Towards the rational design of crop protection agents

The crop protection industry has consistently provided new and improved products during the past forty years. The discovery process has, to a large extent, relied upon empirical procedures and imitative chemistry to generate these compounds. Although these methods will continue to be employed, it is envisaged that additional technology will be incorporated into the process and in this respect the development of molecular biology, computational sciences and biophysical techniques is discussed. The successful integration of these skills requires an open and communicative environment involving multi-disciplinary research groups.     

小菜蛾性诱捕器田间设置与防治效果初探

试验表明,以每667m2设置4个诱捕器,并沿蔬菜种植行呈直线排列诱蛾量最多,22d内共诱得雄蛾453头,诱捕器数量每667m2设置5、6个的效果与4个的诱蛾量差别不大,但都高于设置3个诱捕器.通过性诱成虫,田间落卵量明显少于常规化防区50%以上.并讨论了小菜蛾性诱捕器在田间的设置与诱蛾效果的关系.     

Efficiency of pheromone traps for monitoring Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte

Mark–release–recapture trials with male western corn rootworm Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) beetles were conducted to better understand capture data of pheromone traps produced in Europe during monitoring programmes. Median recapture rate in maize fields in Hungary, Italy and Switzerland was 10%. Two types of sex pheromone trap (sticky sheet and non‐sticky container traps), placed inside or outside maize fields, showed no differences in efficiency. Logit analyses of recapture data in maize showed that at distances of <1 m fewer than 20% of beetles ended up in the traps. A beetle in a 1 ha maize field would have about a 5% chance of being caught in a trap placed in the centre of the field.     

Captures ofEarias insulana males in water traps and dry funnel traps baited with synthetic pheromone or virgin females

(E, E)-10,12-hexadecadienal (HDD) effectively attracted males ofEarias insulana (Boisduval) when released from polyethylene vials but not from rubber dispensers. Traps baited with 3 mg HDD/trap were as effective in luring males as traps baited with four virgin females. Funnel traps baited with either HDD or virgin females captured significantly more males than water traps baited with the same lures.     

利用性信息素诱捕器监测木槿曼粉虱

木槿曼粉蚧(Maconellicoccus hirsutus)是一种多食性刺吸害虫,其寄主范围很广,包括林木、果树、蔬菜及粮食等农作物;该虫现分布于亚洲热带地区、中东、非洲、澳大利亚中美州和美国南部.我们从美国农业部引进了木槿曼粉蚧性信息素及其诱捕器,对上海、广州、广西和海口的港区进行了诱捕试验,结果没有诱到木槿曼粉蚧.说明这些设置诱捕器的具体地点尚没有被入侵.根据资料,本文还介绍了该虫的生活史.     

几种诱捕器对斜纹夜蛾的诱集效果试验初报

试验结果表明,筒形干式诱捕器、水盆型诱捕器对斜纹夜蛾雄虫均有较好的诱集效果,其中以筒形干式诱捕器效果最为理想,极显著高于水盆型诱捕器和黄板+性诱芯,且操作更为方便.在斜纹夜蛾的综合治理工作中建议推广使用筒形干式诱捕器诱杀成虫,并可用于斜纹夜蛾的测报.     

诱虫灯与性诱剂联用对葡萄透翅蛾和斜纹夜蛾的诱杀效果

斜纹夜蛾和葡萄透翅蛾是我国葡萄种植中的重要害虫,为了探究诱虫灯和性诱剂对这2种害虫的防治效果,本研究通过田间诱捕试验分析了诱虫灯和性诱剂单独及联合使用对斜纹夜蛾和葡萄透翅蛾的诱捕效果。结果显示,斜纹夜蛾具有明显的正趋光性,诱虫灯和性诱剂联合使用对斜纹夜蛾的诱捕具有协同增效作用。而葡萄透翅蛾却不表现正趋光性,单独使用性诱剂时诱捕量最高。因此,在葡萄种植过程中,应该根据葡萄园内害虫实际发生情况,选用适当的灯诱或性诱使用方法,以达到害虫防治的最佳效果。     

Monitoring of the pine sawyer beetle Monochamus galloprovincialis by pheromone traps in Italy

The pine sawyer beetle Monochamus galloprovincialis (Olivier) (Coleoptera Cerambycidae) gained importance as a pest in Europe after the introduction in Portugal of the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the agent of pine wilt disease. As the nematode is transmitted by the adult beetles during both maturation feeding and oviposition, effective methods of monitoring of the longhorn beetle populations are needed for the surveillance of the disease spread in Europe. Although in the last years many studies focused on the efficacy of different trapping methods, the general results are still controversial. In this study, we compared the efficiency of two trap types, cross-vane and multi-funnel, and two attractive blends, a kairomonal lure (??-pinene, ipsenol and methyl-butenol) and a commercial kit specific for M. galloprovincialis (pheromone plus kairomonal lure), in order to identify the trap/blend combination more appropriate for the surveillance of the M. galloprovincialis populations. Moreover, the trap efficiency was tested also in a pine stand colonized by M. galloprovincialis after a hailstorm and in a control stand. The results showed that the multi-funnel traps baited with the specific commercial kit was the most effective combination. Interestingly, trap catch was similar in the two pine stands, despite a different density of the target species. As the trapping method was effective also at low population density of M. galloprovincialis, it may be adopted as a general tool for beetle surveillance in the forest and at ports of entry.     

