英国林业事权与支出责任划分特点及启示

介绍了英国的国家结构与财政体制,分析归纳了英国的林业管理体制、事权划分状况与支出责任事项,总结提出了重点明确政府部门林业职能定位、合理划分政府部门林业权责范围、更加强化政府部门林业事权独立3点主要经验和启示。     

英国公有公营的百年林业梦

自1919年以来的近100年,英国在政府公共投资支持下建立了以林业委员会为核心、以国营林业企业为主体的林业经营管理体制,先后通过林业定居点建设、法正林经营和实行小型林主计划等措施培育和经营人工林,为缓解经济萧条危机和解决第二次世界大战期间英国的木材供应问题做作出了积极的努力。进入20世纪90年代以后,对这个体制的私有化改革呼声开始困扰英国公有公营的百年林业梦,也为林业经济学者留下了值得思考的问题。     

英国电子政务对新疆林业信息化发展的启示

<正>2010年,笔者参加了由国家林业局林业信息化办公室组织的赴英国电子政务培训。21天的培训和实地考察,英国电子政务建设给我留下了深刻的印象,并对新疆林业信息化的发展有了新的想法和认识。1英国电子政务的发展现状     

赴英国考察

中国林科院科信所“林业与社会信息网”全体成员于2000年6月20日～7月4日出访了英国。在此期间访问了“海外发展研究所”、“英国林业委员会”、“国际农业与生物科学中心(CABI)”和“牛津大学牛津林业研究所”等部门和单位。通过访问和考察,了解了英国的“乡村发展信息网”的活动情况、有关社区林业(Community forestry)     

行业新闻

英国林业委员会推出木材燃料运动 英国：英国林业委员会正在发起一项运动，以提高木材燃料在整个英国的使用。今年6月下旬在曼彻斯特已经推出了此项木材燃料实施计划，该委员会领导人认为这项计划可以创造10亿英镑的价值，并能为英国增加1．5万个工作岗位。     

李容根副省长率团考察英国意大利阿联酋林业

应英国林业委员会和意大利农业与林业政策部邀请，以广东省政府李容根副省长为团长的广东省林业代表团，于2004年3月15～27日对英国、意大利的林业建设、城市林业、林业产业化建设等进行了参观考察。3月28～30日代表团还应阿联酋RAK酋长国王储邀请，顺访了阿联酋RAK酋长国的城市和荒漠化造     

英国公布2003年林业统计年度报告

英国林业委员会近期出版了“2 0 0 3年林业统计”年度报告,公布了对英国林地、林业及林业初级加工方面的统计资料。统计表明:英国现有森林面积2 80万hm2 ;2 0 0 2～2 0 0 3年新增林地面积1 35 0 0 hm2 ;2 0 0 2年用于初级林产品加工的木材约72 0万t,比前几年有所下降;2 0 0 2年,英国是第4大林产品进口国,仅次于中国、日本和美国。最大的出口国是加拿大和瑞典。2 0 0 2年林产品进口额约5 70亿英镑,相当于490 0 m3木材;约2 0 %的成年人前几年享受过森林和林地。[转载自《世界林业动态》,2 0 0 4 ,( 3) ]英国公布2003年林业统计年度报告…     

英刊报道英林业代表团前年来我国考察的主要目的

《林业与英国木材》杂志1980年1月发表英中中心副主任彭尼·布鲁克的文章,介绍中国的林业。布鲁克去秋陪同英国林业代表团访华。这次访问是由英中中心组织的,其主要目的是了解英国的经验对中国的大规模造林能有些什么帮助。中国森林覆盖率现在是12.7％,比1949年增加了4％,这是近三十年来绿化祖国巨     

英国林业法规政策体系及启示

研究国外林业法规与政策有利于借鉴相关成功经验。文中概述英国全国性和地方性林业法规,分析人工造林、林地补助和绿色采购等林业政策及发展趋势,归纳乡村林业、城市林业发展和生物多样性保护等林业配套政策,总结英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士林业发展战略。英国林业法规层次分明体系完善、林业政策持续稳定与时俱进、配套政策系统全面效果明显、林业战略重视突出地方特色和实施森林可持续经营政策等5点启示对于指导我国林业法规制定和政策调整具有一定的参考作用。     

英国开展拯救英国黑杨研究

2004年4月英国林业委员会讯：“保护黑杨项目”是英国林业委员会保护珍稀树种的一项最新议案。     

Increasing forest biomass supply in northern Europe – countrywide estimates and economic perspectives

Woody biomass is the largest source of renewable energy in Europe, and the expected increase in demand for wood for energy purposes was the stimulus for writing this paper. Opportunities to increase the supply of forest biomass in the short and long term are discussed, as well as environmental side effects of intensive forest management. Focusing on northern Europe, national estimates of potential annual fellings and the corresponding potential amounts, simulated by the European Forest Information Scenario model, are then presented, as well as reported fellings. For the region as a whole, there seems to be substantial unused biophysical potential, although recent data from some countries indicate underestimated annual felling rates. We argue that an economic perspective is lacking in the debate about wood production for energy purposes in Europe and harvest potentials, and we discuss the effects of biophysical capacity limits in forest yield from a partial equilibrium perspective. Using a larger proportion of the biophysical potential in northern Europe than at present will entail trade-offs with environmental and social values, which means that strategies are needed to protect and account for the benefits and costs of all forms of ecosystem services.     

