Die Ertragsbildung und Ertragsstruktur eines konventionellen und eines epigonalen Genotyps der Weißen Lupine (Lupinus albus)

Yield formation and yield components of a conventional and an epigonal genotype of white lupin ( Lupinus albus )
Differences in yield formation and yield structure of two contrasting Lupinus albus growth types, the conventional, freely branching cultivar Kalina and the epigonal. little branching cultivar Ep I were analyzed. Both cultivars were grown in field experiments at Hohenheim in 1987 and 1988 with a combined variation of population density (30–120 plants/m²) and plant distribution. In addition, assimilate distribution within the plant was studied using a ¹⁴C-labelling experiment. – The contributions of branches to light interception of the crops during the generative phase were > 90 % in Kalina as compared to about 30 % in Ep 1 . Relative ¹⁴C uptake of branches was in a similar range, but great proportions of the ¹⁴C taken up by branches was translocated to main stems. No genotype x plant density interactions with respect to grain yield were recorded, indicating that yield formation at main stems and branches was affected by cropping conditions similarly in both genotypes. This applies to the conditions of the experiments, where stress effects were absent. Under these conditions, the conventional genotype showed agronomic, but no physiological disadvantages.     

水稻不同穗型对冠层特征及群体光分布和物质生产的影响

研究了水稻不同穗型对冠层特征及群体光分布和物质生产的影响，结果表明，水稻不同穗型群体在光分布、消光系数；冠层形成与发展，以及干物质生产速率等方面存在明显差异，与半直立或弯曲穗型群体相比，在叶面积指数相同情况下，直立穗型群体的消光系数低，群体内部光分布比较均匀，因此，在叶面积较大时，直立穗型群体的干物质生产和产量高于半直立或弯曲穗型群体。但在叶面积指数较小时，弯曲穗型群体的光吸收量相对较多，更有利于     

Strahlungsnutzung durch Bestände ölreicher Körnerfruchtarten — Winterraps, Öllein und Sonnenblume im Vergleich

Radiation use by oil seed crops — a comparison of winter rape, linseed and sunflower For the production of grain crops rich in oil, winter rape, linseed and sunflower are similarly suitable at many arable locations. We wanted to compare the extent to which radiation (PAR) is intercepted and utilized by the individual species for dry matter and yield production. For this purpose, a 2‐year field experiment comprising the factors genotype, N fertilization and soil tillage was conducted. For five phases of crop development, growth rates (CGR, RGR and NAR) and PAR utilization were calculated. At full ripeness, total dry matter, grain, oil and energy yields, the crop‐ and year‐specific PAR supply, its interception and utilization for dry matter production and the resulting energy binding were determined. Due to the different individual vegetation periods, the PAR supply of the crops differed. The crop assimilation areas also differed, with values for winter rape and sunflower higher than those for linseed. The yield productivity of winter rape and sunflower was also higher than that of linseed. N fertilization increased yield to different extents for the different crops. On average, winter rape and sunflower produced the same amounts of dry matter and energy yield. Due to a higher harvest index, sunflower had the highest grain yield, and because the oil concentration in grain was comparatively high sunflower produced the highest oil yield, too. Under cool and wet climate conditions, however, the productivity of sunflower is offset by a relatively high yield risk because of uncertain ripening. The highest PAR utilization by linseed did not compensate for its very short vegetation period in combination with the lowest PAR interception.     

