水稻硅吸收动力学参数固定方法的研究

本文采用常规耗竭法和改进耗竭法研究了水稻苗期硅的吸收动力学参数,着重对测定方法、数据处理方式及参数的量纲表示等进行了初步探讨。结果表明,不同的试验方法、数据处理方式及不同的量纲表示得到的水稻苗期硅吸收动力学参数值的大小不同。为使试验结果真实可靠,应该用不同的数据处理方式对数据进行处理并用相关系数的大小对数据作出评价。在本试验中,根据相关系数的大小得出,改进耗竭法优于常规耗竭法;不同的数据处理方式中,作图法得到的数据准确性最高;Vmax用mg/(g.h),DW作量纲时得到的硅吸收动力参数值较为合理。     

复石灰水稻土的生产能力与水稻的养分吸收

在复石灰水稻土上进行的长期定位研究结果表明 ,在氮、磷充足供应、不施钾肥的条件下 ,土壤每年提供的钾素约 5 4.0kg/hm2 ,水稻产量在 60 0 0kg/hm2 左右。施用钾肥增产高达 60 %以上 ,当钾肥供应不足时 ,可用丰富的稻草部分替代 ;水稻产量与主要养分的吸收量呈极显著的正相关。氮、钾吸收量对水稻产量的影响不同 :早稻N优于K ,晚稻相反 ,K优于N。     

镁、钾相互作用对水稻生长、养分吸收及有关生理特性的影响

在温室条件下,采用液体培养方法研究了Mg、K相互作用对水稻生长、养分吸收以及有关生理特性的影响。结果表明,在低Mg浓度条件下,水稻植株干物质积累随K浓度增加而减少;在高Mg条件下水稻植株干物质积累随K浓度增加而相应增加。在低Mg条件下,高浓度K显著抑制植株对Mg、K、N和P的吸收;在高Mg浓度下,植株对Mg、K、N和P的吸收有促进作用。植株叶片叶绿素含量在低Mg条件下随K浓度增加而减少,在高Mg条件下K浓度增加对叶绿素含量无显著影响。叶片硝酸还原酶活性和可溶性蛋白质含量随Mg浓度增加而增加,而K浓度增加对叶片硝酸还原酶活性和可溶性蛋白质含量无明显影响。高Mg条件下的叶片可溶性糖和淀粉含量明显高于低Mg处理,并随K浓度增加而提高。Mg、K营养拈抗作用主要表现在低Mg高K浓度条件下抑制Mg的吸收。     

酸性水稻土有机磷分组法的探讨

本文研究了Ｂｏｗｍａｎ－Ｃｏｌｅ土壤有机磷有效性分组法应用于酸性水稻土所存在的若干问题。并在该法的基础上提出了一种改进法。结果表明：改进法比Ｂｏｗｍａｎ－Ｃｏｌｅ法能更好地将易矿化的（如ＲＮＡ，磷脂等），中度易矿化的（如植酸钙）和难矿化的（如植酸铁）有机磷化合物区分开来。改进法所测的结果比Ｂｏｗｍａｎ－Ｃｏｌｅ法提高了活性有机磷的数量和中度活性有机磷的质量，增加了稳定性有机磷应有的数量，改善了ＨＡ     

水稻吸收离子动力学及离子相互作用

动力学参数K_m（米氏常数,反映载体活性中心与离子的亲和力）和V_max（离子最大吸收速度,与载体的数目和载体的转运效率有关）值是植物吸收养分数学模拟必不可少的两个参数,然而这两个参数受植物所处环境的影响,而受介质中共存离子（包括H⁺）的影响尤深^[1-6]。     

酸性低钾土硫酸钾镁肥对花生生长及养分吸收的影响

在供钾水平较低的酸性赤砂土上,采用盆栽试验方法研究硫酸钾镁对花生生长发育及养分吸收的影响,结果表明:随硫酸钾镁用量的增加,花生经济产量与生物总量呈先增加后降低的趋势.施硫酸钾镁513mg·kg-1(土)处理(相当于每千克土施K2O 0.12 g、Mg 0.028 g、S 0.09 g),花生产量最高,经济产量与生物总量分别较对照增加20.2%和32.2%.随硫酸钾镁用量的增加,植株对钾、镁、硫各吸收量均有不同程度增加,其中对钾、硫吸收量呈逐渐升高的趋势,而对镁吸收量呈先升高后降低的趋势,植株对钾、镁吸收表现正相关.随硫酸钾镁用量的增加,花生果仁粗蛋白与粗脂肪均较对照有所提高,粗蛋白含量呈逐渐增加,而粗脂肪含量却呈逐渐下降趋势.在酸性低钾、中镁、潜在性缺硫的赤砂土上,花生施用硫酸钾镁肥,钾镁养分吸收里显著正相关,但钾硫相关性不明显.     

