性引诱剂对蔬菜害虫诱杀效果试验

性引诱剂能有效诱杀斜纹夜蛾（Spodoptora litura Fabr.）、甜菜夜蛾（Spodoptera exigua Hübner）、小菜蛾（Plutella xylostella Linnaeus）成虫,减轻其发生为害,减少使用农药次数。用不同类型诱捕器挂放同种类型诱芯,其诱蛾量不同,UMT-B诱捕器对斜纹夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾的诱捕效果最好,三角形诱捕器对小菜蛾的诱捕效果最好,每667㎡挂放1枚诱芯为宜。     

水稻二化螟性诱测报技术研究

多年系统调查和应用结果表明,二化螟性诱剂具有较强的诱蛾能力,其诱蛾量与测报灯的诱蛾效果相当或略高,且诱蛾量受环境影响较小。诱测结果能够反映出二化螟在1年中发生的实际情况,可在实际测报中应用。性诱、灯诱、田间虫量剥查结合,将明显提高水稻二化螟监测预报水平。     

4种性信息素产品对新发南美番茄潜叶蛾 引诱效果研究

南美番茄潜叶蛾Tuta absoluta (Meyrick)是新近传入我国的一种外来入侵害虫, 正威胁我国番茄产业, 为提高其监测和诱捕效率, 本研究采用化学生态学技术方法, 以不同性诱芯的诱蛾量占比、诱蛾量占比稳定性、诱蛾数量、性价比等为评价指标, 在鲜食番茄生产温棚开展了4种性信息素产品对该种害虫的诱蛾效果比较研究。结果显示, 来自青岛罗素生物技术有限公司(RS)、北京水光科技有限公司(SG)、北京中捷四方生物科技股份有限公司(ZJ)和中国科学院动物研究所(ZK)等4家单位/公司性信息素产品的专一性均比较强, 且对南美番茄潜叶蛾雄性成虫均有明显的引诱效果。田间诱蛾试验期间, 4种性诱芯95 d共计诱集成虫40 186头, 各种诱芯依次诱蛾量SG为11 100头、RS为10 771头、ZK为9 952头、ZJ为8 363头; 不同性诱芯诱蛾量占比中, RS显著高于其他3种性诱芯, 依次为RS>SG和ZK>ZJ, 差异明显; 逐日诱蛾量中, RS和SG比较高, 依次为RS和SG>ZK>ZJ, 差异显著; 性价比中, ZK明显高于其他3种性诱芯。诱蛾效果综合评价分析结果表明, ZK>RS>ZJ>SG。4种性诱芯均具有良好的田间应用效果。研究结果对新发南美番茄潜叶蛾监测与防控体系的构建和实施具有重要借鉴意义。     

Efficacy of the pear ester as a monitoring tool for codling moth Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in New Zealand apple orchards

BACKGROUND: The behavioural response of both sexes of codling moth, Cydia pomonella to the pear-derived kairomone (ethyl (2E,4Z)-2,4-decadienoate), codling moth sex pheromone (E,E-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol), and sex pheromone combined with the pear derived kairomone loaded into red rubber septum were investigated in trapping experiments in New Zealand apple orchards. A range of 0.01-10.0 mg of pheromone loading in rubber septum dispensers was tested and the highest catch of males was in traps baited with 1.0 mg. No dose response in trap catch of males was seen in traps baited with different amounts of pear-derived kairomone (0.01-10.0 mg). RESULTS: The number of females caught was significantly affected by the amount of pear derived kairomone used to bait traps, with the highest catch obtained at 10 mg loading. The attractiveness of sex pheromone was not enhanced by the addition of the kairomone either when used in the same bait or in a separate bait. The mean number of males captured in traps was reduced by 44% when the pheromone and kairomone were combined at ratio of 1:1 (0.1 mg pheromone: 0.1 mg kairomone) in separate sources. CONCLUSION: Kairomone baited traps showed some potential for monitoring the flight activity of female C. pomonella in apple orchards in two locations (Canterbury and Hawke's Bay). However, the number of male moths caught was low as compared to the number of male moths caught in pheromone-baited traps, and therefore the sex pheromone should continue to be used for monitoring male activity.     