谷子各器官干物质量分配与产量的相关性分析

为了明确谷子各器官干物质量分配情况及其与产量的关系,本研究以6个比较有代表性的品种为研究对象,对其单株干物质量、收获指数、各器官干物质分配情况和产量的差异进行了比较研究。结果显示:不同品种谷子各器官干物质量分配规律基本一致,即穗比例>茎比例>叶比例>叶鞘比例抑根比例。杂交种‘长杂谷466’(CZ466)收获指数、单穗重和产量均是最大,株高较低;常规种‘长生13’(CS13)株高最低,产量及收获指数较高。所有品种谷子穗干物质量与单株总干物质量均显著正相关;叶鞘干物质量与穗干物质量均呈显著正相关。综上表明CZ466和CS13是2个产量高、株高矮、收获指数高的优良品种;推断谷子叶鞘和单株总干物质量与产量有较密切的相关性,其他器官干物质量与产量的相关性因品种而异。     

新疆大豆生产及生态的研究——Ⅰ.开花期缺水和遮光处理对大豆干物质生产及株型的影响

为了查明在新疆自然条件下,土壤水份和光照强度对大豆干物质生产和生态的影响,进行了4种灌溉量和4种光照率处理的裂区试验,在开花期处理1个月.试验期间使用了计算机控制下的数据采集系统,对供试作物在缺水和遮阴条件下,大豆群体内的光环境进行了调查,对大豆的物质生产、生态和受光态势的变化进行了研究.结果证明,缺水和遮阴都会使大豆叶面积减少,最终导致干物质生产量减少.水分和光环境的变化都将影响干物质分配率、株型和受光态势,但所影响的内容却不完全相同.缺水和遮阴都将影响单产和干物质生产量,特别是缺水对所有的产量构成要素均产生不利的影响,缺水还将促使叶片提早老化,使大豆植株早衰,对大豆产生不可逆的极大的影响.     

Effects of climate on different potato genotypes 1. Radiation interception, total and tuber dry matter production

In 11 field trials in Rwanda, Tunisia and The Netherlands, the total dry matter production and tuber dry matter production of eight potato cultivars were analysed in terms of radiation interception and radiation use efficiency. The variation in length of the growing season was the most important factor explaining the differences in both total and tuber dry matter production among cultivars and sites. Radiation interception was the most important factor because the radiation-use efficiency was negatively correlated with radiation intensity and the variation in harvest index was of minor importance. Variation in length of the growing season among sites was related to daylength and temperature, in that shorter days at emergence and higher temperatures throughout the season resulted in a shorter growth cycle. The extent of these effects differed among cultivars, and it was concluded that climatic effects on tuber dry matter production could be attributed to the effects of temperature and daylength on the length of the growth cycle.     

新疆石河子棉区高密条件下冠层结构和光分布特征

对新疆石河子5个棉花主栽品种全生育期的干物质积累、生长参数、产量和盛铃期的冠层结构、光渗透能力和光分布等进行了测量分析。结果表明,作物生长速率、铃生长率以及子棉产量等均与总受光量呈正相关关系,净同化率则与单位叶面积受光量呈正相关关系,说明受光量是决定干物质生产和产量的重要因素;单位叶面积受光量即光的渗透能力与单位土地面积总受光量呈正相关关系、而与LAI呈负相关关系,说明冠层结构也是影响冠层受光量的主要因素;总受光量与LAI呈显著的正相关关系,说明LAI最大值并未达到最适宜水平。新疆地区棉花高产棉田的主要特征可以总结为叶数少、叶片大、冠层结构为椭圆形。由于叶面积指数尚未达到最适宜水平,增加种植密度可能是提高产量的一个途径。     

北京地区高产小麦品种的冠层形成、光截获和产量

北京地区的小麦在平均亩产突破300公斤之后,要继续高产稳产,极需进一步地改善品种的产量潜力。本研究将叶面积指数(LAI)、光截获(LI)、光衰减系数(?)、叶面积持续时间(LAD)、干物质积累(DMA)、作物生长速度(CGR)等性状与冠层形成联系起来,研究它们与产量的关系。几年来,通过7个高产品种的14个冠层参数对籽粒产量的相关、通径     

Light Interception, Leaf Area Index and Dry Matter Yield in Fodder Sorghum at Different Plant Populations

Fodder sorghum (M. P. Chari) was grown at varying populations to examine its influence on light interception, leaf area index and biomass production. DMY, CGR and IPAR depending on LAI reached maximum at LAI 5 of 150 000 plants ha⁻¹ stand and thus yielded higher biomass. Therefore, physiological potential of fodder sorghum crop was found to be maximum at a population density of 150 000 plants ha⁻¹. Further increases in population developed mutual shading and adversely affected the crop growth rate and dry matter accumulation. Significant linear relationships of dry matter yield with IPAR, plant population densities, LAI and CGR clearly indicate the interdependence of these characters.     

