日粮添加脂肪细胞膜蛋白抗体对猪胴体品质和脂肪代谢相关激素和酶活性的影响

 【目的】 研究口服型脂肪细胞膜蛋白抗体对生长肥育猪胴体品质和代谢的影响及其作用机理。【方法】 体重27 kg左右的杜×长•梅三元杂交商品猪160头，随机分成试验组和对照组。试验组基础日粮中添加75 mg•kg-1脂肪细胞膜蛋白抗体，对照组在基础日粮中添加等量阴性抗体辅料，饲喂104d后屠宰，采集血液和组织样品。用放射免疫法测定血清胰岛素（insulin）和瘦素（leptin）浓度,组织学方法测量脂肪细胞直径，分光光度法测定脂肪组织DNA、RNA浓度、脂肪组织氧化型辅酶Ⅱ-苹果酸脱氢酶（NADP-MDH）活性以及脂肪与肌肉组织中脂蛋白脂酶（LPL）活性。【结果】 试验组平均日增重及瘦肉率分别提高13.03%（P<0.01）和10.30%（P<0.01），背膘厚以及肾周脂肪、肠系膜脂肪和皮下脂肪比率分别下降24.14%（P<0.01）、27.27%（P<0.05）、20.42%（P<0.01）和29.21%（P<0.01），而肌内脂肪含量则不受影响；试验组血清insulin浓度降低26.19%（P<0.05）,leptin 浓度下降26.53%（P<0.05）；不同部位脂肪细胞的直径显著降低；脂肪组织NADP-MDH活性变化不显著；脂肪组织脂蛋白脂酶活性以及脂肪组织与肌肉组织脂蛋白脂酶活性的比值显著下降（P<0.05）。【结论】口服脂肪细胞膜蛋白抗体可显著改善猪的胴体品质；血清insulin、leptin以及组织脂蛋白脂酶活性的改变可能参与这种作用的调节。     

Estimation of total body fat from potassium-40 content

On the assumption that the potassium content of the lean body mass is constant, it should be possible to estimate fat content in living man from a measurement of potassium-40 activity in the whole-body scintillation counter. A series of such measurements on children and young adults shows good correlations with skin-fold thickness and weight/height ratio as indices of fatness.     

猪胴体瘦肉率活体估测的研究

利用超声活体测膘仪了８１头同胞测定猪和杂交组合猪胴体瘦肉率的活体估测。结果表明,瘦肉率活体估测较实际剥离低７．７４３２％,。均值差异极显,但变异系数和标准误二十分接近;腰部、胸部边膘及胸部眼肌厚与瘦肉率活体估测的相关系数分别为－０．９０１４、－０．９１２８、０．５２１７,与实际剥离的相关系数分别为－０．６０４５、＝０．７６３１、０．５２０９,瘦肉率活体估测与实际剥离的相关系数为０．７７４９,均     

Extended longevity in mice lacking the insulin receptor in adipose tissue

Caloric restriction has been shown to increase longevity in organisms ranging from yeast to mammals. In some organisms, this has been associated with a decreased fat mass and alterations in insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) pathways. To further explore these associations with enhanced longevity, we studied mice with a fat-specific insulin receptor knockout (FIRKO). These animals have reduced fat mass and are protected against age-related obesity and its subsequent metabolic abnormalities, although their food intake is normal. Both male and female FIRKO mice were found to have an increase in mean life-span of approximately 134 days (18%), with parallel increases in median and maximum life-spans. Thus, a reduction of fat mass without caloric restriction can be associated with increased longevity in mice, possibly through effects on insulin signaling.     

