不同基质对越橘生长发育和叶片光合特性的影响

以二年生"都克"越橘苗木为试材,采用CIRS-2便携式光合仪测定光合指标与LA2400扫描仪扫描根系的方法,研究了不同栽培基质对越橘生长发育和光合作用的影响,以期筛选出越橘基质栽培中最佳配比。结果表明:在泥炭藓∶草炭∶珍珠岩=2∶1∶1、椰糠∶草炭∶珍珠岩=2∶1∶1、苔藓∶草炭∶珍珠岩=2∶1∶1这3种基质下植株生长发育较好,光合作用较强,其中泥炭藓∶草炭∶珍珠岩=2∶1∶1基质效果最好;秸秆∶草炭∶珍珠岩=2∶1∶1、松针∶草炭∶珍珠岩=2∶1∶1效果较差,植株生长发育不良。     

菇渣蛭石复配基质对生菜穴盘育苗的影响

以生菜为试材,采用穴盘基质育苗方法,研究了不同菇渣复配蛭石基质配比对生菜幼苗生理、生化指标的影响,以期为叶菜育苗替代基质选择提供参考依据。结果表明：生菜穴盘基质育苗,基质配比以菇渣∶蛭石∶珍珠岩=2∶2∶1效果最佳,对于促进生菜幼苗生长及品质提升具有明显效果,可部分替代草炭基质作为生菜穴盘苗基质。     

不同育苗基质对秋葵生长发育及产量的影响

以红色和黄色2个秋葵品种为试材,研究了不同配比的草炭、蛭石和珍珠岩育苗基质对秋葵生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明:在草炭+蛭石+珍珠岩(1∶1∶1)的基质处理下,黄秋葵和红秋葵的壮苗指数、果实产量、根干重和前期产量都显著高于草炭+蛭石(1∶1)和草炭+蛭石+珍珠岩(2∶1∶1)处理;黄秋葵、红秋葵的壮苗系数分别为0.267、0.205,果实总产量分别为1 854、952g,根干重分别高出其它2个处理210.53%、132.50%,前期产量分别高出51.85%、90.22%。     

几种复合育苗基质特性及其在生菜上的育苗效果

将蛭石、炉渣灰、细砂、草炭和有机肥等按照不同组合与配比组成复合基质 ,用于生菜穴盘育苗。结果表明 ,不同基质对生菜幼苗生长影响有明显差异。复合基质T2 (蛭石∶有机肥∶炉渣灰 =7∶2∶1)育苗效果最佳 ,明显好于CK(草炭∶蛭石 =2∶1) ,表现为幼苗生长迅速 ,干物质积累快 ,壮苗指数大。因此 ,T2 可代替CK用于工厂化穴盘育苗 ,T3 、T7的育苗效果次于T2 ,而优于CK ,亦具有利用的价值     

不同设施栽培基质对生菜生长与品质的影响

以生菜为供试作物,通过模拟试验,研究不同复合基质对生菜生长和品质的影响,为设施农业土壤质量退化和连作障碍问题寻求解决方案。结果表明:二元复合栽培基质试验中,硅藻土和蛭石以2∶1配比基质栽培的生菜生长情况最好,与对照(单用蛭石)相比增幅达224.65%,株高、叶数、叶绿素SPAD值均表现最好,并能够显著降低生菜硝酸盐含量(189.53mg/kg);多种材料复合的栽培基质能够降低生菜硝酸盐含量,不同配方处理生菜硝酸盐含量均显著低于连作大棚土壤栽培,其中以蛭石∶硅藻土∶咖啡渣∶秸秆∶生物炭=1∶2∶1∶3∶2配方表现最好,可实现在保证生菜生物量最大的同时亚硝酸盐含量较低。     

玉米秸秆基质对无土栽培莴苣生长的影响

以美国大速生菜为试材,以腐熟与未腐熟玉米秸秆替代草炭作为莴苣无土栽培基质中的主要材料,研究其对莴苣产量、叶面积、干物质量、光合速率、根系活力、维生素C和硝酸盐含量的影响。结果表明:T3处理(腐熟玉米秸秆∶蛭石=3∶1)基质配方最有利莴苣的生长。     