辣椒对疫霉抗性的快速鉴定

研究发现叶、茎、茎基部和果实接种4种方法均能用于鉴定辣椒对辣椒疫霉的抗性。叶与茎接种法操作简单,接种部位发病快,可同时检测大量品种,但要求空气湿度大;茎基部接种法模拟田间病害的发生过程,最能反映品种的真实抗性,但需要菌量大,工作量也大;果实接种法不仅操作简单、接种部位发病快、菌需求量小,而且可同时筛选大量品种,可以通过量化达到有效区分抗病和感病品种的目的,更具有完整保存原有植株的优势。     

Rapid measure of sex pheromone emission from plastic rope dispensers: Example of utility in sexual communication disruption of the diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella1

An easy and reliable method to measure the emissions from plastic dispensers, which is adaptable to other dispensers and substrates, is reported. A small bed of the adsorbent Super-Q7® was found to adsorb large quantities of all of the sex pheromone components tested and, concomitantly, to enable enough air flow to approximate air speeds over the dispensers that may be encountered in nature. Some of the advantages of this method over others are its ease of use and accuracy and the direct measures of emissions.E.g. measurements showed that Z11-16:A1, one of the constituents of a rope lot, was emitted at a rate inconsistent with evaporative processes; rather, it was indicative of degradation processes. Brief reference is made of the utility of the timely measurements of emission rates in field experiments to control the diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), in commercially grown cabbage in 1996.     

性诱剂与黑光灯对二化螟的诱捕效果及其影响因子

在二化螟预测预报中,性诱剂和黑光灯两种诱捕方法被广泛采用,为比较这两种方法对稻田二化螟诱捕效果的差异,于2010—2014年在浙江温岭地区进行了相关研究,并对诱芯和诱捕器种类、田间越冬幼虫量以及气象因子对二化螟诱捕效果的影响进行了研究。结果显示:对于越冬代二化螟,采用性诱剂和黑光灯诱捕的二化螟成虫数量的消长动态基本一致,但采用性诱剂诱捕的成虫峰期出现早、峰次多,而且诱捕量显著高于黑光灯诱捕;不同性诱剂诱芯与诱捕器之间的诱捕效果无显著差异;性诱剂和黑光灯两种方法诱捕的虫量与田间越冬的幼虫基数存在显著正相关关系;两种诱捕方法的诱捕虫量与气温密切相关,对于越冬代,诱捕的虫量与温度呈负相关,而其余各代的诱捕虫量则与温度成正相关。     

新型信息素诱剂对新疆梨园蛾类害虫的诱捕效果评价

利用性诱剂干扰交配或诱杀钻蛀性蛾类害虫是果园害虫生物防治的重要途径之一,研发既诱雄蛾也诱雌蛾的新型诱剂近年来颇受关注。本研究在苹果蠹蛾性信息素基础上,加入寄主植物挥发物--梨酯、苯乙酮、香叶醇、冬青油和苯乙醇等制成若干配方,在南疆两地(库尔勒与阿克苏地区)梨园中于蛾类害虫发生的早期和中期进行诱捕试验。对苹果蠹蛾诱集结果表明,虽然与仅含性信息素配方相比,添加植物挥发物的配方可诱集到雌蛾,但诱集虫量较少。对梨小食心虫的诱集结果表明,在库尔勒,大部分配方诱到的虫量多于商品诱剂(对照),其中,在性信息素中添加少量植物挥发性物质的配方诱集的虫量总体较多;在阿克苏,所有配方诱集的虫量均多于对照,在性信息素中是否添加植物挥发物质对诱集效果总体上没有影响。对优斑螟的诱集结果表明,仅含2种性信息素物质的配方诱集的虫量最大,与加入少量梨脂的配方接近。果园诱集试验结果说明,在苹果蠹蛾性信息素中添加梨脂等多种寄主植物挥发物的供试配方诱集雌蛾效果不理想,但对多种混合发生的夜蛾害虫雄性具有较好诱集效果。     