猪脂类指标及其与胴体性状相关性的研究

用在相同条件下肥育的长白、雅南及其杂交猪,测定皮下脂肪、板油和五块肌肉的主要脂类含量和脂肪酸组成。结果表明:(1)粗脂肪、胆固醇含量、碘价和脂肪酸组成,在品种间存在着显著差异;(2)粗脂肪、胆固醇含量、碘价和脂肪酸组成在品种不同部位存在明显差异;(3)胴体瘦肉率与肌肉中粗脂肪、胆固醇含量、脂肪酸的饱和度均呈负相关,与碘价呈正相关;(4)典型相关分析,腰大肌、肌二头肌、脂肪、板油的脂类指标与胴体性状相关(P<0.01),背最长肌、脂肪的脂类指标与肉质性状相关(P<0.01),胴体性状与体尺指标、肉质性状相关(P<0.01)。     

东北民猪、长白猪和三江白猪主要组织异速生长模式的研究

文中指出,考察的组织的早熟性顺位,民猪为骨骼>肌肉>皮肤>腹外脂肪>总脂肪>板油,而长白猪和三江猪为骨骼>皮肤>肌肉>腹外脂肪>总脂肪>板油。肌体组成在多数情况下长白猪具有较高瘦肉率和较低脂肪率,所有各屠宰期长白猪与三江猪之间在瘦肉率和总脂肪率上差异均不显著。各组织阶段增重比值:随着活重的增长各脂肪性状的阶段增重比值相应增加,而肌肉组织的相对增长比值在活重15—30公斤阶段各品种猪均达最高值,此后,民猪显著递降,三江猪缓慢递降而长白猪为降—升—降的态势。     

Fat metabolism links germline stem cells and longevity in C. elegans

Fat metabolism, reproduction, and aging are intertwined regulatory axes; however, the mechanism by which they are coupled remains poorly understood. We found that germline stem cells (GSCs) actively modulate lipid hydrolysis in Caenorhabditis elegans, which in turn regulates longevity. GSC arrest promotes systemic lipolysis via induction of a specific fat lipase. Subsequently, fat mobilization is promoted and life span is prolonged. Constitutive expression of this lipase in fat storage tissue generates lean and long-lived animals. This lipase is a key factor in the lipid hydrolysis and increased longevity that are induced by decreased insulin signaling. These results suggest a link between C. elegans fat metabolism and longevity.     

Mitochondrial dysfunction and type 2 diabetes

Maintenance of normal blood glucose levels depends on a complex interplay between the insulin responsiveness of skeletal muscle and liver and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells. Defects in the former are responsible for insulin resistance, and defects in the latter are responsible for progression to hyperglycemia. Emerging evidence supports the potentially unifying hypothesis that both of these prominent features of type 2 diabetes are caused by mitochondrial dysfunction.     

Fish oil prevents insulin resistance induced by high-fat feeding in rats

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is an increasingly prevalent disease in Western and developing societies. A major metabolic abnormality of non-insulin-dependent diabetes is impaired insulin action (insulin resistance). Diets high in fat from vegetable and nonaquatic animal sources (rich in linoleic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid, and saturated fats) lead to insulin resistance. In rats fed high-fat diets, replacement of only 6 percent of the linoleic omega-6 fatty acids from safflower oil with long-chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil prevented the development of insulin resistance. The effect was most pronounced in the liver and skeletal muscle, which have important roles in glucose supply and demand. The results may be important for therapy or prevention of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.     

Continuous fatty acid oxidation and reduced fat storage in mice lacking acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2

Malonyl-coenzyme A (malonyl-CoA), generated by acetyl-CoA carboxylases ACC1 and ACC2, is a key metabolite in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Here, we show that Acc2-/- mutant mice have a normal life span, a higher fatty acid oxidation rate, and lower amounts of fat. In comparison to the wild type, Acc2-deficient mice had 10- and 30-fold lower levels of malonyl-CoA in heart and muscle, respectively. The fatty acid oxidation rate in the soleus muscle of the Acc2-/- mice was 30% higher than that of wild-type mice and was not affected by addition of insulin; however, addition of insulin to the wild-type muscle reduced fatty acid oxidation by 45%. The mutant mice accumulated 50% less fat in their adipose tissue than did wild-type mice. These results raise the possibility that pharmacological manipulation of ACC2 may lead to loss of body fat in the context of normal caloric intake.     