诱捕器不同悬挂方位对柑桔小实蝇诱获效果的试验

诱蝇醚对柑桔小实蝇的防效显著.为了找到诱捕器最适宜的悬挂方位,笔者进行了诱捕器不同悬挂方位对柑桔小实蝇诱获效果的试验.试验结果表明:当柑桔的种植行向为东西方向时,在1月至3月和10月至12月诱捕器应悬挂于树冠南面,在4月至9月诱捕器悬挂于树冠北面.当柑桔的种植行向为南北方向时,在1月至3月诱捕器应悬挂于树冠东面,在4月至12月诱捕器应悬挂于树冠西面.     

Employing pheromone traps to establish the distribution and seasonal activity of Theresimima ampellophaga in Turkey

The vine bud moth, Theresimima ampellophaga (Bayle-Barelle 1808) (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae; Procridinae), is a pest on grape vine, Vitis vinifera (L.), and on the ornamental vine Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) and other Parthenocissus species. Its recent distribution in Europe is relatively well known, but there is a paucity of locality data for Turkey. As a consequence, we began a large-scale investigation into its distribution and seasonal activity in this country in 2008. The main tools for these investigations were pheromone traps that were baited with the synthetic pheromone of the species, viz. (2R)-butyl (Z7)-tetradecenoate. As a result of field work carried out in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey in 2008 and 2009, Th. ampellophaga was recorded in five provinces, viz. Adana, Mersin, Hatay, Kahramanmara? and Kilis. The only province where the pest was not found was Gaziantep. Theresimima ampellophaga produces one or two generations per year, depending on the local conditions and other unknown factors. The moths of the first generation fly in June, while those of the second generation occur in August. To the best of our knowledge the present paper provides the first well-documented evidence of the occurrence of a second generation of the vine bud moth in Turkey.     

几种因素对斜纹夜蛾性信息素诱捕效果的影响

采用田间诱集效果测定,就不同来源诱芯、诱捕器不同置放高度、不同类型诱捕器、诱芯不同储藏期等因素对信息素诱集斜纹夜蛾数量以及时序动态的影响进行了研究,以探讨蔬菜害虫斜纹夜蛾性信息素应用的关键技术。结果表明:3种不同来源的斜纹夜蛾性诱剂诱捕效果无显著差异;斜纹夜蛾性信息素置放高度依据不同寄主田间生长高度,以1～1.5m效果较好;3种诱捕器诱集效果相当,诱集代次清晰、峰谷明显,均可作为斜纹夜蛾性信息素配套的诱捕器;斜纹夜蛾橡皮塞诱芯置放冰箱贮藏1年或2年,诱蛾活性显著下降,诱蛾量下降60%以上。     

不同时期清理诱捕器对斜纹夜蛾成虫的诱捕效果比较

试验结果表明,不同时期清理斜纹夜蛾成虫性诱捕器,以4～6d清理1次诱捕器为好,6d清理1次的,日单个诱捕器诱蛾量分别比1d、2d清理1次的增加218.57%和70.23%,且控制害虫的落卵效果好,使用14d后田间卵量明显减少.     

Non-target beetles (Coleoptera) in Trypodendron pheromone traps in Finland

Non-target beetles were surveyed in Trypodendron pheromone traps in 3 localities in Finland. Two window traps baited with Trypolure, containing lineatin dissolved in ethanol, and one control trap without attractant were used in each locality. A total of 1648 specimens belonging to 223 non-target species were recorded. The species were divided into five ecological groups to be treated separately. Hylurgops palliatus and Hylastes cunicularius were abundant in baited traps, whereas other scolytids as a group did not show clear attraction. Other species living in recently dead trees, including bark- and wood-boring species and associated species (predators, scavengers, fungivores, etc.), were clearly attracted by Trypolure. The most abundant ones were Hylecoetes flabellicornis, Thanasimus formicarius, Rhizophagus dispar, and Rhizophagus nitidulus. Although numerous in the samples, saproxylic species inhabiting more decayed wood and non-saproxylic species did not seem to be attracted. Grouping of species into ecological groups was helpful in the search for attraction patterns among species that usually are scarce in pheromone traps.     

二化螟性诱剂和诱盆设置技术的研究

通过对二化螟性诱剂水盆诱捕器及其设置高度比较研究,结果表明：诱捕器的口径大小以２４ｃｍ为佳,绿色水盆的诱蛾量比其他颜色的要大;在越冬代诱捕中,诱盆的高度在２０ｃｍ左右效果较好;性诱剂离水面的高度对二化螟雄蛾的诱捕有一定影响,其高度在０.５～１.０ｃｍ的诱蛾量最高。     

果园实蝇诱捕器不同悬挂方位的诱捕效果研究初报

对3个不同果园的柑桔小实蝇进行诱杀,结果发现,果园中密蔽荫凉处诱杀效果最好,年诱虫量是同园其他位置的1～4倍.     

