籼型黑米糊化温度和胶稠度的遗传效应研究

采用禾谷类作物种子胚乳数量性状的遗传模型,分析籼型黑米品种双列杂交F1和F2种子的糊化温度和胶稠度的遗传效应.结果表明,黑米碱消值糊化温度和胶稠度同时受制于种子直接遗传效应、母体效应和细胞质作用影响,其中,种子直接效应和细胞质效应比母体效应的作用更大,且种子直接效应以加性效应占主导.黑米糊化温度的细胞质遗传率     

水稻子粒锰、铁、锌、铜含量的QTL定位分析

利用粳型红香黏品种红香1号与早熟长粒优质粳稻品系松98-131杂交后代F2∶3家系群140个株系,探讨了水稻子粒锰(Mn)、铁(Fe)、锌(Zn)和铜(Cu)含量的遗传变异和相关关系;并对子粒Mn、Fe、Zn和Cu含量进行了QTL定位分析。结果表明,子粒Mn、Fe、Zn、Cu4种矿质元素含量均呈现接近正态的连续分布;除Mn与Fe含量相关不显著外,其他元素间含量都呈显著或极显著正相关。构建了含78个SSR标记的遗传连锁图谱,共检测到与水稻子粒Mn、Fe、Zn、Cu4种矿质元素含量相关的11个QTL,分别位于第2、3、4、5、7、9和12染色体上。其中与Mn含量相关的QTL2个;与Fe含量相关的QTL2个;与Zn含量相关的QTL4个;与Cu含量相关的QTL3个。     

籼-粳杂种稻米几个品质性状的遗传表达

应用莫惠栋等新近提出的p+q十2pq交配设计及其分析方法,分析了籼-粳杂种5个品质性状的遗传表达。试材的p=4, q=5。结果表明:(1)粒长、粒宽的遗传受母株基因型控制,它们在F2米粒(着生在F1植株上)间没有发生遗传分离;糊化温度和直链淀粉含量则在F2米粒间有极显著的遗传分离,故主要受胚乳基因型控制。(2)各性状的遗传变异均以     

籼型杂交早稻稻米品质性状的种子、细胞质和母体遗传效应分析

研究早籼杂交稻稻米品质性状的种子、细胞质和母体遗传效应,能为品质遗传改良提供理论依据.本研究以6个籼型不同胞质类型的三系不育系为母本,5个旱籼恢复系为父本,按不完全双列杂交设计,采用禾谷类作物种子数量性状平均数遗传模型,分析了旱籼杂交稻品质性状的遗传效应.结果表明糙米率、精米率、粒长、垩白粒率、直链淀粉含量、碱消值、整...     

苦荞重组自交系群体粒重、粒形和黄酮含量的变异分析

为了评价苦荞粒重、粒形和黄酮含量的遗传多样性,筛选优异种质,本研究对苦荞‘翅米荞’ב晋荞麦2号’衍生的重组自交系(CJ-RILs)群体的千粒重、粒长、粒宽、长宽比和黄酮含量等性状进行了变异分析、相关性分析和聚类分析,调查了种壳类型和粒色对粒重、粒形和黄酮含量的影响。结果表明,除粒宽外,‘晋荞麦2号’的千粒重、粒长、长宽比和黄酮含量均极显著高于‘翅米荞’。CJ-RILs群体千粒重、粒长、粒宽、长宽比和黄酮含量均呈现连续变异及双向超亲分离现象,变异系数从大到小依次为黄酮含量(30.11%)长宽比(24.18%)千粒重(17.10%)粒宽(15.92%)粒长(12.95%)。千粒重与粒宽的相关系数(0.359~(**))要高于粒长(0.260~(**)),粒长和粒宽呈极显著负相关。黄酮含量与千粒重、粒形性状均不相关。非米荞带翅籽粒的千粒重、粒宽和黄酮含量均高于其他种壳类型。黄色籽粒的黄酮含量显著高于其他粒色。在欧式距离为12.20～15.80处,CJ-RILs群体205个株系被聚为7大类群,其中第Ⅱ类群为大粒、圆形和低黄酮含量型;第Ⅲ类群为中粒、圆形和高黄酮含量型。第Ⅶ类群为中粒、长锥形,粒重和黄酮含量均表现较好,是良好的育种材料。本研究结果将为苦荞高产优质品种的选育提供理论依据和推荐育种材料。     

