根区施药试验研究的新进展

本文就继续研究应用呋喃丹、杀虫脒、巴丹类等内吸杀虫剂根区施用的十种不同方式防治水稻三化螟、稻瘿蚊、稻蓟马、稻纵卷叶螟、褐稻虱等主要害虫的药效及对害虫天敌影响的新进展作扼要的报道,进一步阐明根区施药的科学根据、盆栽及田间试验结果、以及指出应用楝科植物(印楝、川楝、苦楝)对稻瘿蚊等害虫防治的可能性和探索呋喃丹根区施用对褐稻虱的杀卵作用。此外,对湖北、江西等地约10万余亩稻田推广根区施药试验示范的情况亦作适当的介绍。     

Integration of soil application and seed treatment formulations of Trichoderma species for management of wet root rot of mungbean caused by Rhizoctonia solani

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of seed dressing and soil application formulations from the isolates of Trichoderma viride (IARI P1; MTCC 5369), T. virens (IARI P3; MTCC 5370) and T. harzianum (IARI P4; MTCC 5371) were evaluated individually and in combination in pot and field experiments during the rainy seasons of 2005, 2006 and 2007 for the management of wet root rot (Rhizoctonia solani) and improvement in the yield of mungbean. RESULTS: A seed dressing formulation, Pusa 5SD, and soil application formulations, Pusa Biogranule 6 (PBG 6) and Pusa Biopellet 16G (PBP 16G), based on Trichoderma virens, were found to be superior to other formulations in reducing disease incidence and increasing seed germination and shoot and root lengths in mungbean. In field experiments, a combination of soil application with PBP 16G (T. virens) and seed treatment with Pusa 5SD (T. virens) + carboxin was superior to any of these formulations individually in increasing seed germination, shoot and root lengths and grain yield and reducing wet root rot incidence in mungbean. Seed treatment was more effective than soil application for all the evaluated parameters. The combined application of Pusa 5SD and carboxin was also superior to individual treatment. CONCLUSION: The efficacy of the evaluated formulations against wet root rot of mungbean proved that the integration of soil application of PBP 16G and seed treatment with Pusa 5SD + carboxin is highly effective for the management of wet root rot, increasing plant growth and grain yield of mungbean Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

An Experiment to Assess Losses Caused by Frit-fly (Oscinella frit L) Shoot Attack and the Application of Phorate in a Crop of Sweet Corn (Zea mays L)

Wilt caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris adversely affects the productivity of cultivated chickpea. For the management of this disease, seed and soil application formulations developed from another fungus, Trichoderma species, were evaluated. In pot experiments, T. harzianum-based formulations Pusa 5SD for seed dressing and Pusa Biopellet (PBP) 10G and Pusa Biogranule (PBG) 5 for soil application, and T. viride-based formulations Pusa 5SD for seed dressing and PBP 4G and PBG 4 for soil application, were found to be highly effective against the disease. A combination of PBP 4G (T. viride) for soil application and Pusa 5SD (T. harzianum) for seed treatment together with a fungicide, carboxin, provided the highest seed germination, shoot and root lengths and grain yield with the lowest incidence of wilt in chickpea under field conditions. Individually, soil application of PBP 4G, and seed treatment with Pusa 5SD were effective in reducing the incidence of wilt and increasing the grain yield of chickpea, but their effectiveness was greater when applied as a combination. Thus, combined application of the formulations of two different species of Trichoderma in two modes of application is recommended for the management of chickpea wilt.     

稻纵卷叶螟天敌的保护与利用

本文综述了稻纵卷叶螟寄生性天敌和捕食性天敌的种类以及两大类天敌对其控制的效果,进一步论述了对稻纵卷叶螟天敌的保护和利用,从而减少化学农药的使用,达到既更好地防治稻纵卷叶螟,又能使生态环境得到改善。     

Research priorities for rice pest management in tropical Asia: a simulation analysis of yield losses and management efficiencies

