The mass rearing and utilization of Trichogramma to control lepidopterous pests: Achievements and outlook

The release of mass-produced egg parasites of the genus Trichogramma to control Lepidopterous pests has gained increasing attention in the last few years. About 18 different species of this egg parasite are being used to control pests on corn, sugar-cane, rice, soybean, cotton, sugar-beet, vegetables and pine. Some information on the global use of Trichogramma is given. Trichogramma evanescens(Westw.) has been used commercially to control the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) in Germany since 1980. The treated area reached about 6200 ha in 1992. The use of Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura to control the codling moth Cydia pomonella (L.) and the summer fruit tortrix moth Adoxophyes orana (F.R.) was started in 1990 and covered an area of c. 15 ha in 1992. Research is being carried out to select effective Trichogramma species to control other pests such as grape berry moth Eupoecilia ambiguella (Hb.), plum fruit moth Cydia funebrana Tr. and diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (L.).     

香椿根穗扦插育苗及其病虫害防治

香椿根穗扦插育苗,当年苗高可达到2.3m,地径达到3.2㎝,成活率达到98%,苗高比对照的实生苗增长1.1m,地径增长2㎝,达到良种壮苗标准。     

The discovery of pyridalyl: a novel insecticidal agent for controlling lepidopterous pests

Synthesis of analogues of two compounds with known insecticidal activity, both of which contain a 3,3-dichloro-2-propenyloxy group, produced 2-(trifluoromethyl)-4-phenoxyphenyl 3,3-dichloro-2-propenyl ether, which had weak activity against lepidopterous larvae. Structural modifications around this lead compound led to the development of pyridalyl [Pleo, S-1812; 2,6-dichloro-4-(3,3-dichloroallyloxy)phenyl 3-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridyloxy]propyl ether], which belongs to a new class of insecticides. Pyridalyl gives very good control of various lepidopterous and thysanopterous pests on cotton and vegetables, without phytotoxicity. It controls populations of Heliothis virescens F and Plutella xylostella (L) which are resistant to various currently used insecticides. It also produces unique insecticidal symptoms, so it may have a different mode of action from other existing insecticides. Pyridalyl is also less harmful than existing insecticides to various beneficial arthropods, so it should provide an important tool in IPM and insecticidal management programmes for the control of lepidopterous and thysanopterous pests. The first market introduction is expected in Japan and some Asian countries in the years between 2004 and 2005.     

溴氰虫酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺对三种鳞翅目害虫的毒力作用比较

为比较溴氰虫酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺对甜菜夜蛾、玉米螟和小地老虎的作用差异,采用浸卵法、浸叶法、饲喂毒营养液法等测定了溴氰虫酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺对3种害虫的卵、3龄幼虫和成虫的毒力,以及对其3龄幼虫的拒食活性。结果表明,溴氰虫酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺均无杀卵作用,但能降低初孵幼虫存活率。溴氰虫酰胺对甜菜夜蛾、玉米螟和小地老虎3龄幼虫的LC₅₀值分别为0.11、0.05和0.13 mg/L,相对毒力分别是氯虫苯甲酰胺的2.8、2.7和5.1倍。溴氰虫酰胺对3种害虫成虫的LC₅₀值分别为0.11、0.09和0.22 mg/L,相对毒力分别是氯虫苯甲酰胺的3.9、3.8和2.7倍。溴氰虫酰胺在亚致死浓度0.10、0.05和0.14 mg/L的剂量下分别对甜菜夜蛾、玉米螟和小地老虎3龄幼虫表现出较强的拒食作用,处理48 h后达到最高,拒食率分别为85.58%、81.91%和86.11%。药剂处理试虫虫体皱缩,体节缩短,体重增加率明显低于对照处理。表明溴氰虫酰胺对3种鳞翅目害虫的毒力作用比氯虫苯甲酰胺好,可作为氯虫苯甲酰胺的替代药品。     

The use of Bacillus thuringiensis to control two lepidopterous insect pests (Agrotis ypsilon and Spodoptera littoralis)

An area of 50 feddans cultivated with soybeans was treated withBacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) baits againstAgrotis ypsilon and 60 feddans were sprayed withB.t. spray againstSpodoptera littoralis. WhenB.t. baits were used, the percentage of kill ofA. ypsilon reached 96.1–96.4% compared to 97.4–98% kill on using hostathion baits. WhenB.t. was sprayed againstS. littoralis, a percentage of larval kill 88.3% was obtained. This increased to 97.3% after the second application. On the other hand, the precentage of kill reached 96.8% when lannate was sprayed once. The average yield was 1.54 tons/fed. whenB.t. was sprayed twice againstS. littoralis and 1.42 tons/fed. when sprayed once. Areas, treated with lannate gave 1.44 tons/fed., while in the untreated area the yield was comparatively low being 0.83 tons/fed.Mith 4 tables     