彩叶草组培苗移栽基质配方的研究

研究了11种不同基质的理化特性及其对彩叶草组培苗移栽后生长的影响.结果表明:草炭土和草炭土∶珍珠岩=1∶1(Ⅴ∶Ⅴ)2种基质的比重、容重、总孔隙度、EC值和pH值等理化性能较好.草炭土和草炭土∶珍珠岩=1∶1(Ⅴ∶Ⅴ)2种基质的移栽彩叶草组培苗后,成活率、根长度、叶绿素含量、根数、茎粗、株高、单株叶片数、单株鲜重和单株干重等生长指标大都显著地超过了其它9个处理.     

蚯蚓粪基质在茄子穴盘育苗中的应用

以蚯蚓粪为主要原料配合不同体积比的蛭石作为穴盘育苗基质,研究了复合基质对茄子种子出苗率及幼苗生长发育的影响。结果表明,与草炭对比,蚯蚓粪具有容重较大,孔隙度和持水力较小,高P、K含量和低N含量等特性;2∶1(V∶V)蚯蚓粪复合基质育苗效果最佳,可增加茄子种子出苗率,提高幼苗质量,与对照相比,株高、茎粗、根体积、全株干重、壮苗指数分别增加了31.3%、20.7%、60.1%、80.3%、62.5%,差异达显著水平。     

蚯蚓粪代替草炭对油菜产量及品质的影响

以蚯蚓粪代替草炭基质,以油菜为研究对象,采用盆栽试验,设计了草炭∶珍珠岩∶蛭石、蚯蚓粪∶珍珠岩∶蛭石2个处理,以蛭石∶珍珠岩为对照(CK),比较草炭和蚯蚓粪对小油菜产量与品质的影响。结果表明:蚯蚓粪的处理(蚯蚓粪∶蛭石∶珍珠岩)栽培效果最佳,株高比草炭处理和CK分别比草炭处理和CK提高了50.19%和46.26%,全株鲜质量分别提高了104.64%和64.14%;蚯蚓粪处理的小油菜维生素C含量显著高于草炭处理,蔬菜品质得到显著改善;蚯蚓粪的基质营养元素含量均较高,能够有效供给小油菜整个生长过程中所需的养分。蚯蚓粪可以代替草炭作为新型有机栽培的基质。     

复配花生糠基质对番茄穴盘苗质量的影响

以粉果番茄品种棚冠为试材,研究了7种复配花生糠基质对番茄穴盘苗质量的影响。结果表明,花生糠∶牛粪∶炉渣=6 V∶2 V∶2 V的基质配方理化性质较好,番茄穴盘苗茎粗、株高、茎叶鲜质量及干质量、根干质量、壮苗指数6项指标均高于其他6个处理,并显著高于对照（草炭∶蛭石=2 V∶1 V）,叶绿素含量与对照无显著差异。     

Comparative effects of bark and peat based composts on the occurrence of vine weevil larvae and the growth of containerized polyanthus

A series of experiments was conducted to investigate the effect of inclusion of bark in potting composts on the numbers of vine weevil larvae on polyanthus plants. In 1989 more larvae were recovered from plants grown in peat compost than those grown in bark but these results were reversed when the study was repeated in 1990. Numbers of larvae also increased with higher ratios of bark:peat in composts but declined as the size fraction of bark used increased. The degree to which bark was composted did not appear to materially affect the numbers of vine weevil recovered. A strong, positive, relationship between larval numbers and foliage dry weight was found. Similarly, larval numbers were bigger with greater root development in bark composts. The results are discussed and it is suggested that the use of bark may promote more vigorous growth in polyanthus and thus enable plants to support more larvae.     