喷施山梨醇螯合钙对花生生长及钾、钙、镁吸收的影响

为探究不同山梨醇螯合钙喷施浓度对花生生长及养分吸收的影响,采用大田试验,以花育22号为试材,在施基肥基础上设置5个钙素喷施浓度处理(以Ca²⁺计,单位g/L):0 (CK)、1.4 (T1)、1.6 (T2)、1.8 (T3)与2.0 (T4),测定了各处理对花生光合作用、收获期产量、品质、各器官干物质积累量及钾、钙、镁含量的影响。结果表明：(1)与CK处理相比,喷施山梨醇螯合钙提高了叶片SPAD值,促进了花生光合作用,尤其在结荚期;(2)喷施山梨醇螯合钙能提高花生产量及粗脂肪、粗蛋白含量,其中T2处理较CK处理分别提高11.48%、5.74%、7.82%;(3)喷施山梨醇螯合钙能够显著增加籽仁干物质积累量,有效提高花生生殖器官干物质占比,降低营养器官干物质分配比例,以T3处理改善效果较为突出,其次是T2处理;(4)喷施山梨醇螯合钙对花生各器官钾、钙、镁含量的影响不同,但总体上促进了花生对养分的吸收。主成分分析结果表明,喷施山梨醇螯合钙显著影响了花生生长发育。综合来看,喷施Ca²⁺浓度为1.6～1.8 g/L的山梨醇螯合钙对花生增产提质效果更...     

紫色水稻土硅有效性的研究

通过田间试验和土壤培养试验研究了紫色水稻土有效硅含量的概况，影响因素及施硅效应。结果表明，紫色水稻土施硅肥有不同程度的增产效应，增产幅度〉１０％的土壤占５５％。土壤有效硅含量为红紫泥田〈灰棕紫泥田〈红棕紫泥田。     

不同铵硝配比下不同硅效应水稻的硅吸收动力学特征

将水稻移植到0.2 mmol/L Ca SO4溶液中饥饿2 d,采用改进耗竭法研究了3种铵硝配比条件下3个不同硅效应水稻(耐低硅的硅高效水稻特优998和不耐低硅的硅高效水稻特优248以及硅不敏感水稻博Ⅱ优15)硅吸收动力学特征。结果表明:作图法和双倒数法动力学方程准确性高,达到极显著水平;不同铵硝配比条件水稻硅吸收动力学曲线均符合Michaelis-Menten酶动力学模型的描述;铵硝配比对不同的硅效应水稻的硅载体数量影响不显著,显著影响水稻对硅的亲和力。本实验条件下铵硝配比50/50有利于水稻特优248对硅的吸收,铵硝比75/25时吸收速率最低;特优998对硅有较高的亲和力,可能是其耐低硅高效的遗传性差别。     

Dissolution of slag fertilizers in a paddy soil and Si uptake by rice plant

Abstract

Maize (Zea mays L.) cv. Ganga 2 was grown in refined sand at three levels of copper: deficient (0.00065 mg L^-1), adequate (0.065 mg L^-1), and excess (6.5 mg L^-1), each at three levels, deficient (0.00065 mg L^-1), adequate (0.065 mg L^-1), and excess (6.5 mg L^-1) of zinc. Excess Cu magnified the zinc deficiency effects in maize by lowering further the biomass, the concentration of leaf Zn, activities of carbonic anhydrase, aldolase, and ribonuclease and intensified the visible foliar symptoms of Zn deficiency. The effects of Cu deficiency, low dry weight, the concentration of leaf Cu and activities of cytochrome oxidase and polyphenol oxidase were enhanced by excess Zn. Synergism was observed between combined deficiency of Cu and Zn and Cu or Zn deficiency, because the depression in the parameters characteristic of Cu or Zn deficiency was more pronounced when both Cu and Zn were deficient than when Cu or Zn was deficient. Antagonism was observed in some parameters between combined excess of Cu and Zn and Cu or Zn excess. Dry weight was decreased further when both Cu and Zn were in excess than when either Cu or Zn was in excess. After the infiltration of Cu and Zn together to the leaf discs from deficient Cu-deficient Zn treatment, the increase in the concentration of leaf Zn and the activities of aldolase, carbonic anhydrase, polyphenol oxidase, and cytochrome oxidase was more pronounced than after the infiltration of Cu or Zn singly. Discontinuance of excess Zn supply from the excess Zn-deficient Cu treatment increased the concentration of leaf Cu and activities of polyphenol oxidase and cytochrome oxidase and lowered the concentration of Zn. Similarly the discontinuance of excess Cu supply from the leaf discs in the “excess Cu-deficient Zn” treatment increased the leaf Zn concentration and the activities of carbonic anhydrase and aldolase.     