肉鸡肥度性状RAPD标记的研究——RAPD标记与肉鸡肥度性状关联的检测分析

以初步筛选的肉鸡VLDL-RAPD关联引物扩增检测第三世代肉鸡高、低脂系个体的基因型,寻找与肥度性状相关联的RAPD标记谱带。初步结果表明,随机引物A-08在第三世代肉鸡高、低脂系的扩增产物存在明显差异,其中150bp位点的扩增产物高脂系表现为单一条带,而低脂系表现为两条扩增带。重复检验结论相同。     

巴什拜羊瘦肉型新品系的培育及其生产性能分析

[目的]培育瘦肉型巴什拜羊新品系.[方法]纯巴什拜羊及其野生盘羊杂交培育的瘦肉型巴什拜羊新品系21的产肉性能数量性状指标、不同饲养季节的肉成分;同时,对体型外貌的遗传变异也进行了测量对比.[结果]两者在产肉性能上相差不大,但小尾型巴什拜羊新品系总脂肪比纯巴什拜羊减少3 910 g,瘦肉增加1 500 g,大腿肌厚和腰肌厚度各增厚0.5 cm,背部脂肪层减薄1 cm,腰部脂肪层减薄1.5 cm,脂臀减少85.3;,瘦肉增加14.2;,不同季节肉成分中总蛋白含量变化不大,但总脂肪和胆固醇含量变化幅度较大.[结论]新品系的体型野生基因占优势,毛质和毛色巴什拜羊占优势.     

姜曲海猪瘦肉型品系基础亲本若干经济性状比较

姜曲海猪瘦肉型品系的选育以杜枫姜猪 (杜洛克猪、太湖猪与姜曲海猪杂交而成 )为基础亲本。试验结果表明 :杜枫姜猪与杜姜猪、枫姜猪、姜曲海猪相比 ,平均日增重、饲料转化率、后腿比例和胴体瘦肉率均有所提高 ,而胴体平均背膘厚、骨皮比例和脂肪比例均有所下降 ,肌纤维直径变粗 ,肌内脂肪含量适宜 ,具备了新品系选育的种质条件     

运动对骨骼肌胰岛素功能影响

随着经济发展、人们生活方式改变,糖尿病已严重威胁人类健康。胰岛素抵抗是2型糖尿病发生的关键因素,从胰岛素合成后与胰岛素受体结合到实现生理效应的一系列过程中,都可能发生异常。运动疗法能够提高组织对胰岛素的敏感性,提高机体维持血糖稳定的激素调节能力。查阅了近年来国内外有关运动干预骨骼肌胰岛素功能的研究情况,分析了运动对骨骼肌胰岛素影响的主要因素,以及不同运动形式对骨骼肌胰岛素的影响。     

运用计算机断层扫描技术活体评估种公猪瘦肉率、脂肪率和肌内脂肪含量

【目的】通过研究计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)技术在活体评估种公猪胴体与肉质性状中的准确性,实现对表型组进行智能测定,为种猪的选育和精细化饲养管理提供技术参数。【方法】选择体重相近((42.02±1.05)kg)、健康状况良好的杜洛克公猪40头,饥饿处理24 h后,采取耳缘静脉注射麻醉剂,实行全身性麻醉。将猪只按照头前尾后俯卧姿势置于CT扫描床上,通过16排螺旋CT平扫获取原始图像序列。利用图像处理技术对获取的图像进行图像薄层重建与去噪、图像多平面重建和图像分割,进而对图像进行定量分析,并结合B超活体测定和屠宰测定评估了种公猪的胴体组成、背膘厚、眼肌深度、眼肌面积、胴体直长和胴体斜长等胴体性状;以屠宰测定瘦肉率为因变量,CT活体测定背膘厚、眼肌深度、眼肌面积、胴体直长和胴体斜长为自变量,运用偏最小二乘回归分析构建种猪胴体瘦肉率的预测模型;采用索氏提取法测定背最长肌、臀中肌和半膜肌样品中肌内脂肪(intramuscular fat,IMF)含量,并与CT活体评估对应部位肌内脂肪含量进行相关性分析。【结果】在对CT活体评估与屠宰测定瘦肉率、脂肪率、骨率、皮率...     