百合主要病虫害发生与防治技术

百合是单子叶植物亚纲百合科百合属所有种类的总称,多年生宿根草本，因其地下鳞茎是由许多鳞片抱合而成,故为“百合”，百合不仅是我国的特种蔬菜,而且还具有很高的药用价值,自古以来就是人们治病的良药。它具有清肺润燥，滋阴清热，补脾健胃，清心安神，利大小便，解无名肿毒及止血之功效，对人体的咽喉、肺、胃、肠等有良好的保健作用。     

新型杀虫剂氯氟氰虫酰胺对不同鳞翅目害虫的毒力和田间防效

氯氟氰虫酰胺(ZJ4042){3-氯-N1-(2-甲基-4-七氟异丙基苯基)-N2-(1-甲基-1-氰基乙基)邻苯二甲酰胺}是由浙江省化工研究院有限公司自主开发的邻苯二甲酰胺类新型杀虫剂。采用浸渍法测定了氯氟氰虫酰胺对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella、甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua、斜纹夜蛾Prodenia litura和二化螟Chilo suppressalis的室内杀虫毒力,并进行了田间药效试验。结果表明:氯氟氰虫酰胺对小菜蛾、甜菜夜蛾、斜纹夜蛾和二化螟的LC50值分别为0.046、0.072、0.071和1.95 mg/L,与氟虫双酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺的杀虫毒力相当。在田间用20%氯氟氰虫酰胺悬浮剂处理(有效剂量30 g/hm2),对小菜蛾、斜纹夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾及菜青虫Pieris rapae药后7 d的防效为90.1%～96.3%;对二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis药后15 d的防效为82.9%～90.5%;在试验剂量下,未观察到其对作物产生药害。     

Attraction ofTrichogramma platneri to eggs of some lepidopterous pests of avocado

The attraction ofTrichogramma platneri Nagarkatti (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) to eggs of two lepidopterous avocado pests,Boarmia sel-enaria (Schiffermüller) (Geometridae) andCryptoblabes gnidiella (Millière) (Phycitidae), was evaluated in olfactometer tests. The mobility of the wasp as measured by a mobility index was 0.6 for males and 1.8 for females; the males had a lower mobility and a lower search capacity index than the females. Frozen and fresh youngB. selenaria eggs had the greatest attraction forT. platneri, which diminished with increasing age of the eggs. The eggs ofC. gnidiella were also attractive to the parasitoid. Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization. No. 2704-E, 1989 series.     

应用绿僵菌防治鳞翅目蔬菜害虫及壮苗试验

1997～1998年在山西太原田间应用绿僵菌防治甘蓝上小菜蛾、菜青虫和番茄上棉铃虫试验 ,结果表明 ,绿僵菌对小菜蛾的杀虫率为74.48% ,菜青虫为77.73% ,番茄上棉铃虫为 53.98% ,高于对照药剂双效Bt悬乳剂300倍液。经浸种的辣椒苗和茄子苗颜色深绿 ,苗齐苗壮 ,长势好。     

坪山柚病虫害绿色防控技术

坪山柚,由原产于福建省华安县新圩镇黄枣村的坪山而得名.据福建<通志>记载,坪山柚在华安县已有600年以上栽培历史,被评为世界四大名柚之一.现被国家列为柚子生产基地县.现在全县种植面积已达2 100 hm2,已成为本县农业主导产业和农村经济的支柱产业之一.为确保坪山柚的安全生产,笔者在中寨坪山柚果场就坪山柚病虫害绿色防控技术进行了多年的观察、研究,已形成一套可行的配套技术.     

新化合物ZJ3265对5种鳞翅目害虫的毒力及田间防效

ZJ3265{(E+Z)-2-[2-(4-氰基苯)-1-(3-三氟甲基苯)亚乙基]-N-(4-二氟甲氧基苯)联氨酰胺}是由浙江省化工研究院有限公司自主开发的缩氨基脲类新型杀虫剂。采用浸渍法测定了ZJ3265对粘虫Mythimna separata、小菜蛾Plutella xylostella和斜纹夜蛾Prodenia litura的室内杀虫毒力。结果表明,ZJ3265对粘虫、小菜蛾和斜纹夜蛾的LC50值分别为1.37(1.16~1.62)、18.53(15.13~22.10 )和15.40(11.98~18.85) mg/L。在田间用24% ZJ3265 悬浮剂处理3 d(有效剂量120 g/hm2),其对小菜蛾、斜纹夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua和菜青虫Pieris rapae的防效分别达74.9%、76.7%、70.3%和84.4%;在试验剂量下,未观察到对作物产生药害。     