青岛地区暗黑鳃金龟性信息素鉴定及田间应用技术

为深入了解国内暗黑鳃金龟Holotrichia parallela Motschulsky种群的性信息素组分及其田间引诱效果,采用气质联用技术对其雌性信息素进行了分离鉴定,利用标记-回捕技术测试了5 h内暗黑鳃金龟的扩散距离,并在此基础上测试了诱捕器颜色、离地高度、密度、单诱芯性信息素含量等对田间诱虫效果的影响。结果表明：L-异亮氨酸甲酯和（R）-（-）-芳樟醇为国内青岛种群暗黑鳃金龟雌虫性信息素的主要组分,两者含量比为7：1;暗黑鳃金龟5 h扩散距离可达400 m以上,平均扩散距离为55.9 m,扩散距离在20~60 m的个体占总虫数的77.5%;黄色诱捕器对该虫的引诱效果显著优于黑色和绿色;诱捕器离地2 m引诱到的试虫数目显著高于1、1.5、2.5和3 m;单个诱芯性信息素含量360 mg引诱效果最好,显著高于180 mg及以下浓度;诱捕器间隔20~60 m防治效果较好,结合使用成本和试虫扩散距离,间距60 m最优。     

茶尺蠖性信息素的田间使用技术及防治效果

为明确茶尺蠖Ectropis obliqua性信息素的田间使用技术,在田间设置茶尺蠖性信息素诱捕器的5、10和20 m挂放密度处理区及其对照区,并对不同处理区和对照区中诱捕器诱集的茶尺蠖成虫和幼虫数量以及同一挂放密度下距性信息素诱捕器不同距离的茶尺蠖幼虫数量进行调查,确定性信息素诱捕器的最佳挂放间距;在此基础上确定性信息素诱捕器对茶尺蠖的田间防治效果,并利用性信息素诱捕器对茶尺蠖成虫的田间动态进行监测。结果表明:在任何一个挂放密度下,处理区诱捕器诱集的茶尺蠖成虫数量均显著高于对照区诱捕器,但在不同挂放密度的小区之间单个诱捕器诱集的成虫数量差异不显著;当茶尺蠖幼虫重度发生(1 361.57头/m~2)时,10 m间隔挂放1套性信息素诱捕器可显著降低茶尺蠖幼虫的发生数量;当茶尺蠖幼虫轻度发生(38.40头/m~2)时,间距为20 m挂放一套性信息素诱捕器时,茶尺蠖的校正防治效果可达88.44%;茶尺蠖性信息素诱捕器在6月上旬、8月上旬、8月下旬至9月初、9月下旬分别有一个明显的诱捕高峰期,与田间茶尺蠖的发生高峰期基本一致。表明茶尺蠖性信息素诱捕器可作为大量诱捕和虫情监测的手段在茶园中应用。     

Combined use of a synthetic trail pheromone and insecticidal bait provides effective control of an invasive ant

BACKGROUND: Except for sex pheromones, use of pheromones in pest management has been largely unexplored. A high concentration of trail pheromone disrupts ant trail following and foraging, and thus synthetic trail pheromone can be a novel control agent for pest ants. In this study, a year‐long treatment of small areas (100 m² plots of urban house gardens) with synthetic trail pheromone, insecticidal bait or both was conducted to develop a novel control method of the invasive Argentine ant Linepithema humile (Mayr). RESULTS: The ant population could be maintained lower than or similar to the initial level only by combined treatment with synthetic trail pheromone and insecticidal bait. Actually, the ant population was nearly always lowest in combination treatment plots. Throughout the study period, the ant population in plots treated with either one of synthetic trail pheromone or insecticidal bait remained similar to no‐treatment plots. CONCLUSIONS: Combination treatment may be a more effective and environmentally friendly method for controlling invasive ants than conventional methods. Extermination of ants by insecticidal bait and inhibition of re‐infestation by pheromone may be the mechanism of the combination effect. This is the first study to show a significant effect of synthetic trail pheromone on ant population. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Field trial on the effects of the herbicide MCPA on ixodid ticks

Abstract

Studies were conducted to develop a pheromone‐trap monitoring system for the sweet potato weevil, Cylas formicarius (Fabricius), in sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam., fields in four states: Florida, Louisiana, North Carolina, and Texas. The present studies examined the attractiveness of sex pheromone synthesized by two sources (USDA and AgriSense) and pheromone of different purities (75–99%) to weevils in the field. In all but one trial, weevil counts did not differ between traps baited with pheromone from the two sources for each of two doses (10 and 100 μg). Percentages of weevils caught per replicate per sample date were not consistently positively correlated with purity (significant in four of 10 trials); however, slope estimates were steeper in regions with lower trap counts (North Carolina and Louisiana) than in those with higher trap counts (Florida). Because the pheromone will be used to monitor weevils In both weevil‐free and weevil‐infested regions, the use of pheromone with a purity level >99% is most appropriate. The importance of these data in pheromone‐trap monitoring programmes for this weevil worldwide is discussed.     