ABSTRACT A simulation study was conducted to assess the current and prospective efficiency of rice pest management and develop research priorities for lowland production situations in tropical Asia. Simulation modeling with the RICEPEST model provided the flexibility required to address varying production situations and diverse pest profiles (bacterial leaf blight, sheath blight, brown spot, leaf blast, neck blast, sheath rot, white heads, dead hearts, brown plant-hoppers, insect defoliators, and weeds). Operational definitions for management efficacy (injury reduction) and management efficiency (yield gain) were developed. This approach enabled the modeling of scenarios pertaining to different pest management strategies within the agroecological contexts of rice production and their associated pest injuries. Rice pests could be classified into two broad research priority-setting categories with respect to simulated yield losses and management efficiencies. One group, including weeds, sheath blight, and brown spot, consists of pests for which effective pest management tools need to be developed. The second group consists of leaf blast, neck blast, bacterial leaf blight, and brown plant-hoppers, for which the efficiency of current management methods is to be maintained. Simulated yield losses in future production situations indicated that a new type of rice plant with high-harvest index and high-biomass production ("New Plant Type") was more vulnerable to pests than hybrid rice. Simulations also indicated that the impact of deployment of host resistance (e.g., through genetic engineering) was much larger when targeted against sheath blight than when targeted against stem borers. Simulated yield losses for combinations of production situations and injury profiles that dominate current lowland rice production in tropical Asia ranged from 140 to 230 g m(-2). For these combinations, the simulated efficiency of current pest management methods, expressed in terms of relative yield gains, ranged from 0.38 to 0.74. Overall, the analyses indicated that 120 to 200 x 10(6) tons of grain yield are lost yearly to pests over the 87 x 10(6) ha of lowland rice in tropical Asia. This also amounts to the potential gain that future pest management strategies could achieve, if deployed.     

防治水稻害虫新型杀虫剂硫环杀的试验研究

通过三年室内和田间试验,发现硫环杀对防治水稻害虫具有突出的优点,它与杀螟丹、杀虫双都属于同类新型结构的杀虫剂。硫环杀田间亩用量75克防治水稻二化螟、三化螟其效果与杀虫脒、杀螟丹、杀虫双在一个水平上。根区深层施药可兼治水稻多种害虫,并可提高防治效果。残效期可维持7～14天,田间施药1～2次可控制螟害,它不仅具有良好的内吸和触杀作用,还兼有胃毒和熏蒸作用。硫环杀属神经毒剂,对螟虫具有特殊的中毒症状及毒杀机制,对高等动物属中等毒性,无致癌、致突变作用,也不会引起畸胎的形成。根据硫环杀的理化特性、代谢、转化等残留分析,它积累在环境中或食物链上可能性不大,可以取代有机氯农药,其特殊的毒杀机制在克服害虫抗药性方面,可能作为轮换的一个新品种。它是一个很有希望的杀虫剂。     

Development of insect‐resistant transgenic rice with Cry1C*‐free endosperm

BACKGROUND: Yellow stem borer (Tryporyza incertulas Walker), striped stem borer (Chilo suppressalis Walker) and leaf folder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenec) are three lepidopteran pests that cause severe damage to rice in many areas of the world. In this study, novel insect‐resistant transgenic rice was developed in which Bt protein expression was nearly absent in the endosperm. The resistant gene, cry1C*, driven by the rice rbcS promoter (small subunit of ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase), was introduced into Zhonghua 11 (Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica) by Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation. RESULTS: A total of 83 independent transformants were obtained, 19 of which were characterised as single‐copy foreign gene insertion. After preliminary screening of the T₁ families of these 19 transformants in the field, six highly insect‐resistant homozygous lines were selected. These six homozygous transgenic lines were field tested for resistance to leaf folders and stem borers, and for their agronomic performance. The Cry1C* protein levels in leaves and endosperm were measured by ELISA. Subsequently, the elite transgenic line RJ5 was selected; this line not only possessed high resistance to leaf folders and stem borers, normal agronomic performance, but also Cry1C* expression was only 2.6 ng g^?1 in the endosperm. CONCLUSION: These results indicated that RJ5 has the potential for widespread utility in rice production. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Changing rice farmers' pest management practices through participation in a small-scale experiment