籼、粳超级稻光合物质生产与转运特征的差异研究

为阐明籼、粳超级稻干物质积累及光合生产特征的差异,以江苏地区大面积推广种植的5个超级杂交籼稻组合和5个常规粳型超级稻品种为试验材料,对稻麦两熟制条件下籼、粳超级稻干物质积累、分配、运转及叶面积、光合势、群体生长率、净同化率、秧苗素质、叶型等方面进行了系统的比较研究。结果表明,粳稻生育前期(移栽至拔节期)干物质积累量、光合势、群体生长率、净同化率及上三叶叶长、叶基角、叶开角、披垂度和叶面积衰减率、收获指数均小于籼稻,而生育中后期(拔节至成熟期)干物质积累量、光合势、群体生长率、净同化率及有效叶面积率、高效叶面积率、粒叶比(颖花/叶、实粒/叶、粒重/叶)、最大叶面积指数、总充实量、实收产量、生物产量、茎鞘最大输出量和表观输出量及比率均大于籼稻,差异显著或极显著。虽然粳稻主要生育期单茎干物重均不及籼稻,但群体数量优势保证粳稻具有较高的群体干物质积累量和叶面积,且随着生长发育的持续,群体光合物质生产优势不断加大,群体干物质积累量于抽穗后25 d前后超过籼稻。粳稻灌浆后期(乳熟至成熟期)仍保持强劲生长优势,而灌浆初期(抽穗至乳熟期)茎鞘贮存物质合理输出,有效保障了高效光合层的安全支撑及高积累产量库的流畅充实。高生物学产量的稳定形成和叶面积“稳升缓降”态势以及拔节至成熟期较强的高效光合物质生产,是粳稻光合系统高效持续产出、灌浆充实多及高产形成的重要特征和原因。     

Sugarcane Breeding Institute,Coimbatore, India Effect of Different Levels of Drought during the Formative Phase on Growth Parameters and its Relationship with Dry Matter Accumulation in Sugarcane

A field experiment was conducted at Coimbatore (11° N, 77° E), India during the 1996 and 1997 crop seasons, using four commercial sugarcane varieties (Co 8021, Co 419, Co 8208 and Co 6304), to study the effect of three levels of drought (severe, moderate and control) during the formative phase (60–150 days after planting) on growth determinants and their relationship with dry matter accumulation. The reduction in dry matter content was 60.8, 52.4 and 25.9 % in severe drought and 46.3, 36.3 and 15.1 % in moderate drought at the ends of the formative, grand growth and maturity phases, respectively. High net assimilation rate, optimum leaf area index, high crop growth rate and an early shift in dry matter allocation to the stem were found to be desirable for higher biomass production, especially under water‐limited drought conditions. Measurement of growth parameters such as net assimilation rate, relative growth rate, leaf area index and leaf area duration under drought and crop growth rate and stalk elongation rate under normal irrigated conditions, particularly during the formative phase, might help to predict total dry matter at harvest. Leaf area ratio was not found to correlate with total dry matter at harvest in either drought or normal irrigated conditions.     