性诱剂迷向法防治高山甘蓝田小菜蛾研究

以性诱剂迷向法对湖北高山区蔬菜害虫小菜蛾的防治效果进行了研究。结果表明:2年试验中在迷向田中性诱剂对小菜蛾诱捕量低于常规田;应用性诱剂迷向法可以降低小菜蛾的虫口密度,第1年甘蓝迷向田可以不施用农药或只施用1次,比常规田施药少2～3次,次年甘蓝迷向田施药2次,比常规田施药少4次。     

大面积应用性信息素诱捕甘蓝斜纹夜蛾及田间控害效果

2006年应用性信息素大量诱捕法对秋甘蓝斜纹夜蛾开展了大面积诱杀试验,并就配套应用技术及其田间控害效果进行了评估。性信息素防治区内,在外围、中围和内围以及上风口、下风口等不同点位上的斜纹夜蛾雄成虫的单瓶诱集量差异明显,上风口的诱集量大于下风口,且增加幅度从外围往中心依次递减;在不同点位上的斜纹夜蛾雄成虫的诱集量差异跟田间虫口发生量呈正相关,虫口密度越大,外围成虫诱集量比中内围的增幅也越大。性信息素防治区在减少药剂防治2次的情况下,斜纹夜蛾落卵量比化防区和空白对照区分别减少27.5%和65.3%,田间累计幼虫发生量分别下降70.9%和94.3%。本试验结果表明,性信息素大面积诱捕能有效控制甘蓝斜纹夜蛾的危害,可为蔬菜的可持续生产提供技术支持。     

Synthesis of allylic trifluoromethyl ketones and their activity as inhibitors of the sex pheromone of the leopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina L. (Lepidoptera: Cossidae)

BACKGROUND: Trifluoromethyl ketones (TFMKs), structurally related to the pheromones, are good inhibitors of pheromone communication in insects. To determine their activity on Zeuzera pyrina L. (Lepidoptera: Cossidae), a polyphagous pest, the authors have prepared two diunsaturated TFMK analogues of the major (3) and the minor (4) pheromone components, and two monounsaturated ones (5, 6). Their biological activity in electroantennogram (EAG), wind tunnel and field tests is presented. RESULTS: The synthetic strategy to obtain the allylic TFMKs 3 and 5 is based on the reactions of diene 10 and 1‐octadecene with trifluoroacetaldehyde ethyl hemiacetal, followed by Dess–Martin oxidation of the resulting homoallylic trifluoromethyl alcohols. In EAG, topical application of analogues 3 and 4 on male antennae significantly reduced the pheromone response. In the wind tunnel, compound 4 reduced the number of contacts with the pheromone source. In the field, traps baited with mixtures of pheromone and inhibitors captured significantly fewer males than the pheromone alone. CONCLUSION: An efficient synthesis of allylic TFMKs is reported, with good overall yield, regiospecificity and diastereoselectivity. These compounds are good inhibitors of the pheromone in electrophysiology, wind tunnel and field tests. The results show the importance of two unsaturations at positions 2 and 13 of the trifluoroacyl group in the structure of the analogues, the latter being critical for inhibitory activity. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Field evaluation of the synthetic female sex pheromone of the citrus flower moth,Prays Citri (mill.) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae), and related compounds

The synthetic female sex pheromone ofPrays citri, (Z)-7-tetradecenal, proved to be highly attractive to male moths in the field when released from a variety of dispensers in five different designs of sticky trap. When the pheromone was released from impregnated polyethylene vials, a wide range of initial loadings from 10 μg to 20 mg was attractive, and loadings of 40 μg and above were more attractive than a virgin female moth. Initial loadings of 0.5 mg and 1.0 mg remained attractive for at least five months in the field. Release rates of pheromone from the polyethylene vials under constant laboratory conditions were measured for two different initial loadings. Other isomers of the pheromone and a pheromone ‘mimic’, (Z)-5-dodecenyl formate, were unattractive to male moths and did not affect the attractiveness of the synthetic pheromone or of a virgin female moth.     