长期施钾对红壤水稻土水稻产量及土壤钾素状况的影响

研究了长期定位施肥试验中连续27年（1981～2007）施用钾肥对水稻产量和土壤钾素状况的影响。本试验选择了其中5个处理:CK（不施肥）、NP（施氮、磷肥）、NPK（施氮、磷、钾肥）、NP+RS（施氮、磷肥和稻草）和NPK+RS（施氮、磷、钾肥和稻草）。结果表明,施钾能明显提高水稻产量,施钾肥的NPK和NPK+RS处理27年的早稻平均产量分别比NP和NP+RS处理增加15.2%和10.9%;晚稻增产17.2%和9.1%;在27年54季水稻种植期间,不同施肥处理早、晚稻产量的变化趋势不同。CK、NP处理的早、晚稻产量随时间的推移呈负变化趋势,而NPK、NP+RS和NPK+RS处理的早、晚稻产量呈正变化趋势。施钾的NPK和NPK+RS处理不同土层中土壤全钾、缓效钾和速效钾含量均高于NP和NP+RS处理的相同土层;除NPK+RS处理外,其它各处理表观钾平衡均为负值,其中CK和NP处理钾的负平衡值最大。长期施用钾肥能提高水稻产量和维持土壤钾素肥力。     

Foliar leaching and root uptake of Ca,Mg and K in relation to acid fog effects on Douglas-fir

The impact of acid fog on foliar leaching and root uptake of Ca, Mg, and K by Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings was examined. In a factorial experiment, 1-year old seedlings were grown in solution culture at two levels of nutrient availability (low and moderate) and exposed twice a week (4 hr per event) for 12 weeks to fog at pH 5.6 or pH 3.1. Throughfall enrichment of Ca, Mg and K was determined from drip collectors at the base of each seedling and root uptake rates for trees under the moderate nutrient regime were evaluated by monitoring nutrient solution depletion. Throughfall enrichment was higher in the pH 3.1 fog than the pH 5.6 fog but much of the enrichment appeared to be wash off of precipitate from previous fogs. The amounts of nutrients coming off of the foliage with the low pH fog were small relative to the daily uptake rates. Foliar concentrations of K and Mg at the end of the exposures were lower under the low nutrient regime but were not affected by fog pH. Comparisons of wax weight and examinations of epicuticular wax by electron microscopy did not indicate a significant impact from exposure to the low pH fog.     

Soil ecological study on dynamics of K,Mg, and Ca,and soil acidity in shifting cultivation in Northern Thailand

Abstract

Soil degradation caused by excessive land use is presently one of the major constraints on sustainable agriculture in the mountainous area of northern Thailand. In order to obtain basic information about soil fertility problems involved in the transition from traditional shifting cultivation to more intensive upland farming, the dynamics of K, Mg, and Ca, and soil acidity in the farming systems of both Karen and Hmong/Thai peoples were investigated. In the fields that lay fallow for more than 5 y, the soils were highly acidic and poor in exchangeable bases, mainly due to the fact that the fallow vegetation rapidly absorbed inorganic bases (K, Mg, and Ca) in the soils. In the fields both under fallow and cropping within 3 y after the slash and burn practice, the high acidity observed in the soils at the fallow stage seemed to be alleviated by ash input with high alkalinity. The aboveground biomass ranged from 9 to 10 t ha^?1 in the 8 y fallow field and the sum of inorganic bases and alkalinity, which were expected to be added to the soils with ash input, ranged from 3 to 4 kmol( + ) ha^?1 or kmol(-) ha^?1 , respectively. In the fields under continuous cultivation for more than 4 y after the slash and burn practice, the subsoils showed a more acidic nature than in the fields immediately after burning. Judging from the high concentrations of inorganic bases in the soil solution from the subsoils, the decrease of the content of exchangeable bases and resulting soil acidification might have proceeded through leaching loss of these bases. Among the exchangeable bases in the soils, Ca and Mg were generally predominant and K occurred as trace. Comparison of the total contents of the bases with the contents of exchangeable ones showed that most of Ca occurred in an exchangeable form while most of K and Mg occurred in the nonexchangeable forms in the soils. Therefore, Ca was likely to be readily depleted along with soil acidification in continuous cultivation.     

