热改性木材化学成分变化及其影响因素

木材易产生吸湿变形和腐朽等问题，影响其应用效果。热改性处理可有效提升木材的尺寸稳定性和耐久性，并具有无毒、环保的特点，是一种极具潜力的木材改性方法。文中综述了木材组分（纤维素、半纤维素、木质素、抽提物）在热改性过程中发生的化学变化，以及木材树种和部位、处理介质、处理温度和时间对木材热降解的影响。经不同热改性工艺处理后，木材的化学成分变化存在较大差异。探明热改性工艺、热改性材化学成分变化和性能之间的响应机制，将有助于开发或优化热改性技术，从而得到性能优异的热改性材，拓宽其应用领域。     

热改性木材的加工与应用

热改性木材(炭化木)不仅具有防腐及抗生物侵袭的作用,而且材质稳定,不易变形和开裂.经过热处理的木材具有美观、耐久、环保的特性,适合用作室内外任何实木用途的建材和饰材.目前,芬兰的生产技术较先进;法国、德国等发达国家的技术也具有独特的性质和发展方向.我国的热改性木材加工刚刚起步,目前尚未形成生产规模,且独立开发能力较弱.作者阐述了热改性木材的加工工艺和应用范围,旨在促进我国新产品的研发和利用.     

木材改性技术发展现状及应用前景

系统阐述了木材改性的背景、方法及意义,重点介绍了热改性、乙酰化、糠基化改性,及压密化和热处理组合改性的基本原理和工艺,及其对木材性质的影响;分析了这些改性方法的应用现状及工业化应用前景,并提出了今后需着重研究的关键问题。     

沙浴热处理杉木及其物理力学性能研究

以杉木为材料,通过沙浴和气相介质进行热处理,检测其炭化木材物理、力学性能和颜色等,借助XRD和FTIR分析不同热处理方法致木材性能差异的原因,以期探索沙浴炭化木材的可能性。结果表明:当热处理温度和时间相同时,沙浴热处理试件尺寸稳定性高于气相介质热处理;处理温度为220℃,时间4 h时,两种介质处理试件的尺寸稳定性均达到了最好状态,其中气相介质热处理杉木弦向线湿胀率最小为1.885%,比未处理材降低35.45%,沙浴热改性处理杉木弦向线湿胀率最小为1.923%,比未处理材降低36.16%。沙浴热改性处理杉木木材强度折损较气相介质热改性处理材更多。热处理温度和时间相同时,气相介质处理材颜色变化小于沙浴热改性处理材。热改性处理导致杉木材结晶特性和三素成分发生变化,其中沙浴热处理导致杉木材中半纤维素发生明显降解。     

木材硅化改性研究进展

通过木材改性实现人工林低密度软质木材的提质增效,高效利用人工林资源,对我国木材工业的可持续发展和生态建设具有重要意义。木材硅化改性可以有效提高木材性能,但改性材性较脆、工艺复杂、成本较高等问题限制了其实际应用。文中分别从木材硅化改性剂种类、改性方法、改性机理和改性材性能等方面综述了木材硅化改性的研究成果,讨论了目前木材硅化改性存在的主要问题。建议基于有机-无机杂化研制多效一体化木材硅化改性剂,改进工艺,提升性能,降低成本,从而推动硅化木的开发和利用;开展木材仿生硅化改性研究,促进组分界面结构性连接,全面提升木材性能。     

木材无机改性的方法

为了改善低密度、幼龄材等低质材的性能,以便能代替天然大径材,缓解我国目前木材的供需矛盾,可通过无机物改性木材而制得无机复合木材来替代天然优质材。采用无机物改性木材,可有效地提高低质木材的力学强度,防腐和阻燃等性能。本文介绍采用无机盐类、无机氧化物(SiO2纳米粒子、Al2O3、TiO2等纳米粒子)和天然矿土等无机材料对木材的改性方法及各种无机改性方法的基本原理,并阐明各种无机改性处理方法对木材材性的影响。     