我国昆虫性信息素技术的研发与应用进展

昆虫性信息素是昆虫性成熟后求偶时所分泌的能引诱同种异性个体以进行交尾的微量挥发性化学物质,具有种的特异性,因此广泛应用于害虫的监测与防治。近年来,我国在昆虫性信息素的工业化合成、纯化、稳定,缓释生产工艺的改进和完善,各种干式诱捕器的开发研制,智能化性诱测报技术研发,以及多种害虫田间性诱实用技术试验示范方面取得了一系列进展,极大地促进了重大害虫的监测预报和绿色防控。本文详细介绍和比较了群集诱杀技术的诱芯、诱捕器种类及其应用特点,交配干扰技术的释放器及其智能化的原理、种类和应用特点;系统总结了求偶与交配之间的关系、性信息素引诱力和专一性,以及生物和非生物因子对群集诱杀和交配干扰效果的影响;总结了群集诱杀和交配干扰技术在水稻、玉米、蔬菜、果树、棉花等作物重要害虫中的应用进展。最后,分析了当前性信息素技术研发与推广应用中仍存在的问题,并提出了改进对策及建议。     

甜菜夜蛾性信息素组分的鉴定及其田间试验

采用气相色谱仪(GC)及气质联用仪(GC-MS)等技术对我国甜菜夜蛾性信息素组分的鉴定结果表明,雌蛾性信息素腺体中含有4种组分,分别为Z9,E12-14:Ac(A)、Z9-14:OH(B)、Z9-14:Ac(C)和Z9,E12-14:OH(D);田间和室内种群各组分的比例(A:B:C:D)分别为47:18:18:17和43:18:23:16,比例及滴度在两种群间未有显著差异;雄蛾田间引诱测定表明,组分A、B显示性信息素活性。几种不同配比的硅橡胶塞诱芯在田间均显示极高的诱蛾活性,以9:1的AB二元诱芯(剂量100μg)最高,其诱蛾量与黑光灯相当,两者呈显著的正相关性,表明该诱芯可替代黑光灯用于甜菜夜蛾的种群测报。利用性诱捕器进行田间种群监测显示,1999年浙江省慈溪市的甜菜夜蛾共发生6代,以第4、5代发生量最高。     

诱虫灯与性诱剂联用对葡萄透翅蛾和斜纹夜蛾的诱杀效果

斜纹夜蛾和葡萄透翅蛾是我国葡萄种植中的重要害虫,为了探究诱虫灯和性诱剂对这2种害虫的防治效果,本研究通过田间诱捕试验分析了诱虫灯和性诱剂单独及联合使用对斜纹夜蛾和葡萄透翅蛾的诱捕效果。结果显示,斜纹夜蛾具有明显的正趋光性,诱虫灯和性诱剂联合使用对斜纹夜蛾的诱捕具有协同增效作用。而葡萄透翅蛾却不表现正趋光性,单独使用性诱剂时诱捕量最高。因此,在葡萄种植过程中,应该根据葡萄园内害虫实际发生情况,选用适当的灯诱或性诱使用方法,以达到害虫防治的最佳效果。     

The use of traps baited with live females or synthetic pheromone as a tool for improving control programs of the cotton leaf-worm,Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.), in cotton fields in israel

The aim of this investigation was to clarify whether pheromone traps could provide a reliable tool for early detection of aS. littoralis adult population and for indicating infestation by its larvae in the field. The aggregated pattern of distribution of adults is indicated by the fit of data to Taylor’s Power Law or to the negative binomial distribution. However, the relatively high k values obtained indicate thatS. littoralis adults are only slightly aggregated and sometimes almost randomly distributed. Trap position in the field and number of traps per area unit affected size of catches in both female-baited and synthetic-pheromone-baited traps. No relationship between size of catches and temperature, wind velocity or moon phase was detected. Variations in size of catches among traps was not affected much by the baited females. Pheromone traps proved to be a reliable tool for estimating fluctuations in population density and for indicating adult peaks. However, no correlation between male catches and infestation by larvae in the experimental plots was found. Pheromone traps may serve only as a warning device indicating the possibility of potential attack due to an increase in adult population level. Mercury vapor light traps were inferior to pheromone traps in detecting changes inS. littoralis population densities. Synthetic pheromone (“Litlure”) was somewhat less efficient in attracting males than virgin females; however, it is suitable for detecting fluctuations in theS. littoralis adult population.