Hydrangea Ringspot in Britain

The effects of 96 combinations of N, K and Mg were studied in three crops of lettuce grown in peat; there were two sources of N, Nitrochalk (26% N) and sulphur-coated urea (32% N), and molybdenum was included as an extra factor in one crop. The yield and proportion of hearted lettuce increased with applied N until the peat contained 60 mg N I^-1. In two crops higher N concentrations were unfavourable, due to increased acidity in the peat which resulted in greater uptake of Mn by the plants. The yield and the proportions of both hearted and of marketable lettuce declined as the Mn content of the leaves increased. In the third crop, which was not affected by Mn toxicity, there was little response to N over the range 60–250 mg N I^-1. The yield and quality of the produce improved with increasing K until the peat contained 200 mg K I^-1, but concentrations of up to 600 mg K I^-1 had little further effect. The N and K contents of the leaves corresponding to maximum yield were 5% N and 8% K. There was no response to added Mg. The yield and proportion of hearted lettuce were increased by the addition of Mo in plots receiving the heaviest dressing of Nitrochalk. The increase in the proportion of hearted lettuce was greatest in plots also receiving sulphur-coated urea. The water-soluble phosphate content of the peat increased from 19 mg P I^-1 to >50 mg P I^-1 as the pH of the peat declined from 6–7 to 5.5 in response to increasing N application rates.     

不同育苗基质对浅液流水培莴苣生长的影响

摘要：为筛选出适宜莴苣浅液流水培的育苗基质，研究对比了6种商品化育苗基质（花泥30、泥炭块38、泥炭块30、椰糠块30、岩棉块36、岩棉块25）对奶油莴苣“富兰德里”生长的影响。结果显示：在同期播种、同期定植、同期采收条件下，使用泥炭块38、泥炭块30、椰糠块30等商品化基质育苗更有利于莴苣苗期和定植后的生长，其次为岩棉块36、岩棉块25处理，使用花泥30育苗效果最差；在同期播种、4叶1心期定植、同株质量标准采收情况下，使用泥炭块38、泥炭块30等商品化基质育苗的莴苣生长周期最短，其次为椰糠块30、岩棉块36、岩棉块25处理，使用花泥30育苗的莴苣生长周期最长。综合来看，对于浅液流水培莴苣，使用泥炭块38、泥炭块30、椰糠块30商品化基质育苗效果较好，莴苣苗期和定植后长势好，生长周期短，考虑到育苗成本，推荐使用泥炭块30或椰糠块30进行育苗。     

Retention of nutrients by peats and wood wastes

The retention and release of major nutrients by New Zealand peats and wood wastes was studied over 24 weeks in an incubation experiment. Irish sphagnum peat was included for comparison. The treatments consisted of fertilized and unfertilized materials. The samples were extracted with water using a 1 : 1.5 (v/v) ratio. Retention of N was low for all peats, but noticeably high for bark and wood shavings after 3 weeks. At 24 weeks, the peats retained less than 20%, while the wood wastes retained 35–68% of the applied N. There was little or no release of N by any material. Retention of P was also low for N.Z. peats (except Cambridge), although not as low as for Irish peat, but again high for bark and wood slavings. Retention of K was higher for peats than for wood wastes. Wood wastes contain more water-soluble K than peat.     

蚯蚓粪基质在西瓜穴盘育苗中的应用研究

通过对蚯蚓粪理化性质的测定及其与草炭的对比,探讨了蚯蚓粪作为育苗基质的可行性;以蚯蚓粪为主要原料配合不同体积比的蛭石作为育苗基质,研究了复合基质对西瓜种子萌发及幼苗生长发育的影响。结果表明:与草炭相比,蚯蚓粪具有容重较大、孔隙度和持水力较小,高磷、钾含量和低氮含量等特性;3:1(v:v)蚯蚓粪复合基质育苗效果最佳,既提高了西瓜种子出苗率,又促进了幼苗生长发育,与对照相比,根体积、全株干重、壮苗指数分别增加了129．17％、22．95％、21．18％。     

闭环型鱼菜共生系统模式探讨

为了研究闭环型鱼菜共生生产系统模式中合适的鱼菜比例,进行了罗非鱼养殖和搭配生菜种植试验。设置3种鱼菜比例(1∶4、1∶8、1∶12),分别调查共生系统环境情况、生菜种植情况和罗非鱼的养殖情况。结果表明:罗非鱼(条)和生菜(棵)的比例为1∶8比较适合落地式鱼菜共生系统正常运行;此比例下,种植的生菜叶色深绿、总产量最高,养殖的鱼生长速度快、总质量高,同时死鱼率低,是较合适的鱼菜比例。     