米苦荞果壳率及其相关性状的遗传研究

以薄壳黑米荞BRT2016-1和迟开裂型黑米荞BRT2016-2为母本、厚壳不落粒野苦荞WT2016-1和长黑粒苦荞T2016-1为父本,组配成3类杂交组合（A、B、C）,对杂交组合F₂和F₃群体果壳率、粒长、粒宽、粒重、果仁重、粒长/粒宽（长/宽）6个目标性状进行广义遗传力、狭义遗传力、相关性和通径分析。结果表明,各组合果壳率广义遗传力平均为0.71,组合间变幅为0.42~0.91;狭义遗传力平均为0.18,组合间变幅为0.07~0.27;广义遗传力与狭义遗传力数值相差极大。与果壳率相关的5个目标性状（粒长、粒宽、粒重、果仁重、长/宽）组合间的广义遗传力分别为0.84、0.89、0.90、0.78、0.71,狭义遗传力分别为0.32、0.30、0.25、0.21、0.28。相关性分析表明,果壳率与粒长、粒宽、粒重的平均正相关性均达显著水平,其中,F₂植株中,平均相关系数依次为0.077、0.145、0.099;F₃家系中,平均相关系数分别为0.177、0.253、0.428。果壳率与果仁重在组合A和组合C中呈负相关关系,果仁重越大,果壳率越小。通径分析表明,粒重和果仁重对果壳率直接效应最大,前者为正效应,后者为负效应,两个性状5个组合的F₂植株平均直接效应分别为4.072、-4.087,平均间接效应分别为5.574、-5.570,F₃家系平均直接效应分别为1.284、-1.251,平均间接效应分别为2.526、-2.524,且间接效应均大于直接效应。因此,低果壳率的选择应着重考虑粒重、果仁重两个性状的效应,且需兼顾粒长、粒宽、长/宽性状的选择。     

籼粳杂交稻米品质性状的遗传分析

应用增广ＮＣⅡ设计研究了籼粳杂交稻米有关品质性状的遗传。结果表明；直链淀粉含量的遗传符合加性模型；其增、减效等位基因频率在供试籼稻和粳稻间无显著差异；粒长、粒宽和糊化温度则中快，显性模型，其增、减效等佃基因频率在供试籼稻和粳稻彰极显著差异。一般来说，供籼稻中比供试粳稻中含有更多的控制粒长、粒宽糊化温度和显性基因。平均而言，长对短、窄对宽、高糊化温度对低糊化温度为显性；显性 粒长和粒宽性状上为部分显     

育成青稞品种的粒型性状的非条件与条件关联分析

籽粒粒型性状在优质高产大麦育种过程中是一种重要的目标性状。为了了解中国青藏高原青稞育成品种中籽粒性状的表型及遗传特征,本研究以60份青稞育成品种为材料,对其各个品种的粒长、粒宽和千粒重3个性状进行了考察,利用TASSEL软件中的MLM模型对籽粒的3个粒型性状进行了条件和非条件关联分析,并利用BSA方法对影响粒型性状的位点进行了发掘。结果表明,青稞育成品种间存在丰富的籽粒粒型变异。分别发现了8个、7个与13个SRAP标记与粒宽、粒长与千粒重呈显著关联,其中的6个SRAP位点在条件关联分析中也被发现,条件关联分析的结果表明青稞千粒重受粒宽的影响大于受粒长影响较小。相关性分析也得到相似结果。同时利用BSA方法,检测到了80个SRAP标记与粒型性状相关,其中的6个标记在非条件关联分析中找到。这些结果可以为青稞的籽粒粒型改良和高产青稞育种提供帮助。     