Forest Policy Evolution in Poland

Abstract

In Europe, intensive forest management has anteceded a long history of intensive exploitation. The result has been the replacement of natural forests with highly productive albeit more vulnerable forests of simplified structure. Polish forestry has followed this same pattern and the country has seen a substantial increase in forest cover over the last 50 years. The main challenge for Polish forest management comes in trying to meet growing demand for wood products while responding to increased public demand for conservation of environmental values. Poland's new Forest Act for the first time puts environmental social and productive values of the forest on an equal footing. Within the framework of the Act. the Polish Policy of Sustainable Forest Development puts special emphasis on protection of biological diversity and the promotion of environmentally safe technologies and practices. The concept of Forest Promotion Areas is the major element of the Policy. The challenge for Forest Promotion Areas and for Model Forests will be to bring together all the necessary elements: environmental, economic and social that will allow sustainable development in its broadest sense.     

Assemblages of wood-inhabiting fungi related to silvicultural management intensity in beech forests in southern Germany

Current silvicultural treatments in beech forests are aimed at achieving thick logs without discoloured hardwood. Therefore intensive thinning is applied already in younger stands with the objective of large-sized trunks at an age of 100 years. However, this approach bears the risk that dead wood structures and broken trees are completely removed from the forest. The impact of three different silvicultural management intensity levels on wood-inhabiting fungi over decades was investigated in a large beech forest (>10,000 ha) in southern Germany in 69 sampling plots: A Intensive Thinning and Logging with high-value trees, B Conservation-Oriented Logging with integration of special structures such as dead wood and broken trees and C Strict Forest Reserves with no logging for 30 years. The analysis of community showed marked differences in the fungus species composition of the three treatments, independent of stand age. The relative frequencies of species between treatments were statistically different. Indicator species for naturalness were more abundant at sites with low silvicultural management intensity. Fomes fomentarius, the most common fungus in virgin forests and strict forest reserves, is almost missing in forests with high-management intensity. The species richness seemed to be lower where intensive thinning was applied (P = 0.051). Species characteristic for coarse woody debris were associated to low management intensity, whereas species with a significant preference for stumps became more frequent with increasing management intensity. A total amount of dead wood higher than 60 m³/ha was found to enable significantly higher numbers of species indicators of naturalness (P = 0.013). In conclusion, when applying intensive silvicultural treatment, the role of dead wood needs to be actively considered in order to maintain the natural biocoenosis of beech forests.     

森林覆盖变化遥感监测方法研究进展

森林是陆地上最大的生态系统,是地球表面一种重要的植被类型,它对维持全球生态平衡具有不可替代的作用。森林覆盖变化既包含森林与其它地物类型间的转化,又包括不同森林种类间转化的含义。及时准确获取森林覆盖变化信息,对于碳源估测、实现森林资源可持续经营管理等具有重要意义。本文通过对国内外利用遥感技术开展土地覆盖/利用、森林类型识别和制图方法的研究现状及发展趋势的综述,对森林覆盖变化遥感监测方法研究进展进行了概述,并分析了其研究发展趋势。     

三区式森林经营管理模式对天然林资源保护工程的启示

从17世纪中叶森林永续利用理论的诞生, 到当前森林可持续经营理论的应用, 国际社会不断地对森林经营管理模式进行有益探索。目前正在美国、加拿大等地区应用的三区式森林经营管理模式的核心目的就是在满足木材生产需要的同时, 最大程度地减少森林经营活动对森林生态系统的干扰及影响, 恢复和保护森林生态系统的完整性和自然性。经过多年实验和评估, 其实施效果已经得到不同利益群体、政府部门和学术界的广泛认可, 而它的森林区划、经营理念等很多方面又与我国正在实施的天然林资源保护工程存在着相似性。因此, 希望通过对三区式森林经营管理模式的系统研究, 为我国更好地实施天然林资源保护工程提供启示和参照。     

Realising the benefit of research in eucalypt plantation management

The development of a plantation eucalypt wood-based forest products industry in South Africa is outlined. Forest research that has contributed to increasing wood production from the ultimately finite land resource available for industrial plantations is reviewed. The application of this technology to eucalypt plantations by Sappi Forests is described and evidence for resultant increased wood production is presented. Improved silviculture, introduction of alternative species and deployment of genetically superior planting stock coupled to site classification and site-specific application of these technologies have all contributed to measured gains. The continued development and application of appropriate forest technology will be critical to a sustainable future for the industry in South Africa. Issues pertaining to this are discussed.     