Growth Analysis of Onion (Allium cepa L.) in Relation to Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilization

Studies were carried out at the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore during winter seasons of 1982—83 and 1983—84 to analyse the growth rhythm of onion in relation to irrigation and N fertilization. It was observed that irrigation at 0.45 to 0.65 bar soil water potential recorded higher dry matter accumulation and distribution, leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), leaf area ratio (LAR) and crop growth rate (CGR) during most of the stages, while net assimilation rate (NAR) and relative growth rate (RGR) were not markedly affected. Highest harvest index was noticed with irrigation at 0.65 bar.
Nitrogen fertilization significantly increased dry matter accumulation and distribution into different parts, LAI, LAD, LAR, CGR and harvest index. Although NAR and RGR showed an increasing trend with N fertilization, the effect was not significant during most of the stages. There was no significant interaction between soil water potential and N fertilization on any of the growth parameters.     

Growth Analysis in Relation to Pigeonpea Improvement

An attempt was made to assess possible constraints to higher production, with respect to partitioning of total dry matter to reproductive sinks in early pigeonpea. Growth, dry matter accumulation and yield components were determined in four diverse genotypes under four dates of sowing and different plant densities. Data on growth characteristics, dry matter accumulation (vegetative and reproductive) were obtained for three sowings, while the data on yield components were obtained for two dates of sowing. Growth analysis showed that the total dry matter was low upto 30 days after sowing and increased linearly upto 120 days. Coversely, LAD was high for the first 30 days and reduced at later stages of growth. The mean LAI of genotypes did not very much at initial stage of growth. However, it has given interesting picture during 70 to 90 days of growth. The higher biological yield and seed yield were attributable to high LAI and LAD coupled with thick stem, more effective branches, more pods per plant and larger raceme length. Harvest index was the maximum with increased plant populations in all sowings. Indeterminate varieties under high plant density and narrow row spacing (50 cm) developed a large leaf area and were presumably able to make better use of light. Growth and branching of individual plants were reduced at the higher plant population, but on per unit basis more dry matter was produced. It is suggested that breeding should be concentrated to improve an inability to accumulate adequate vegetative dry matter for the maintenance and filling of pods, may force the plant to continue vegetative production into the reproductive dry matter to support production of ultimate seed yield.     

不同增温措施对西南山区春玉米产量的影响

对西南山区春玉米采用起垄直播覆膜、起垄覆膜育苗打孔移栽、起垄直播覆膜再加苗期拱棚双增温3种增温措施,研究不同增温措施对春玉米生育期、叶面积指数、干物质积累与分配及产量的影响。试验结果表明,3种增温措施使春玉米的生育时期提前,缩短生育期17～19d,提高春玉米不同生育时期叶面积指数,增加"光合源",提高干物质积累及最终向子粒库的转运(收获指数),增产幅度分别达11.48%、9.85%和14.93%,提高经济效益分别达571元/hm2、164元/hm2和256元/hm2。综合以上试验结果,西南山区春玉米生产栽培中以起垄直播覆膜为宜。     

Physiological Performance of Wheat (Triticum aestivum dwarf.) Under Irrigated Situation

The objective was to study the behaviour of 20 dwarf wheats in a field trial under irrigated situation and also to suggest parameters or group of parameters conducive to high yield. Considerable variability existed in respect of tillering and earing, LAI, net photosynthetic rate, total dry matter production rate (TDMPR), harvest index, number of grains per main and subsidiary ears and grain size (1000 grain weight). Number of grains per main and subsidiary ears, total grains per plant, rate of net photosynthesis, leaf area and harvest index as well as total dry matter production rates were found to be positively correlated with grain yield and as such contributed maximum towards grain yield.
Thus, in general, it may be concluded that there should be minimum reduction in grain numbers between the main ear and the subsidiary ears, for this seems to be the one of causes of reduction in grain yield. Besides, there ought to be high ratio between net photosynthetic rate and dark respiration because large amount of dry matter is otherwise lost through respiration and many not be available for grains. High harvest index and high biological yield are also desirable characters which may be combined to obtain higher yields in wheats.     