小麦子粒构型性状与粒重的相关性分析

对小麦6044和01-35及由这两个材料构建的187个重组自交系群体的子粒构型性状(粒长、粒宽、粒厚、粒形等)和产量相关性状千粒重进行了相关性分析。结果表明,千粒重与粒长、粒宽、粒厚都有较高的相关性,其中与粒厚相关性最高(相关系数r=0.854**),表明粒厚对粒重的影响最大,粒宽与粒长次之。子粒构型性状之间也有一定的相关性,其中粒宽与粒厚的相关性最大(r=0.775**),其次为粒长/粒宽与粒长/粒厚(r=0.754**),而粒厚与粒长/粒厚表现为极显著负相关(r=-0.612**),说明粒形主要受粒长和粒厚的影响。     

苦荞粒形相关性状的遗传分析

利用籽粒大小差异较大的2个苦荞品种的杂交后代开展了与产量具有密切关系的粒形相关性状的遗传规律及其性状间的相关性分析。结果表明,F₂和F₃群体的粒长、粒宽、长宽比和千粒重表现值范围都超过亲本的表现值,并且粒长、粒宽和长宽比的变异系数均小于10%,千粒重的变异系数大于10%。另外,粒长、粒宽、长宽比和千粒重的加性方差均大于显性方差,广义遗传率在F₂和F₃代中分别为0.77~0.82和0.82~0.85,固定遗传率都达到0.80以上。粒形性状间的相关性分析结果表明,粒长、粒宽和千粒重相互间都存在极显著的正相关,粒宽和千粒重,粒长和长宽比的遗传相关系数较大。以上结果表明,具有较高遗传率的粒形相关性状可以在后代早期进行选择,但由于这些性状是数量性状而且受多个基因的控制,因此建议继续繁殖后代到基因型稳定,同时考虑性状间的相关性选拔最为有效。     

Genetic effects on Fe, Zn, Mn and P contents in Indica black pericarp rice and their genetic correlations with grain characteristics

Complete diallel crosses with 6 varieties of black pericarp rice and 1 variety of aromatic white rice were conducted to analyze the seed, maternal and cytoplasmic genetic effects on Fe, Zn, Mn and P contents in kernels by using a genetic model for quantitative traits of seeds in parents and their F₁s and F₂s. Seed, maternal as well as cytoplasmic genetic effects controlled the contents of all the mineral elements studied. The seed genetic effects were found to be more influential than the maternal genetic effects on Fe, Zn, Mn contents. Seed additive effects constituted a major component of the genetic effects whereas the seed additive along with maternal additive and dominant effects formed the main part in the inheritance of P content. The heritabilities of seed effects on all the mineral contents were highly significant (p< 0.01). The estimated values of narrow-sense heritabilites of seed genetic effects on Fe, Zn and Mn contents were high, while those of seed and maternal effects on P content were intermediate. Single plant selection and single grain selection based on the seed mineral element contents were advocated to improve the hybrid progeny. Genetic correlations showed that there existed significant genetic correlations of seed additive, seed dominance, cytoplasm, maternal additive and maternal dominance between grain characteristics such as 100-grain weight,grain length, grain width, grain shape and mineral elements Fe, Zn, Mn and P contents. Indirect selection of grain characteristics may be one of the breeding methods to select for higher contents of Fe, Zn, Mn and P in black pericarp indica rice. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