Growth and uptake rates of P,K, Ca and Mg in wheat 1

The relation between plant age and nutrient absorption properties of red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) roots were investigated. Understanding the change in ion uptake parameters with increasing plant age is helpful in devising efficient fertilization systems. Such information can be used to determine the nutrient levels needed in the soil to supply nutrients rapidly enough to the root surface to minimize deficiencies. Wheat was grown for periods up to 40 days in solution culture in a controlled climate chamber. Sequential harvest and nutrient influx measurements were made. Shoot growth was exponential with time to 30 days and linear thereafter. Root dry weight increased linearly with time at a slower rate than shoot dry weight. Root length increased linearily with time. With increasing plant age there was a reduction in average P and K uptake rate while average uptake rates for Ca and Mg remained relatively unchanged. With increasing plant age, the maximum influx, I_max. for P and Mg remained constant, but for K and Ca, there was a decrease. For the Michael is constant, Km, no change was observed for P, an increase occurred for K, and a decrease for Ca and Mg, as the wheat plant grew from 5 to 40 days.     

Role of soil redox in growth and fertilizer nitrogen uptake by rice in Thailand paddy soils

Abstract. In a laboratory study, ¹⁵N ammonium fertilizer uptake and rice growth was determined in a non-acid sulphate marine soil (Typic Tropaquept) and an acid sulphate soil (Sulfic Tropaquept). Acid sulphate sensitive (IR 26) and acid sulphate tolerant (IR 46) rice varieties were grown in soil suspensions incubated at four Eh levels (+500, +250, +50, and -150 mV) in microcosms for three weeks. The results showed that rice grown in non-acid sulphate marine soils gave slightly better dry matter weight of 1.8g/pot, greater ¹⁵N uptake of 12.8 mg N/pot, and higher total N uptake of 38.4 mg N/pot than under acid sulphate soil conditions indicating the non-acid marine soil is more favourable to rice culture. Growth as measured by weight of dry matter was significantly reduced from 2.1g/pot under oxidized condition (+500 mV) to 0.8g/pot under highly reduced condition (-150 mV). N uptake by rice was significantly reduced from 16.9 mg/pot at + 500 mV to 4.5 mg N/pot at -150 mV Total N uptake also decreased with decreasing Eh. Growth, ¹⁵N uptake and total N uptake by acid sulphate tolerant rice, IR 46 were significantly higher than the acid sulphate sensitive rice variety, IR 26. Under highly reduced soil conditions (-150 mV), growing rice in acid sulphate soil would require additions of lime, intermittent irrigation and/or mid season drainage in order to increase soil redox potential and remove toxic substances.     

改良剂对反酸田土壤性质与水稻产量的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了不同改良剂在反酸田土壤上的应用效果。结果表明,土壤pH在3.47~4.90范围内,pH与交换性H+和交换性Al3+呈极显著线性负相关关系,而与土壤有效铁和有效硫含量呈显著正相关。不同改良处理在提高作物产量和改良土壤性质方面较对照处理与NPK处理效果明显,且钙镁磷肥、自研改良剂、石灰及碱渣等无机改良剂改良效果显著高于添加腐植酸、精制有机肥、碱性有机肥处理。其改良效果主要体现在提高土壤pH,显著降低土壤交换性H+和交换性Al3+含量,明显增加土壤有效钙和有效镁的含量,改善根系生长环境,增加水稻地上部养分吸收和水稻籽粒产量。综上,初步认为酸害(包括活性酸和潜在酸)是反酸田土壤最主要的限制因子,钙镁磷肥、自研改良剂和石灰等偏碱性且富含有效钙或磷的无机矿物质是农业生产中改良反酸田的适宜改良剂。     