EDTA螯合钙对无土栽培生菜生长及品质的影响

以"富兰德里"生菜(Lactuca sativa‘Flandria’)为试材,采用基质栽培的方法,研究了EDTA螯合钙对无土栽培生菜生长的影响,以期探索用EDAT螯合钙替代游离钙离子作为无土栽培营养液钙源的可行性,避免营养液施配过程中钙肥有效性降低的问题。结果表明:与对照CK相比,T1、T2处理生菜在冠部鲜质量、品质性状上未表现出明显差异,且符合生产商品性要求。随着营养液螯合钙浓度的进一步增大,生菜的SPAD值虽然有所增加,但累积蒸腾耗水、地上部鲜质量和营养液利用效率均受到显著抑制。因此,采用螯合钙剂作为无土栽培作物营养液的钙源时,要注意控制营养液的螯合钙浓度不宜超过20 mg·L^-1,防止产量降低、营养液利用效率下降。     

番茄栽培基质中菊芋发酵秸秆的适宜配比研究

为研究菊芋发酵秸秆作为无土栽培基质的可行性,并筛选适宜的复配基质配比,开展了番茄基质栽培中适宜配比的研究。选取草炭与蛭石体积比2︰1的基质为对照,设置发酵后菊芋秸秆的添加比例为10%、20%、30%、40%、50%等复合基质处理,测定复配基质的理化性状,研究其对番茄生长、品质、产量、抗病性等的影响。结果表明,复合基质容重、总孔隙度、持水孔隙随菊芋发酵秸秆添加量的增多而降低,持水能力、通气孔隙、大小孔隙比随着菊芋发酵秸秆添加量的增多而增大;菊芋发酵秸秆添加量30%处理的番茄株高比对照增加8.22%;随着菊芋发酵秸秆添加量的增大番茄叶片Pn呈先上升后下降的趋势,菊芋发酵秸秆添加量10%、20%、30%和40%处理比对照处理高21.53%、17.72%、14.77%和14.20%。对照处理番茄病情指数(70.00)高于其他处理(35.72~51.98)。番茄果实可溶性固形物、维生素C、可溶性糖含量和糖酸比均随菊芋发酵秸秆添加量的增大而呈现先上升后下降的趋势,菊芋发酵秸秆添加量20%~30%处理维生素C、可溶性糖含量和糖酸比显著高于对照;可滴定酸以对照最高,糖酸比以30%处理最高,显著高于对照处理110.39%。各处理单株总产量,菊芋发酵秸秆添加量20%和10%的处理,分别显著高于对照14.50%和12.50%。试验表明,适宜番茄基质栽培菊芋发酵秸秆的添加量为20%~30%。     

有机肥不同比例替代化肥对大棚莴苣生长的影响

为探索有机肥替代化肥的最佳比例,指导农户科学施肥,选择在大棚莴苣的基肥施用上开展有机肥不同比例替代化肥试验。采用田间小区试验,分别设置有机肥10%、20%、30%、40%、50%、100%的比例替代化肥处理和纯化肥区,采取三重复随机区组排列方式,研究对大棚莴苣株高、叶片数、鲜质量等指标的影响。结果表明:有机肥20%替代比例的处理在产量上表现最优,随着有机肥替代比例的增大,莴苣的增产效果并未显著增加,反而呈下降趋势;纯化肥区和有机肥30%、40%替代比例的处理产量不存在显著差异,但都显著高于有机肥10%、50%、100%替代处理区。在本试验条件下,有机肥20%替代化肥比例是莴苣的最佳施肥量,667 m~2产量达6 638 kg,比纯化肥处理区增产12.7%;有机肥30%和40%比例替代区的产量次之。建议有机肥替代化肥比例控制在20%～40%,既可综合利用畜禽粪便有机肥资源,又可达到化肥减量增效、保护农业生态环境等目标。