木材湿—热—力改性技术研究进展

从木材细胞壁主要化学组分角度,归纳了木材湿热软化机理;总结了以木材密实化技术（整体密实化与表层密实化）、木材大变形加工技术（实木弯曲）和木材焊接（无胶胶合）技术为典型代表的木材湿—热—力改性技术的特点和应用情况,并对今后湿—热—力改性技术的研究与应用提出几点建议。     

高温预处理对足尺胶合木梁力学性能的影响

【目的】研究高温预处理对足尺胶合木梁力学性能的影响,明确高温热改性和环境湿度对木材平衡含水率、木材顺纹抗剪强度和顺纹抗拉强度的影响规律,揭示高温预处理对胶合木梁抗弯性能影响的作用机制,为高温热改性技术在木结构领域中的应用提供参考。【方法】以高应力等级的兴安落叶松为研究对象,采用工业化热处理技术对落叶松木材进行高温热改性,以高温热改性后的落叶松木材为层板,制备12个足尺胶合木梁。基于EN 408标准四点弯曲方法,分析高温热改性和环境湿度对胶合木梁抗弯弹性模量、抗弯强度、破坏模式、跨中截面荷载-应变曲线和跨中截面应变分布规律等抗弯性能的影响。【结果】高温热改性会在一定程度上降低胶合木梁的抗弯强度,但可明显提高高湿度条件下胶合木梁的抗弯弹性模量,与90%环境湿度下未处理胶合木梁相比,高温热改性后,同湿度下胶合木梁的抗弯强度降低29. 79%,抗弯弹性模量提高23. 71%;高温热改性可降低胶合木梁抗弯弹性模量对环境湿度的敏感性,环境湿度从60%提高到90%,未处理胶合木梁的抗弯弹性模量降低23. 27%,经高温热改性预处理的胶合木梁抗弯弹性模量降低7. 55%; 60%和90%环境湿度下的荷载-位移曲线和跨中截面应变分布曲线表明,胶合木梁在高湿环境中具有更明显的非线性特性,高温预处理后的胶合木梁表现为线弹性。环境湿度对胶合木梁的抗弯性能具有较为明显的劣化作用,90%湿度下胶合木梁抗弯强度和抗弯弹性模量分别为43. 98 MPa和12. 191 GPa,比60%湿度下未处理胶合木梁低17. 07%和23. 27%;环境湿度对木材平衡含水率影响明显,高温热改性是降低木材平衡含水率的有效措施,环境湿度从60%提高到90%,高温热改性处理后落叶松木材平衡含水率分别从10. 74%和20. 62%降至4. 76%和11. 18%。【结论】60%和90%环境湿度条件下,未处理胶合木梁为拉伸破坏,高温热改性构件为拉剪联合破坏,高温热改性后材料的顺纹抗剪强度和顺纹抗拉强度降低是材料破坏模式改变的根本原因。高温热改性后胶合木梁在高湿环境条件下抗弯弹性模量明显改善。     

植物油涂饰处理对热改性落叶松耐候特性的影响

参考芬兰Thermo-Wood~?工艺规程,对落叶松板材分别在160、180和200℃常压过热蒸汽环境下进行高温热改性处理;随后对经过热改性后的板材及常规室干对照板材分别进行了天然植物油涂饰处理,分别使用商品化木蜡油(底油和面油)、自制木油(预聚合大豆油)。在人工模拟高湿环境下测试各类植物油涂饰后的木材相对吸湿率、平衡含水率及橫纹相对变形率等各项技术指标。结果表明,热改性木材经植物油表面涂饰处理后,天然植物油蜡成分有效地浸入木材细胞壁组织,木材表层组织对环境湿度变化的敏感性降低。三种涂饰处理方法中,涂饰商品化木蜡油底油、木蜡油面油的方案最为有效,其木材横纹相对变形率均较未涂饰木材显著降低;随着热改性温度的升高,各类涂饰试件的平衡含水率、相对吸湿率呈现总体下降趋势,加热温度对各类试件的平衡含水率、相对吸湿率存在显著影响。     

我国木材物理力学性质试验方法系列标准与ISO标准的比较

对我国无疵小试样木材物理力学性质试验方法系列标准和ISO国际标准进行比较,分析两大标准在体系构成和技术要求等方面的差异,为我国木材物理力学性质试验方法标准修订提供参考。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.