云南省药用石斛产业现状及发展对策

石斛作为一种珍贵的药用林下资源,具有较高开发利用价值。文章阐述了石斛在国内的分布及其生物学、生态学特性、野生资源的状况,着重论述了云南省对石斛的人工培育、研究及产业发展现状,并就石斛产业发展的思想和对策作了讨论。     

德宏地区药用石斛资源调查与保护利用

2004～2006年云南德宏地区药用石斛资源调查结果:该地区分布有药用石斛30种,其中12种为主要栽培品种;人工种植药用石斛总面积181.36hm2,铁皮石斛、齿瓣石斛、鼓槌石斛、球花石斛、密花石斛占总栽培的70%;目前野生石斛生境遭受严重破坏,人工栽培技术相对滞后和已有技术成果未能大面积推广应用,是影响药用石斛保护与利用的重要因素。     

勐腊县林下仿野生种植铁皮石斛技术

针对铁皮石斛人工温室大棚种植对其产业发展造成的不利影响,勐腊县采用了林下仿野生种植铁皮石斛的方法,所种植铁皮石斛的药用品质可达到野生石斛品质,取得了较好的成效。结合勐腊县铁皮石斛种植与产业发展经验,对林下仿野生铁皮石斛种植及管理有关技术进行了研究,以供参考。     

药用石斛的研究进展

为了给药用石斛的资源保护和可持续发展提供理论依据,进行了药用石斛的组织培养、人工种植、药用成分、混淆品鉴定等方面的研究,讨论了石斛人工种植的意义及存在的问题。指出了铁皮石斛快繁体系趋于成熟,但还是存在栽成活率低、药用成分低、种植难以及采收次数少等瓶颈问题;而其他药用石斛的研究则主要集中在药用成分的测定、提纯以及混淆品鉴定等方面。为了解决以上难题,需要对内生菌、仿野生栽培、病虫害防治等方面进行进一步的试验研究。     

“小草”种出大效益——云南省龙陵县发展壮大石斛产业侧记

日前,云南省龙陵县龙山镇赧场社区的石斛种植示范基地执闹非凡。正在给石斛施生态肥的村民代炳增介绍说":种植石斛虽然投入大,但见效也快。我2009年开始种植石斛,种了4亩半,现在30余万元的投资基本收回来了。"如今,龙陵县许多群众依靠种植石斛,像代炳增一样走上了致富路。2011年,龙陵县石斛种植总量约140     

云南德宏兜唇石斛种植情况调查

调查报告显示,历经10年的发展,德宏州兜唇石斛人工栽培面积达199 hm2,投产197.7 hm2,鲜条年产量1 666.1 t,年产值达8330.5万元,平均产值42.15万元/hm2;有72家石斛种植加工企业,44家石斛协会和专业发展合作社,辐射带动821户种植发展兜唇石斛,吸收了1 000余人的富余劳动力就业;种植均为集约化种植模式;产品主要为石斛鲜品,经连续2年质量安全监测,鲜品农药和重金属残留都达到国家安全标准。报告还针对产业发展中存在的野生资源保护,种质混杂,规模化、标准化,集资渠道,产品附加值低的问题提出建议。     

云南铁皮石斛产业发展思考

云南是我国铁皮石斛人工种植面积和产量最大省。在阐述全省铁皮石斛产业发展现状基础上,从种植生产、经营管理、市场营销、产业政策等角度论述了铁皮石斛产业发展所面临的主要困境,并提出了林下生态种植、发展深加工、整合营销、政策扶持等发展策略。     

云南省印楝种植及相关产业的发展现状

综述近年来云南省印楝种植及相关产业的发展动态,着重介绍了云南省在印楝种植及相关产业的发展方面取得的成就和印楝素生物农药在无公害农产品生产中的应用情况.     

云南德宏石斛产业及可持续发展

历经5年的转型升级,截至2018年12月,云南德宏种植石斛936 hm2,全部投产,其中,芒市533 hm2、瑞丽212.6 hm2、盈江121.73 hm2、梁河35.87 hm2、陇川32.8 hm2;铁皮石斛784.2 hm2、齿瓣石斛54.93 hm2、兜唇石斛和其它96.87 hm2;鲜条年产量5 003 t,产值24 091万元;有72个石斛种植加工企业,63个石斛协会和专业发展合作社,辐射带动2 175户3 247人种植发展石斛,吸收了1 400余人固定劳动力和2 000余人富余劳动力就业。在调研的基础上,针对产业发展中存在的资源濒危、种质不一、种源混杂、技术不规范、产业链短和人才匮乏等问题提出相应对策。     

瑞丽市珠芽魔芋种植现状与建议

通过梳理云南省瑞丽市珠芽魔芋种植产业发展现状,明确瑞丽市珠芽魔芋的种植环境、种植品种、种植模式、繁殖材料、种植方法、产量产值及市场前景等情况,总结相关的技术经验,分析瑞丽市珠芽魔芋种植目前存在的问题并提出相应建议,为推动瑞丽市珠芽魔芋产业持续健康发展提供参考。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.