施氮量对豫北冬小麦产量及子粒主要矿质元素含量的影响

以兰考矮早8、豫麦49-198和平安8号为材料,设置5个氮素水平（0、120、180、240、360kg/hm ²）,研究不同施氮量对豫北冬小麦子粒产量及其N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、B等矿质元素含量的影响。结果表明：子粒中N与B（r=0.879）、N与Mg（r=0.858）、Mg与Zn（r=0.871）、Mg与B（r=0.877）含量间相关系数较高。施氮显著提高了子粒N、Ca、Fe、Cu、Zn、B含量,K、Mg含量受施氮量影响较小,但P和Mn含量明显下降。兰考矮早8子粒中各种矿质元素（除B外）含量明显高于平安8号,豫麦49-198介于二者之间。施氮在提高小麦子粒产量的同时降低了P/Ca、P/Mg、P/Fe和P/Zn的值,增强了Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn的生物有效性。此外,研究发现施氮量达到180kg/hm ²后,继续增施氮肥小麦产量难以提升。可见,合理的氮肥管理可以提高豫北地区冬小麦产量及子粒中微量元素的含量;过量施氮不仅难以提高子粒产量,还会降低子粒P和Mn的含量。     

源库调节对小麦不同品种籽粒微量元素及蛋白质含量的影响

为了解小麦籽粒微量营养元素含量的调控机制及其与籽粒重和蛋白质含量的关系, 以9个冬小麦品种为材料, 通过开花后减源(去叶、穗遮光)、减库(去50%小穗)处理, 分析了成熟籽粒中Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu等微量元素含量与籽粒重、蛋白质含量变化及其相互关系, 并探讨了籽粒微营养素积累的源库调控作用。结果表明, 籽粒中Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu、蛋白质含量和籽粒重均在品种间和源库处理间存在显著差异。去叶源不仅使籽粒重和籽粒蛋白质含量显著降低, 而且使籽粒Fe、Zn、Mn和Cu含量明显降低; 穗遮光使籽粒重显著降低, 蛋白质含量略有提高, 籽粒微量元素含量的变化因品种和元素类型而异, 总体趋势为Fe、Zn和Cu含量增加, Mn含量降低; 去小穗减少库, 使各品种剩余籽粒粒重略有增加, 而蛋白质含量提高, 籽粒Fe、Zn、Mn和Cu含量均较大幅度提高。籽粒Fe、Zn、Mn和Cu含量主要受各元素供源的限制, 不同元素受供源影响程度不同, 且与品种基因型有关。籽粒中4种微量元素含量之间及其与粒重和蛋白质含量之间具有一定的正相关性, 说明籽粒微量元素含量与籽粒重和蛋白质含量存在同步提高的可 能性。     

杂交水稻谷粒性状的遗传分析

本文用3个不育系与10个恢复系为供试材料,组成3×10NC II交配设计,对三系杂交稻谷粒性状进行了遗传分析。其结果,谷粒长、宽、长/宽和千粒重等四个性状均为加性基因效应起主导作用;谷粒的长/宽主要受母本（不育系）的影响,父本（恢复系）影响极小,未达显著水平;粒长、宽和千粒重三性状同时受父母本的影响,而且其影响     

我国八省大豆主要矿质元素含量分布及相关性研究

对我国不同地区９０个大豆样本８种元素含量分析结果表明,不同地区大豆元素含量有差异,某些元素含量变化并有一定的地理分布规律,东北地区大豆的Ｋ较高,黄淮海地区大豆含Ｃａ高,Ｚｎ和Ｐ的含量由北往南递增,有南高北低的变化趋势。８种元素含量顺序为Ｋ〉Ｐ〉Ｃａ〉Ｍｇ〉Ｆｅ〉Ｚｎ〉Ｍｎ〉Ｃｕ。各种元素含量水平与美国的数据基本接近。大豆中的Ｚｎ与Ｐ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｇ含量呈显著或极显著正相关,与Ｋ和Ｃａ呈极显著负相关。Ｍ     

水稻籽粒有关性状与粒重关系的初步探讨

成熟期测定武育粳２号不同比重籽粒的有关性状，分析其与粒重的关系。结果表明：（１）不同比重谷粒及其糙米的长、宽度差异较小，厚度、体积差异较大，千粒重极差达６．４３ｇ；谷壳的面积和体积差异较小，谷壳重及单位面积谷壳重差异较大；（２）粒重为谷粒体积与比重的乘积，随着谷粒体积的增大，其比重明显提高（ｒ＝０．９２３４），粒重极显著地增加（ｒ＝０．９８８０）；（３）谷粒体积与糙米体积的大小关系密切（ｒ＝０．９     