新化合物氟氧虫酰胺对蔬菜鳞翅目害虫的毒力及田间防治效果

为明确新化合物氟氧虫酰胺(ZJ3757)的杀虫活性,采用浸叶法测定了其对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella、斜纹夜蛾Prodenia litura和甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua的毒力,得其LC50值分别为0.088、0.905和0.095 mg/L,与氯虫苯甲酰胺和氟虫双酰胺的杀虫毒力相当。田间试验结果表明,20%氟氧虫酰胺悬浮剂(SC)在有效成分15 g/hm2剂量下对小菜蛾、甜菜夜蛾、斜纹夜蛾和菜青虫Pieris rapae药后7 d的防效分别达88.41%、92.72%、82.07%和98.39%,与氯虫苯甲酰胺相当,高于或相当于氟虫双酰胺、茚虫威和甲氨基阿维菌素的防效。可考虑将氟氧虫酰胺用于蔬菜上小菜蛾、斜纹夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾和菜青虫的防治。     

大棚洋香瓜无土栽培及病虫防治技术的应用

大棚洋香瓜无土栽培是一项近年兴起的设施农业新技术。经笔者的实践体会,得出了播种与移栽、大棚的管理、采收与包装等关键技术,并对主要的病虫害蔓枯病、白粉病、美洲斑潜蝇、瓜蚜等的发生为害及其综合防治技术的应用进行了阐述分析。     

野生苎麻主要病虫害发生与防治技术

苎麻在我国长江以南地区广为栽培，其韧皮纤维为纺织原料中的天然纤维之上品，国际上称为“中国草（China Grass）”，而荨麻科苎麻属野生苎麻种是未被利用的种质资源，是苎麻遗传育种及相关基础研究的珍贵材料。在野生苎麻种质资源中蕴藏着很多栽培种所没有的优异基因，如抗寒、抗旱、抗虫、抗病、抗倒伏、无融合生殖等优异基因。这些优异基因，丰富了作物基因供体，对加速新品种选育，促进国民经济发展具有重大的战略意义。     

兴业县冬种马铃薯主要病虫害发生为害调查及防治建议

近几年来,冬种马铃薯在兴业县推广种植面积迅速增长,为农民不断增收起到了积极的推动作用.但在生产中,冬种马铃薯的病虫害发生较重,主要发生的病虫害有病毒病、晚疫病、软腐病、地老虎、螨虫、蚜虫、杂革及鼠害.     

沙田柚病虫绿色防控技术探讨

根据广东梅县沙田柚病虫发生情况,在3个镇1000 h㎡柚园开展以农业措施为基础,生物、物理防治为手段,科学规范使用农药的沙田柚病虫绿色防控技术示范,提升沙田柚果品质量,降低农药残留,增加了果农收入.     

加强玉米有害生物发生规律与防控技术研究,保障玉米安全生产

<正>玉米是我国第一大粮食作物,也是重要的饲料作物,在发展我国的畜牧业和水产养殖业中具有战略性意义,在医药、化工方面也有广泛用途(仇焕广等,2013)。近十年来,随着农业种植结构的调整和耕作栽培方式的转变,玉米品种选育加快,种植面积迅速增加,玉米病虫害发生一直呈加重趋势,一些次要害虫在全国范围或局部地区为害不断加重,甚至上升为主要害虫,加之一些新发生的病害,对玉米安全生产构成了威胁(石洁等,2005;秦子惠等,2014;赵立萍等,2015)。     

超级杂交中稻主要病虫药剂防治新技术

2006—2007年,在桃江县稻瘟病重发区应用超级杂交中稻主要病虫药剂防治新技术防治两优0293大田生育期主要病虫试验,结果表明：该技术可有效防控超级杂交中稻主要病虫危害,对大部分病虫防效好于常规施药技术,且比常规施药技术减少农药用量42.38%～68.59%、增产2.46%～118.00%;其中施用52.5%丙环唑&#8226;三环唑悬乳剂处理对稻瘟病的防效高、增产增效明显。     

观赏性杭白菊病虫害综合防治及无公害栽培技术

对桐乡观赏性杭白菊常发性病虫害种类、为害症状及其发生特点进行了调查与研究。结果表明,当地杭白菊常发性病虫害主要种类有蚜虫、菊天牛、病毒病、叶枯病和根腐病以及间歇性发生的斜纹夜蛾和甜菜夜蛾。结合观赏性杭白菊的生产和管理技术,提出了相应的综合防治措施和无公害栽培技术。