紫仁核桃新品系选育初报

商洛紫仁核桃是商洛市自主选育的特色核桃新品系,核仁皮紫红色,具有医疗保健作用的花色苷和鞣花单宁成分含量极高,在核仁种皮中含量分别为1.65%和4.10%;生长势旺盛,树体强壮,坚果圆球形,三径均值31.55 mm,平均单果重10.44 g,出仁率51.11%,壳厚1.13 mm,蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物含量分别为13.77%、64.89%、15.65%,不饱和脂肪酸中的油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸总含量54.7%。该品种具有早实特性,性状遗传稳定,并具有高度的一致性和良好的适应性。     

不同品种核桃在鄂北引种栽培的品质分析

调查了鄂北引种栽培的10个核桃品种坚果的外观品质,并分析测定部分品种核仁的脂肪、蛋白质、矿质养分含量。结果表明:元丰、晋龙3号和辽核4号综合品质较优,其外观品质、蛋白质和脂肪含量均达到国家标准;中林5号坚果较小,脂肪含量较低,但出仁率高、口感好,可以作为授粉品种使用;当地野核桃果径小、单果质量小、壳厚、内隔壁骨质、出仁率极低,无直接经济利用价值,但蛋白质含量高达26.1%,可用野核桃与核桃进行杂交,选育抗性强、高蛋白含量的核桃新品种。     

2018年晚霜对辽宁系列核桃品质影响分析

本研究基于2018年晚霜对辽宁系列核桃果实从单株结果量、坚果三径均值、壳厚、平均单果重、出仁率、种仁脂肪含量6个方面进行了影响进行调查研究,综合得出辽宁4、6号在本次霜冻影响中表现优于其他辽宁系列核桃品种,可作为抗晚霜核桃品种选育杂交亲本。     

不同更新周期下病害对早实核桃坚果品质的影响

以盛果期"绿岭"核桃树为试材,研究了短期更新处理和常规更新处理下不同病害级别核桃(Juglans regia)坚果品质。结果表明,随着病害级别增加,坚果直径、单果质量、壳厚呈降低趋势;短期更新的出仁率以大病果最高,轻病果、好果次之,常规更新的出仁率以好果、轻病果、大病果较高;短期更新的核仁脂肪含量以大病果、轻病果、好果较高,常规更新的核仁脂肪含量则以轻病果和好果较高。经相关分析,坚果直径、单果质量与病害级别均呈显著或极显著负相关,相关系数-0.991～-0.970之间,壳厚、出仁率、核仁脂肪含量与病害级别无显著相关。修剪更新以短期更新为宜。     

凤山县不同海拔漾濞泡核桃果实性状变异分析

采集经营管理相似的4个不同海拔(410、630、810、980 m)漾濞泡核桃(Juglans sigillata)果实,测定漾濞泡核桃果实相关性状指标统计分析。结果表明:漾濞泡核桃果实性状在凤山县不同海拔存在极显著差异(P 0.01),4个海拔漾濞泡核桃变异幅度最大的性状是单果核仁质量(范围为2.72~10.01 g,变异系数为24.59%),三径值变异幅度最小(3.03~3.78 cm),其次是单果质量(9.12~17.98 g),壳厚(0.86~1.44 mm),出仁率(42.12%~59.12%)。综合分析,随着海拔增高,核桃品质逐渐提升,海拔980 m的三径值最大(3.58 cm),单果平均质量最大(14.09 g)、单果果仁平均质量最大(7.14 g),平均果壳厚最薄(1.10 mm),果实平均出仁率最高(54.73%),品质最优。     

河北省太行山区核桃主要栽培品种综合性状研究

为了了解河北省太行山区不同地区核桃的适宜栽培品种,以河北涉县下偏凉村、河北绿岭果业有限公司、赞皇县胡家庵村、涞水县淮河村4个核桃园为研究对象,对不同核桃品种的树体性状、枝类组成、结实特性、果实外在性状、果实内在品质和抗冻性进行了调查研究。结果表明:绿岭、香玲、辽宁1号、辽宁3号和辽宁7号树高均在2.67～3.75m,短果枝占总结果枝量的50%以上,结果母枝连续结果能力均为4～5年,坚果外观美观,脂肪含量大于65%、蛋白质含量大于20%,有较强的抗寒性,适宜在太行山区发展。     

河北省太行山区核桃主要栽培品种综合性状研究

对不同核桃品种的树体性状、枝类组成、结实特性、果实外在性状、果实内在品质进行了调查研究,结果表明:绿岭、香玲、辽宁1号、辽宁3号和辽宁7号树高均在2.67～3.75m,短果枝占总结果枝量的50%以上,坚果外观美观,脂肪含量大于65%、蛋白质含量大于20%,适宜在太行山区发展。     

云南省核桃坚果表型变异及与环境因子的关系

以云南省分布的7个核桃群体的6个坚果性状为研究对象,采用单因素方差分析、变异系数、相关分析、非加权配对算数平均法(UPGMA)以及典范对应分析(CCA)等多种分析方法,探讨云南核桃的表型变异及其与环境因子的关系。结果显示:单果重的变异系数最大(22.22%),保山群体的单果重和出仁率的表型变异系数最大(50.53%和10.43%),而蛋白质含量最低(13.4%),表型变异系数也最大(13.45%),遗传资源最为丰富,保山群体的三径均值最大(3.8 cm),壳厚最小(0.75 mm);鲁甸群体的粗脂肪含量最高(平均为70.79%)。单果重与三径均值及壳厚存在显著正相关(0.836),而与粗脂肪含量呈显著负相关(-0.395),壳厚与出仁率呈极显著负相关(-0.514),出仁率与蛋白质含量呈显著负相关(-0.271),丽江群体和昭阳群体表型性状最为相似,红河群体与其它群体表型相差较大,经度分布对核桃坚果表型相关性最大,其次气候因子是影响核桃坚果表型多样性的主要因子,尤其是7月平均气温。     

临沧主栽核桃品种坚果特性及营养成分评价

为全面综合评价临沧主栽核桃品种资源,以3个核桃品种坚果作为试验材料,分别对果实形态性状及蛋白质、脂肪酸、矿物元素含量等进行检测分析。结果表明,不同核桃品种间品质存在差异,3个品种在坚果纵径、横径、棱径、仁重、粒重、壳厚、出仁率方面差异显著,而核桃内含物蛋白质、脂肪酸、矿质含量差异不显著。综合评价结果表明,品质较好的品种有临宝核桃、漾濞泡核桃。     

鄂西地区良种核桃选育Ⅲ——引种栽培坚果品质对比试验

为选择适宜鄂西山区栽培的早实核桃品种,分2次共引进15个品种(系)在宜昌海拔1 200 m、145 m建立比较试验园,2005~2007年调查15个核桃品种(系)及乡土品种鄂西薄壳核桃的坚果质量、三径值、壳厚、出仁率、取仁指数、坚果脂肪和蛋白质含量等主要指标。结果表明,引进品种(系)出仁率在40.9%~59.9%,脂肪、蛋白质含量分别达到乡土核桃品种的91%、101%~103%;坚果品质比原产地有所下降;云新7914号坚果品质在2个海拔间无明显差异;辽宁1号、中林5号在海拔145 m试验点栽培,坚果品质达到国家优级标准;清香、鲁光、辽宁1号在海拔1 200 m试验点栽培,坚果品质达到国家1级标准。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.