITS genotypes in each species. In contrast, all 99 B. vallesianus isolates had an identical ITS region. This could indicate a founder effect, and possibly that B. vallesianus is not native to the Alpine region.     

高效新型杀松材线虫剂的筛选及其林间防效

为筛选出新型的高效松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus防治药剂,采用浸渍法室内测定了氯氟氰虫酰胺、阿维菌素、甲维盐、灭多威、特丁硫磷、甲基异柳磷和吡虫啉7种药剂对松材线虫的毒杀作用和对其繁殖能力的影响,采用高效液相色谱仪测定氯氟氰虫酰胺在马尾松体内的输导分布,并在林间开展树干注射氯氟氰虫酰胺抗松材线虫病试验。结果表明,7种药剂中氯氟氰虫酰胺对松材线虫的毒力最强,LC_(50)为0.019 mg/L,阿维菌素和甲维盐次之,LC_(50)分别为0.0213 mg/L和0.0214 mg/L。氯氟氰虫酰胺树干注射3个月内能迅速从马尾松基部传导至树梢顶部,树干边材东、南面的药剂含量显著高于西、北面,且树干不同高度的氯氟氰虫酰胺含量均高于其LC50;氯氟氰虫酰胺制剂在林间注干后,对人工接种病原松材线虫松树的防治效果为73.33%,自然感染松材线虫病松树的死亡率降至2.00%,而对照试验中人工接种松材线虫松树和自然感染松材线虫病松树的死亡率分别为93.33%和19.67%。表明氯氟氰虫酰胺制剂能有效预防松树个体的松材线虫病发生与为害,可以推广使用。     

小菜蛾Gadd45g基因的克隆、表达谱及RNA干扰对小菜蛾羽化过程的影响

为探讨生长阻滞和DNA损伤诱导基因Gadd45g对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella生长发育的影响及其对蜕皮激素类似物的响应,利用全长cDNA末端的快速克隆(rapid amplification of cDNA ends,RACE)技术克隆小菜蛾Gadd45g的全长序列并进行生物信息学分析,采用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析不同龄期及不同浓度虫酰肼处理后Gadd45g基因的表达水平;同时利用dsRNA注射法干扰蛹期小菜蛾Gadd45g基因,分析该基因对蛹期特异基因Br-Z2/3表达量及小菜蛾羽化进程的影响。结果显示,小菜蛾Gadd45g基因序列全长为1 479 bp,其中编码区序列长度为495 bp,可编码164个氨基酸,GenBank登录号为MW160738。小菜蛾GADD45γ蛋白与鳞翅目昆虫的GADD45同源性最高,与脊椎动物的同源性较低。Gadd45g基因在小菜蛾全龄期均有表达,其中在蛹期的相对表达量最高,显著高于其他龄期,并在蛹期和成虫期具有明显的性别表达差异;低剂量虫酰肼处理后小菜蛾Gadd45g基因相对表达量显著上升。干扰Gadd45g基因表达后小菜蛾蛹期特异基因...