应用性诱剂对福建甘薯蚁象的监测与防治研究

为了明确甘薯蚁象的发生情况,2009、2010年采用性诱剂诱集的方法对福建福州和莆田甘薯蚁象的发生情况进行了监测,2011年对性诱剂的诱捕器和放置密度进行了比较研究。结果表明,不同年份甘薯蚁象的发生高峰期不尽相同,总体上以7-10月为发生最严重的时期;在连年种植、管理粗放的甘薯田块蚁象发生严重。商品黄色塑料筒诱捕器的诱集效果优于自制漏斗型瓶装诱捕器;但是自制漏斗型瓶装诱捕器较为实用;不同厂家的诱芯田间诱虫效果差异不明显;每667 m 2放置3个诱芯可以有效地诱集蚁象。性诱剂诱捕区与非诱捕区相比,危害明显减轻,甘薯产量明显增加,因此,采用性诱剂诱捕的措施可以减轻甘薯蚁象的危害。     

Use of pheromone traps for the proper timing of fumigation in the storage environment1

We have broadly divided the methods of storage insect manipulation into curative and preventive measures. Sex and aggregation pheromoncs combined with additional sensory stimuli in adhesive bait traps can be utilized as a preventive measure which may lead to insectistasis (a state wherein the insect population density is diminished to the extent of allowing storage without significant impairment). Insectistasis can be readily achieved by continual supervision of store rooms, use of adhesive bait traps in combination with a limited number of curative measures (e.g. gaseous or contact insecticides) timed according to the extent of trap catches. The sensory stimuli causing male storage moths (Phycitinae) to fly towards these bait traps involve, in sequence, a circadian rhythm, increasing or decreasing light (intensity approximately 1–10 Lux), an air current, a vertical rectangular figure and the main pheromone component. The antennae of male Anagasta kuehniella, Ephestia elutella and Plodia interpunctella comprise two types of receptor cells, of which one is selectively responsive to (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate (TDA) and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (TA), while the other responds to (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadien-l-ol (TDO).     

Sex pheromone traps for monitoring the honeydew moth,Cryptoblabes gnidiella: Effect of pheromone components,pheromone dose,field aging of dispenser,and type of trap on male captures

The effects of pheromone components, pheromone dose in the dispenser, aging of dispenser in the field, and trap type on trapping efficiency of males of the honeydew moth,Cryptoblabes gnidiella (Mill.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), were investigated. At dosages of 2 or 0.2 mg, a binary blend containing (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11–16: Aid) and (Z)-13-octadecenal (Z13–18:Ald) (1:1) was as effective in attracting males as a quaternary blend containing Zll-16:Ald, (E)-11-hexadecenal (Ell-16:Ald), Z13–18:Ald and (E)-13-octadecenal (E13–18:Ald), (10:1:10:1). Within the range of 20 to 2000 μg pheromone/dispenser, response of males increased positively with the pheromone dose; however, a load of 10 or 20 mg/dispenser was significantly less attractive to males than 2 mg/dispenser. The effect of aging of the dispenser in the field on trapping efficiency was significant. Captures in traps baited with 3- and 4-week-old septa were lower than those in traps baited with 1- or 2-week-old septa. The gradual loss of attractancy exhibited by rubber septa indicates that septa should be renewed within 2-3 weeks. The release rate of the pheromone was measured in a flow system and monitored with Zl1– 16:Ald only. The emission was almost constant for 18 days and then decreased gradually until the 34th day. The nonsticky IPS trap was as effective in capturing honeydew moth males as the sticky Pherocon 1C trap. The possibility of using the nonsticky, non-saturating and easy-to-handle IPS traps may lead to better and easier monitoring of honeydew moth populations.     

槐小卷蛾性信息素载体对诱蛾活性的影响

通过林间诱蛾试验 ,研究了性信息素载体的材料、颜色以及散发面积对槐小卷蛾雄蛾诱蛾活性的影响。结果表明 ,天然橡胶诱芯、乳胶管诱芯和硅橡胶诱芯的诱蛾活性有明显差异 ,越冬代和第一代成虫发生期 ,天然橡胶诱芯的诱蛾活性明显高于乳胶管诱芯的诱蛾活性。散发面积为 8.7cm²的天然橡胶诱芯的诱蛾活性明显高于6.9cm²和4.8cm²的诱蛾活性。相同散发面积下 ,蓝颜色的天然橡胶诱芯的诱蛾活性明显高于红颜色和绿颜色的诱蛾活性。因此 ,在槐小卷蛾性信息素监测与防治系统中 ,以蓝颜色的天然橡胶作为合成性信息素的载体最为适宜