长期不同施肥对红壤性水稻土磷素及水稻磷营养的影响

【目的】合理的土壤磷素管理对作物生产和环境保护具有重要意义。南方双季稻田土壤磷素特征及磷素吸收信息相对缺乏,本文利用江西省稻田土壤质量演变定位监测试验为平台,系统分析长期不同施肥措施下土壤全磷、磷活化系数及水稻磷素吸收量的变化特征和全磷与磷盈亏的响应关系等,为指导磷肥合理施用提供重要科学依据。【方法】从1984年开始在江西省南昌市进行长期定位试验,设置8个处理,分别为不施肥对照(CK),PK、NP、NK、NPK、70%化肥氮+30%有机肥氮(70F+30M)、50%化肥氮+50%有机肥氮(50F+50M)、30%化肥氮+70%有机肥氮(30F+70M)。早稻施用纯N、P2O5和K2O量分别为150、60和150 kg/hm^2,晚稻分别为180、60和150 kg/hm^2。早、晚稻施用的氮、磷、钾化肥均分别为尿素、过磷酸钙和氯化钾,有机肥分别为紫云英(N、P2O5、K2O含量分别为0.30%、0.08%、0.23%)和腐熟猪粪(N、P2O5、K2O含量分别为0.45%、0.19%、0.60%)。除30F+70M处理,其余处理均为等氮磷钾设计。于1984-2012年每年早、晚稻收获期采集秸秆和稻谷计产,并于晚稻收获后,测定土壤全磷和有效磷含量。分析土壤全磷、磷活化系数(PAC)及早、晚稻磷素吸收量随种植年限的变化规律,研究土壤全磷含量与磷累积盈亏的响应关系。【结果】经29年连续试验,NK处理土壤全磷含量以每年4.6 mg/kg的速度下降,而含磷化肥处理土壤全磷含量升高速率为3.3~19.4 mg/(kg·a)。有机无机配施处理(70F+30M、50F+50M和30F+70M)升高速率平均为16.1 mg/(kg·a),是施NPK肥处理的4.89倍。施磷土壤全磷含量平均增至1.07 g/kg (2010-2012平均值),较初始值提高了1.18倍。不施磷肥处理土壤磷活化系数(PCA)由试验初始的4.24%下降至2.5%左右,施磷肥处理则均显著升高,其中有机无机配施处理平均升高至8.51%,平均年升高速率是施NPK处理的2.89倍。早、晚稻磷素吸收量,施磷肥(PK、NP和NPK)和化肥配施有机肥处理(70F+30M、50F+50M和30F+70M)均显著高于CK,提高幅度分别为29.9%~124%和28.6%~103%,均衡施肥(NPK、70F+30M、50F+50M和30F+70M)磷素吸收量显著高于不均衡施肥(PK和NP)处理,前者平均分别较后两者提高了38.7%和32.9%。早、晚稻产量与磷素吸收量呈极显著线性正相关关系,每吸收磷(P) 1 kg,早稻和晚稻产量分别可提高115和106 kg/hm^2。不施肥(CK)条件下,土壤全磷变化与累积磷盈亏间无显著相关关系,施NK肥处理土壤中每亏缺磷100 kg/hm^2,土壤全磷含量降低6.0 mg/kg,施化学磷肥的3个处理,土壤中每盈余磷100 kg/hm^2,平均提高9.3 mg/kg,而3个有机–无机配施处理,土壤中每盈余磷100 kg/hm^2,平均增加63.3 mg/kg,是无机磷肥的6.78倍。【结论】无论是单施化学磷肥,还是有机无机配施均有效提高土壤全磷含量及磷活化系数,且在等磷量投入条件下,有机无机配施较单施化肥的效果更优。建议减少中国南部红壤性稻田土壤的总磷输入量和提高有机肥施用比例,以改善粮食生产和保护环境。     

氮、磷、钾肥与酚对漂洗水稻土硅、铝、铁的活化效应

本研究以四川盆地西缘茶区漂洗水稻土为供试土壤,采用浸提试验探讨尿素（N）、磷酸二氢钙（P）、硫酸钾（K）和邻苯二酚（Phy）对其硅、铝、铁的活化效应（以浸提液硅、铝、铁的浓度表征）,结果表明: 1）各种处理浸提液均以硅的浓度最大,铝次之,铁最小,即活化效应为硅＞铝＞铁; 2）浸提液硅的浓度为NPK+Phy＞NPK P＞Phy＞K CK N处理,说明磷肥通过磷酸根的配位吸附对其活化产生最重要的影响,同时酚类物质也通过弱酸作用促进其活化; 3）浸提液铝的浓度为NPK+Phy＞Phy＞P NPK K N CK处理,说明酚类物质通过与游离铝形成可溶性络合物而对其活化起突出作用,同时磷肥中的钙离子和钾肥中的钾离子也能将强酸性供试土壤中大量交换性铝离子交换而活化; 4）浸提液铁的浓度为NPK+Phy＞Phy＞K P NPK CK N处理,说明酚类物质通过络合溶铁、还原溶铁等作用对其活化做出重大贡献,同时钾肥中的钾离子和磷肥中的钙离子也将土壤胶体吸附的亚铁离子交换而活化; 5）尿素对漂洗水稻土硅、铝、铁均无显著活化效应。综上所述,磷、钾肥和酚类物质是漂洗水稻土中硅、铝、铁活化的重要影响因素。