Flight at low ambient humidity increases protein catabolism in migratory birds

Although fat is the primary fuel for migratory flight in birds, protein is also used. Catabolism of tissue protein yields five times as much water per kilojoule as fat, and so one proposed function of protein catabolism is to maintain water balance during nonstop flights. To test the protein-for-water hypothesis, we flew Swainson's thrushes (Catharus ustulatus) in a climatic wind tunnel under high- and low-humidity conditions at 18°C for up to 5 hours. Flight under dry conditions increased the rates of lean mass loss and endogenous water production and also increased plasma uric acid concentration. These data demonstrate that atmospheric humidity influences fuel composition in flight and suggest that protein deposition and catabolism during migration are, in part, a metabolic strategy to maintain osmotic homeostasis during flight.     

雅南猪数量性状遗传参数的初步估测及性状相关通径分析的研究报告

5头雅南公猪与22头雅南母猪的56头后代,在相同条件下,估测肥育性能、胴体性状和体态结构的遗传参数。结果是:膘厚(0.0177)、板油重(0.1115)、肩胸重(0.1201)的遗传率值偏低;胴体瘦肉率(0.8012)、胴体长(0.8459)、平均日增重(0.7770)偏高,其余性状与国内地方品种估测值接近。眼肌面积、腿臀重与腹围之间呈极强烈的遗传负相关(-0.9774、-0.6835)。体长与眼肌面积、瘦肉率间呈极强烈的正遗传相关(0.9004、0.5003)。与膘厚、腹围呈极显著负遗传相关。通过性状相关的通径分析,建立了间接估测胴体瘦肉率的“最优”回归方程。     

几种淡水商品鱼背、腹肉一般成分的季节变化

本文研究了鲢、鳙、草鱼、团头鲂、鲫背、腹肉蛋白质、脂肪等的季节变化及其有关营养、风味特点，发现5种鱼背肉脂肪含量12个月平均值均低于1％；蛋白质含量平均值在17．3—18．5％之间．不存在季节变化；是一种典型的高蛋白、低脂肪食物。反之，腹肉脂肪含量在2．2—9．7％之间．具有较多的脂肪和较好的风味。针对这种特点．鲢、鳙、草鱼等大型鱼采取背部、腹部分别加工是可取的。此外还测定证实鲢肌肉中含有较多的EPA和DHA。     

B超活体测定猪背膘厚和眼肌面积的研究

应用B超仪对 3个猪种共 2 0头猪的背膘厚、眼肌面积进行了活体测定 ,分析其测定结果与A超活体、屠宰后胴体及胴体瘦肉率的关系 ,探讨B超在猪育种中的应用价值。结果表明 :同一性状B超活体测定值与A超活体、胴体之间的相关性极显著 (p <0 .0 1) ;B超活体测定猪背膘厚与胴体瘦肉率为负相关 ,B超活体测定眼肌面积与胴体瘦肉率为正相关 ,皆达极显著水平 (p <0 .0 1) ,并建立了胴体瘦肉率对B超活体测定背膘厚和眼肌面积的二元线性回归方程。     

几种淡水商品鱼背、腹肉一般成分的季节变化

本文研究了鲢、鳙、草鱼、团头鲂、鲫背、腹肉蛋白质、脂肪等的季节变化及其有关营养、风味特点，发现5种鱼背肉脂肪含量12个月平均值均低于1％；蛋白质含量平均值在17．3—18．5％之间．不存在季节变化；是一种典型的高蛋白、低脂肪食物。反之，腹肉脂肪含量在2．2—9．7％之间．具有较多的脂肪和较好的风味。针对这种特点．鲢、鳙、草鱼等大型鱼采取背部、腹部分别加工是可取的。此外还测定证实鲢肌肉中含有较多的EPA和DHA。