Crop nitrogen demand and canopy area expansion in winter wheat during vegetative growth

The effect of nitrogen (N) on crop growth and productivity is mediated through effects on both light interception (green crop area) and radiation use efficiency (RUE). The effects of N nutrition on these factors were studied using data on green area index (GAI), above-ground dry matter and N uptake from growth analysis measurements in winter wheat from a number of experiments in Denmark with different application rates of N. Only measurements taken prior to anthesis were used in the statistical analyses. The N uptake was found to be proportional to GAI, and to have an additional curvilinear response to dry matter implying decreasing N concentration with increasing dry matter. This supports the hypothesis that nitrogen is associated with both the green surfaces of the crop canopy and with the dry matter component. A model of GAI expansion is presented incorporating three limiting factors: an exponential increase in GAI in thermal time, a minimum leaf area ratio, and a minimum ratio of GAI to N content in above-ground dry matter. This simple function has potential to be used as a tool for targeting timing and rates of N fertilisation in relation to a desired development of GAI. Such N application strategies should also consider the nitrogen nutrition index (NNI), which was defined based on the relationship between N uptake and both GAI and dry matter. The response of RUE to NNI showed a curvilinear response with a tendency for saturation at high NNI. The design of N application strategies should therefore ensure that low NNI is avoided during the most productive periods in the growing season.     

嘉早935水稻覆膜旱栽的物质积累及运转研究

对嘉早935水稻覆膜旱作与常规水作栽培的干物质积累、运转及N、P、K的积累、利用进行了比较研究.结果表明,虽然旱作水稻灌浆结实期茎叶干物质向穗部的分配比例较高,茎叶干物质输出率、表观转换率和收获指数高于水作水稻,但孕穗后特别是齐穗～成熟期干物质积累量较低,最终粒重和产量明显低于水作.旱作水稻孕穗前N积累较快,而齐     

不同播期和播种量对冬小麦生长特征和产量的影响

为研究播期和播种量对冬小麦生长和产量的影响,设置3个播期和3个播种量,研究小麦干物质积累转运、叶面积和群体光能截获以及产量的变化特征。结果表明,随播期的推迟,干物质积累量降低,每推迟1个播期,干物质积累降低0.13~0.37t/hm²,花前干物质转运量随播期的推迟呈降低趋势,随播种量增加而增加。花后光合同化物积累量则随播期的推迟呈先升高后降低的趋势,随播种量的增加逐渐降低。光能利用率随播期推迟和播种量增加均呈先增加后减小的趋势。在10月4日播种,播种量160kg/hm²时,花后干物质同化物较多,光能利用率达到最大值,2年平均产量达到最大值,为8257.84kg/hm²,是适合当地的播期和播种量种植组合。     

两个不同适应性冬小麦品种的竞争能力

采用生态学中的de Wit替代系列法研究了当前山东省高产广适性冬小麦品种鲁麦21和仅适应局部地区种植的冬小麦品种烟农15在混播条件下的竞争结局,并对其生长特性、资源分配模式及相关性状的差异进行了比较研究. 在混播条件下鲁麦21较烟农15具有明显的竞争优势, 具有更强的占有和利用共同资源的能力. 分蘖数、单位面积穗数、穗     

Nitrogen and Carbofuran Effects on the Growth and Yield Performance of Mungbean (Vigna radiata [L.] Wilczek)

Studies were carried out both in the semi-controlled environment and in the field to evaluate the influence of nitrogen and carbofuran in the growth, dry matter partitioning and yield of mungbean. Both nitrogen and carbofuran increased leaf area, leaf N content, NAR, dry matter, most of the yield attributes, and grain yield. Dry matter accumulation during the reproductive phase was significantly influenced by nitrogen and carbofuran, and method of N application. Plants treated with nitrogen fertilizer and carbofuran produced higher amount of dry matter after flowering; but gave low harvest index values compared to control. The results suggest that mungbean yield can be substantially increased through efficient dry matter partitioning employing agronomic manipulations.