Asian rice farmers commonly spray insecticides in the early stages of the crop to control leaf-feeding insects. The most common leaf feeder during this period is the leaf folder. Research shows that these sprays are usually unnecessary as the damaged crops mostly recover. It appears that farmers spray to control leaf folder because of misperceptions. We explored the use of farmer participation to change these misperceptions by inviting farmers to test a simple rule-of-thumb or 'heuristic': 'Do not spray against leaf folders for the first 30 days after transplanting (or 40 days after sowing)'. About 77% of the 101 participating farmers reported that yields of rice in their test plots were not significantly different from yields in their control plots. Before participating in the evaluation exercise, about 70% of the farmers applied their first insecticide sprays during the first 30 days after transplanting. In the first year after participation, 20% applied insecticides in the first 30 days and this was further reduced to 11% in the second year. The mean number of insecticide sprays was reduced from 3.2 to 2.0. Farmers' attitudes towards leaf-feeding insects has also changed. Before participation, farmers believed these insects cause yield loss (87%), severe damage (77%) and had to be sprayed early in the season (62%). After participation, these were reduced to 9%, 28% and 10%, respectively. Through information from research distilled into a 'high science-low tech' decision rule, farmers can readily derive a test hypothesis from it, evaluate itusing a simple experiment, learn its results and change perceptions and practices.     

Evaluation of action thresholds for chronic rice insect pests in the Philippines. III. Leaffolders

Abstract

Action thresholds (AT) as insecticide application decision tools were developed and tested against rice leaffolders Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) and Marasmia patnalis Bradley (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in four sites and 68 crops over a 13-year period in the Philippines. Leaffolder damage levels were generally low with a mean over all sites and crops of 2 – 3% damaged leaves (DL) and 6 – 9% in a given site as a per-crop average based on weekly samplings, with highest incidence per field on a given sampling date of 48%DL. The damage incidence over a typical crop cycle formed a bell-shaped curve with maximum numbers in the late reproductive and early ripening stages. Continuous population buildup over the planting cycle did not occur in any one site over the season, thus a strategy of monitoring earlier planted fields to forewarn against impending economic damage had no basis. ATs were based on different levels of percentage DL, number of larvae per hill (L), and density of flushed moths. Collectively ATs were surpassed in 1, 12, and 4% of fields in each of the three main growth stages. A scoring system was based on benchmark criteria including both leaffolder damage and yield loss. The 15%DL threshold performed best in all growth stages, only equaled by 1L in the vegetative stage, scoring 93 – 99% correct decisions in each of the growth stages. Flushed moths produced the most false positive decisions and the lowest performance scores. The best insecticide response gave only a disappointing 53% control and therefore was a significant weakness in using AT technology. BPMC, endosulfan, and monocrotophos performed the best and azinphos-ethyl and Bt the least. Sites with the highest densities had the most rapid rise in damage levels, thus requiring more frequent monitoring. Low leaffolder damage levels were most likely due to the activity of natural enemies. Given the ability of high tillering varieties to compensate from pest damage, farmers would be better off embracing integrated crop management as a preventative measure to bolster inherent tolerance levels combined with crop monitoring based on historical population levels. In sites with a record of high damage levels, monitoring should start 4 weeks after transplanting (WT) on a weekly basis and more risk averse farmers may increase the interval to twice a week during flag leaf stage. In sites with lower observed levels, monitoring can begin 6 WT on a weekly basis and continue through the flag leaf stage. Significant yield increases were recorded with the best AT characters despite evidence of modern rices to tolerate high damage levels. Reasons for this apparent paradox are discussed.     

高效低毒农药替代甲胺磷防治水稻害虫的田间试验

试验结果表明稻虫杀净对稻纵卷叶螟、稻飞虱和三化螟三种水稻主要害虫防治效果与甲胺磷相当，且对稻田有益生物种群的杀伤力小。     

稻纵卷叶螟危害损失的通径分析及经济阈值的数学模型

根据稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee对水稻危害的特点,作者对不同虫量的危害程度与水稻产量损失的关系,进行了测定和分析。结果表明:危害平均严重度或危害指数与产量损失呈平衡动态关系,空壳率的上升是产量损失的直接原因,其防治费用与产量损失金额相等时的经济阈值为:X_1=(1/(0.243))ln((1.7102CN+C_1)/(4.9034CN)(卷叶率)一般田块,防治指标的虫口密度为百株3.19—4.92头二、三龄幼虫。     