关于发展人工林与建立人工林业问题探讨

全世界森林面积为 34 5 4× 1 0 8hm2 ,其中 3%是人工林。人工林是重要的森林生态系统 ,在木材生产、环境保护和景观建设中具有重要功能和作用。人工林在生产功能方面的补偿作用 ,使天然林可以更好地发挥生态环境价值、森林娱乐和生物多样性保护功能。人工林可持续经营的前提是遗传材料的正确选择与营林实践艺术的结合以及保证这种结合的林业政策。愈来愈多地使用外来树种营建人工林是全球趋势。人工林对于环境和生物多样性的影响 ,可以通过合理的规划和经营措施得到解决。林木育种与遗传改良和经营制度的技术创新是不断提高人工林生态系统生产力的动力。人工林的可持续经营是一个十分复杂的问题 ,中国人工林实现可持续经营面临技术和体制两方面的挑战 ,但是 ,根本出路在于林业经济体制的改革 ,象农业那样 ,在市场经济环境中实行人工林产业化经营 ,建立人工林业 (Forestplantationindustry)。     

英国西加云杉和落叶松的无性繁殖

本文概述了英国西加云杉和落叶松无性繁殖的历史、研究背景、生产方法、扦插苗的造林表现和大规模应用的发展前景。目前已优化无性繁殖系统的扦插苗生产成本为常规的１／３，且扦插苗不增加造林成本。     

Timber mobilization and habitat tree retention in low-elevation mixed forests in Switzerland: an inventory-based scenario analysis of opportunities and constraints

Timber use in central Europe is expected to increase in the future, in line with forest policy goals to strengthen local wood supply for CO₂-neutral energy production, construction and other uses. Growing stocks in low-elevation forests in Switzerland are currently high as exemplified by the Swiss canton of Aargau, for which an average volume of 346 ± 16 m³ ha⁻¹ was measured in the 3rd Swiss National forest inventory (NFI) in 2004–2006. While this may justify a reduction of growing stocks through increased timber harvesting, we asked whether such a strategy may conflict with the sustainability of timber production and conservation goals. We evaluated a range of operationally relevant forest management scenarios that varied with respect to rotation length, growing stock targets and the promotion of conifers in the regeneration. The scenarios aimed at increased production of softwood, energy wood, the retention of potential habitat trees (PHTs) and the conversion to a continuous cover management system. They were used to drive the inventory-based forest simulator MASSIMO for 100 years starting in 2007 using the NFI sampling plots in Aargau. We analyzed model outputs with respect to projected future growing stock, growth, timber and energy yield and harvesting costs. We found growing stock to drop to 192 m³ ha⁻¹ in 2106 if business-as-usual (BAU as observed between the 2nd and 3rd NFI) timber volumes were set as harvesting targets for the whole simulation period. The promotion of conifers and a reduction of rotation lengths in a softwood scenario yielded 25% more timber over the whole simulation period than BAU. An energy wood scenario that reduced growing stock to 200 m³ ha⁻¹ by 2056 and promoted the natural broadleaved regeneration yielded 9% more timber than BAU before 2056 and 30% less thereafter due to decreasing increments. The softwood scenario resulted in higher energy yield than the energy wood scenario despite the lower energy content of softwood. Retaining PHT resulted in a reduction of timber harvest (0.055 m³ ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ per habitat tree) and higher harvesting costs. Continuous cover management yielded moderate timber amounts throughout the simulation period, yet sustainably. Considering climate change, we discuss the risks associated with favoring drought- and disturbance-susceptible conifers at low elevations and emphasize that continuous cover management must allow for the regeneration of drought-adapted tree species. In conclusion, our simulations show potential for short-term increases in timber mobilization but also that such increases need to be carefully balanced with future forest productivity and other forest ecosystem services.

     

秦岭林区森林抚育过程中的防火技术

通过森林抚育不但要提高森林质量、林地生产力,还要通过抚育间伐、修枝、割灌等系统工程措施的综合运用,割除杂灌,降低林下可燃物的聚集,间伐抚育降低密度,采伐风倒木和干枯木,改善林分卫生状况、修枝来抬升枝下高,切断地表火向树冠火传播通道,使得林分防火性能大幅提高。