Quantitative trait loci for phytate in rice grain and their relationship with grain micronutrient content

Phytate (inositol-hexa-phosphate) has an important role in plants but it also may have anti-nutritional properties in animals and humans. While there is debate within the plant breeding and nutrition communities regarding an optimum level in grain, there appears to be little information at the molecular level for the genetics of this trait, and its association with important trace elements, in particular, Fe and Zn. In this preliminary study, quantitative trait loci (QTL) for grain phytates, Zn and Fe in glasshouse-grown rice lines from an IR64 × Azucena doubled haploid population were identified. Correlations between phytate and essential nutrients were also studied. Transgressive segregation was found for most traits. Phytate and total P concentrations had one QTL in common located on chromosome five with the (high concentration) allele contributed from Azucena. There were significant positive correlations between phytate and inorganic phosphorus (P), total P, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn concentrations for both grain concentration and content. However, the QTLs of phytate were not located on the same chromosomal regions as those found for Fe, Zn and Mn, suggesting that they were genetically different and thus using molecular markers in breeding and selection would modify the phytate level without affecting grain micronutrient density.     

谷子杂交种产量与主要农艺性状的相关性及回归分析

为了明确影响谷子杂交种产量的主要因子,对短穗型、中偏短穗型、中偏长穗型和长穗型4类不同谷子杂交种产量与主要农艺性状进行相关性和回归分析。结果表明,4种类型谷子杂交种的穗长与其产量差异显著。相关性分析表明,产量与出谷率之间存在显著正相关;单株穗重与单株粒重、经济系数之间存在极显著正相关,有效分蘖数与单株穗重、单株粒重和经济系数之间存在显著正相关,穗码密度与单株草重之间存在显著正相关,千粒重与穗长之间存在显著正相关。回归分析表明,谷子杂交种产量与穗粗、出谷率和千粒重呈显著正相关。     

Accumulation,partitioning, and bioavailability of micronutrients in summer maize as affected by phosphorus supply

Decreased micronutrient concentration in cereal grains caused by excessive application of phosphorus (P) fertilizer may contribute to reduce their nutritional quality. To help correct this problem in maize grain, a 3-year field experiment was conducted to determine how P application rate affects micronutrient partitioning in maize shoots and other plant organs and micronutrient bioavailability in grain. Phosphorus application significantly decreased shoot zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) concentrations at all growth stages but had no effects on shoot iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) concentrations. As the P application rate increased, shoot Zn and Cu contents decreased, and shoot Fe and Mn contents increased. The ratios of pre-anthesis to post-anthesis mineral contents were not affected by P application rate except Zn. P application increased the percentage of Zn that was allocated to grain and decreased the percentage that was allocated to other tissues, but had no effects on the allocation of other micronutrients among tissues. The bioavailability of Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn in grain decreased as P application rate increased. Overall, taking account of grain yield and nutrients concentration, P fertilizer rates should range from 12.5 to 25.0 kg P ha⁻¹ under the local condition. It can be concluded that not only grain yields, but also nutritional quality, should be considered in assessing optimal P rates in maize.     

辽宁和陕西富士苹果若干微量元素的比较与分析

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP—MS）对辽宁省和陕西省富士苹果中Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn、Ni五种微量元素的含量进行了测定分析。结果显示．富士苹果中五种人体必需微量元素的平均含量由高到低依次为：Fe〉Zn〉Mn〉Ni〉Cu;辽宁样品的Fe、Mn和Ni含量高于陕西样品,而Cu和Zn含量低于后者。辽宁和陕西两省样品中的Fe、Mn、Zn三种元素含量差异显著（P〈0．05）,Cu和Ni含量无显著差异：两省苹果样品中的Fe和Zn含量呈极显著正相关。本研究结果可为我国苹果的进一步开发和利用提供科学依据。