生态工程控害技术提高稻纵卷叶螟天敌功能团的种群数量

随着水稻病虫害绿色防控技术的不断发展,应用生态工程控制害虫技术已取得较大进展。本研究对实施生态工程控害技术稻田中的稻纵卷叶螟天敌功能团的种群数量及时空动态进行了连续5年的跟踪调查,分别于2009、2011和2013年用扫网法进行系统采样调查分析,以探明生态工程技术对稻纵卷叶螟天敌功能团的动态影响。结果表明,尽管年份之间以及不同水稻生育期的天敌功能团数量有差异,但实施生态工程防控技术稻田中的蜻蜓目天敌功能团、肖蛸科天敌功能团和幼虫寄生蜂天敌功能团的种群数量均显著高于农民自防田,分别提高了1.63~8.94、0~3.69和1.20~2.47倍,且数量逐年递增或维持较高水平。本研究结果说明通过实施水稻生态工程控害技术可以有效提高稻田稻纵卷叶螟天敌功能团的种群数量,这对减少化学农药使用和提高水稻生长中后期的天敌控害作用有重要的意义。     

转cry1Ab基因粳稻对稻纵卷叶螟成虫产卵行为的影响

为评价转cry1Ab基因粳稻(KMD1和KMD2)对稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis(Guenée)成虫产卵行为的影响,采用"Y"型嗅觉仪和笼罩以及田间试验等方法对稻纵卷叶螟成虫对转基因水稻的趋性以及其产卵选择性进行了研究,并利用固相微萃取和GC-MS技术测定了这2种Bt水稻及其对照亲本秀水11挥发物的组成及其相对含量。结果表明,稻纵卷叶螟成虫在"Y"型嗅觉仪和小型笼罩内对Bt水稻和对照亲本的选择性差异不显著,而在大型笼罩和田间条件下均显著趋向于在非转基因水稻上产卵,其中大田中稻纵卷叶螟在KMD1、KMD2和对照中的百叶卵量分别为2.20±1.28、1.00±0.77和5.60±2.16粒。水稻挥发物的组成及其相对含量在Bt水稻及其对照亲本之间差异不显著。表明相对于Bt水稻,在田间条件下稻纵卷叶螟成虫趋向于在非转基因水稻产卵,而水稻挥发物可能不是引起这种行为趋性的直接原因。     

1O％阿维·茚虫威（艾酷）防治稻纵卷叶螟效果及应用技术

田间药效试验结果表明：10％阿维·茚虫威水分散粒剂对稻纵卷叶螟具有较好的防治效果,其药效随着用药量的增加而极显著上升,药后9d、16d、25d450g/hm^2的处理对稻纵卷叶螟的综合防效分别为87．5％、95．2％、83．5％,与对照药剂10％阿维·氟酰胺悬浮剂450mL／hm^2的处理防效相当,未达极显著差异。试验药剂综合表现为速效性较好、持效期较长,安全性好,因此在当前生产上有良好的推广应用前景。     

达州水稻纵卷叶螟发生为害程度预测模型研究

通过对达县2000年以来水稻纵卷叶螟发生为害程度影响因子的分析,筛选出影响稻纵卷叶螟发生为害程度的主导因子,运用多元逐步回归方法,建立适合达州地区水稻纵卷叶螟主害代发生为害程度的预测模型。经回测检验,各模型的历史符合率达81.82%~90.91%,且2011—2012年应用效果较好。     

白脉粘虫的初步研究

福建为害水稻的粘虫属种类,有粘虫Leucania separata Walker、白脉粘虫Leucania roseilinea Walker和劳氏粘虫Leucania loreyi(Duponchel)等三种。其中粘虫和白脉粘虫发生普遍,为害严重。白脉粘虫在福建一年发生六代,少数五代,冬季无明显的停育。成虫羽化后需要补充营养。有明显的趋化性和较强的趋光性。产卵于枯叶鞘内侧或枯叶端部。每雌一生最多产卵802粒,一般产卵150～300粒左右。初孵幼虫食心叶,三龄后食叶成缺刻,并能咬断小穗,影响产量。幼虫虫口密度纵然很大,亦无成群迁移习性。白脉粘虫在稻田终年发生,其周年群体数量变动规律,无“骤减”和“骤增”现象。第二代于6～7月(早稻后期)和第五代于10～11月(晚稻后期)发生数量较多,为害较重,而第五代是发生量最大和为害最严重的世代;也是一年中防治的主要时期。     

Weeds

Abstract

The effects of simulated rat damage (stem cutting) on IR-8 rice yield was examined. Fields were subjected to four damage levels: 0 (control), 10, 25 and 50% of the stems cut. A modified split-plot sampling design was used with ten 1 m² plots tested at each damage level in three growth stages: tillering, booting and maturity. Each of the 120 plots (2,400 hills) was harvested and yields compared by Analysis of Variance and Least Significant Difference (LSD) tests. Ten perpent of all stems removed during the tillering stage produced growth compensation and a higher yield resulted. Trends in rice yields for different damage levels showed that the later damage occurred, the greater the yield loss. An LSD analysis of yields for the damage levels revealed no significant differences during tillering. At booting, significant differences (P < 0.05) in yields were noted with > 10% of the stems cut. At maturity, yields for all damaged levels differed significantly (P < 0.01). The results of this study demonstrated that rat damage in rice up to the booting stage did not affect yield significantly. From an economic standpoint, rodent control by field baiting before booting stage is not recommended in monsoon rice.     

稻田中华稻蝗发生动态、危害损失及防治指标

系统地研究了中华稻蝗发生动态与危害损失。结果表明,中华稻蝗在浙江年发生1代,主要危害早稻和早播单季晚稻。水稻分蘖期接入虫量10～50头/m2,叶被害率为52.61%～78.81%,叶被害指数为14.51～25.00,产量损失率为2.31%～27.42%,孕穗至破口期接入虫量1～17头/m2,叶被害率为56.63%～88.00%,叶被害指数为14.69～31.32,产量损失率为1.28%～32.74%,随着虫口密度增加,危害程度上升,产量损失率加大,两者具有密切相关性,建立了危害损失关系式。水稻叶片受害、光合能力减弱、幼穗分化不良、实粒减少、秕谷增加和粒重下降是导致水稻减产的主要原因。模拟测试表明,随着水稻受害生育期推迟损失增大,且分蘖期危害具有一定的补偿能力。在现有生产条件下,经济允许损失水平为2.5%～3.0%;2～3龄蝗蝻为防治适期,氟虫腈、三唑磷等有较好防治效果。提出水稻分蘖期和孕穗至破口期防治指标分别为10头/m2和5头/m2。     

Image‐based thresholds for weeds in maize fields

Recent development of site‐specific weed management strategies suggests patch application of herbicides to avoid their excessive use in crops. The estimation of infestation of weeds and control thresholds are important components for taking spray decisions. If weed pressure is below a certain level in some parts of the field and if late germinating weeds do not affect yield, it may not be necessary the spray such places from an economic point of view. Consequently, it makes sense to develop weed control thresholds for patch spraying, based on weed cover early in the growing season. In Danish maize field experiments conducted from 2010 to 2012, we estimated competitive ability parameters and control thresholds of naturally established weed populations in the context of decision‐making for patch spraying. The most frequent weed was Chenopodium album, accompanied by Capsella bursa‐pastoris, Cirsium arvense, Lamium amplexicaule, Tripleurospermum inodorum, Poa annua, Polygonum aviculare, Polygonum persicaria, Stellaria media and Veronica persica. Relative leaf cover of weeds was estimated using an image analysis method. The relation between relative weed leaf cover and yield loss was analysed by nonlinear regression models. The competitive ability parameters and economic thresholds were estimated from the regression models. The competitive ability of weed mixtures was influenced by the increasing proportion of large size weeds in the mixtures. There was no significant effect of weeds which survived or established after the first herbicide application, indicating that early image analysis was robust for use under these conditions.     

Problems with No-till Crops

Abstract

Seven new granular herbicides were evaluated in Taiwan for the control of weeds in broadcast flooded rice. In general, herbicides applied early (6 days after seeding) gave better weed control but caused more crop damage than when applied late (12 days after seeding). Benthiocarb applied at 6 days after seeding, when most weeds were at the one to two leaf stage, was highly selective in controlling broad-leaved weeds and sedges with no sustained injury to rice. Butachlor failed to control broad-leaved weeds at the two to three leaf stage. The initial toxicities of C-288 (dimethatryn plus piperophos, 1:4) piperophos (C-19490), and CRD 71.6388 were too severe to warrant their use in direct-seeded flooded rice in Taiwan. Among the herbicides tested, thiochlormethyl and molinate and thiochlormethyl when applied late, were the most selective. When applied 12 days after seeding or at the three to four leaf stage of weeds, both treatments provided excellent control of weeds without causing any crop injury.