1-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol: neurochemical and behavioral effects in the mouse

Administration of pure 1-delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol to mice had the following dose-dependent nzeurochemical and behavioral effects: a slight but significant increase in concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine in whole brain; a decrease in concentration of norepinephrine in brain after administration of low doses and an increase after high doses; diminished spontaneous activity, mloderate hypothermnia, hypersetisitivity to tactile and auditory stimiuli, and ataxia after low doses; and sedation, pronounced hypothermia, and markedly diminished spon taneous activity and reactivity after high doses. The duration of the effects on body temperature and spontaneous activity correlated generally with the changes in brain amines. The characteristic changes in brain amines do not correspond exactly to those observed with other psychotropic drugs.     

Histochemical fluorescence after application of neurochemicals to caudate nucleus and septal area in vivo

The movement of carbachol, norepinephrine, and dopamine from cannula sites in caudate nucleus and septal area of freely moving rats was traced by means of biogenic amine fluorescence. Fluorescent patterns seen after application of carbachol and norepinephrine to brain tissue did not appear to differ from controls. Three types of movement from the cannula site after administration of dopamine were observed. There was a spherical distribution approximately 2 millimeters in diameter. Fluorescence also followed axonal pathways in the orthodromic direction, suggesting that dopamine may have been transported by " axonal streaming " or by some other unknown mechanism in periaxonal spaces. Because fluorescence was present in both the ependymal lining and the choroid plexus, it was inferred that the cerebral ventricles were also involved in the movement of chemical. Any attempt to ascribe anatomical localization to behavioral effects resulting from chemical stimulation of the brain should take into account the widespread movement of chemicals after their local application to brain tissue.     

Is reserpine tranquilization linked to change in brain serotonin or brain norepinephrine?

Reserpine, when administered to animals stressed by exposure to cold, does not induce sedation or appreciably lower brain serotonin, but markedly lowers brain norepinephrine. Reserpine in cold-exposed hypophysectomized rats elicits sedation and releases both amines equally. The results support the view that the tranquilizing action of reserpine is not related to brain norepinephrine loss but rather to change in the level of brain serotonin.     

Inhibition of biogenic amine uptake by hydrogen peroxide: a mechanism for toxic effects of 6-hydroxydopamine

Hydrogen peroxide, dialuric acid, or 6-hydroxydopamine inhibited the uptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin into rat brain synaptosomal preparations. The addition of catalase protected all systems, but catalase was only partially protective for 6-hydroxydopamine acting upon catecholamine uptake. The data show that 6-hydroxydopamine generates hydrogen peroxide and that hydrogen peroxide can damage the biogenic amine uptake systems. Part of the damage caused by the 6-hydroxydopamine that accumulates in the catecholamine nerve terminals in vivo may be attributed to the hydrogen peroxide.     

Drugs in the brain

In our studies on the entry of drugs into the central nervous system we have found the technique of autoradiography combined with radioassay to be a valuable research tool. It has disclosed such unsuspected phenomena as the dual routes of entry into the brain of acetazolamide. Although many factors controlling drug entry remain to be studied, we propose certain general conclusions. 1) The anatomical boundaries of brain are clearly reflected by the penetration and accumulation of all compounds we have studied-a finding that confirms the original proposition that whole-brain homogenates are inadequate for the study of drug and brain relationships. 2) Circulation, expressed as egional blood flow or volume of capillary blood, was seldom decisive in nfluencing entry or accumulation of exogenous substances in the brain. To date, the only compounds demonstrated to be circulation-dependent are trifluoroiodomethane and thiopental. Both are extremely fat-soluble. Tissue binding appears to be an additional factor in the case of thiopental. 3) Penetration is retarded by myelin. All substances we have studied have shown a relatively slower rate of entry into this tissue. In immature brain, before myelinization has taken lace, the primordial white matter is readily penetrated. We have suggested that entry into mature white matter is retarded by the lamellated membranes of the myelin sheath, which should be regarded, therefore, as a component of the blood-brain barrier. The small interstitial space indicated by the limited entry of sulfate ion is an additional hindrance to dispersal of exogenous substances into brain parenchyma. The blood-brain barrier is a complex anatomical, physiological, and biochemical phenomenon, and no unitary hypothesis is adequate to embrace all the observed events. 4) Accumulation of a drug in the brain implies some form of binding or interaction between drug and tissue. Findings on injection of phenobarbital, thiopental, or diphenylhydantoin illustrate such an accumulation. These binding interactions may be nonspecific, as is probable in the case of drugs bound to plasma protein. However, a more fundamental significance is suggested when a drug is found to bind, react with, or accumulate in, a specific anatomical structure of the brain. We have made reference to this possibility in connection with the localization of isonicotinic acid hydrazide or its metabolites in the hippocampus (46), and we have also reported the striking accumulation of acetazolamide in hippocampus, caudate nucleus, and hypothalamus. Although the binding process is poorly understood, further investigation of these phenomena should lead to a clearer understanding of regional variations in brain chemistry. While one should not assume that the demonstration of a focal concentration of a drug implies site of action, correlation between pharmacological action, electrophysiological events, biochemical changes, and temporal and regional drug concentrations may indeed exist (47).     

影响干制发酵香肠中生物胺积累的因素

生物胺通常是存在生物有机体中的化合物,是参与生物基本功能的主要物质。生物胺在人体中不平衡消化会产生不同的疾病(例如神经系统、胃肠系统和与血压相关的疾病)。微生物可产生大量生物胺,尤其是酪胺、苯乙胺、色胺、尸胺、丁二胺、组胺。然而,在同一种产品中胺的含量波动很大,这些不同主要依赖于一些变化,如微生物丛中半定量的组成、物理化学变化、生产过程中采取的卫生手段、前体的利用。本文着重讨论影响这些物质积累的因素,主要包括生产工序、内在的因素、在生产香肠不同阶段的促使发酵的起始物和非起始物菌群。此外,还讨论在成熟和贮存阶段微生物的作用—氨基氧化酶作为起始培养物来控制或减少生物胺的积累。     

Alcohol, amines, and alkaloids: a possible biochemical basis for alcohol addiction

Tetrahydropapaveroline is a benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloidderivative of the biogenic amine, dopnmine. Alcohol, by way of its primary metabolite, acetaldehyde, competitively inhibits nicotinamide-adenine Sinucleotide-linked aldehyde dehydrogenase and augments the formation of tetrahydropapaveroline in vitro. The limited capacity of brain to oxidize aldehydes may be of pharmacological importance because it facilitates the production of tetrahydropapaveroline in the presence of drugs which inhibit this enzyme.     

Central norepinephrine metabolism in affective illness: MHPG in the cerebrospinal fluid

Concentrations of the norepinephrine metabolite 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl glycol in cerebrospinal fluid were measured by a gas chromatographic method in 34 patients with affective illness and in 44 controls. Concentrations of this metabolite in spinal fluid were significantly lower in depressed patients than in controls or manic patients. These low values may occur secondary to depressive phenomena such as reduced psychomotor activity, or they may reflect a primary change in norepinephrine metabolism in depressive illness.     

液相色谱法测定食品中的生物胺

[目的]为测定食品中的生物胺寻求一种快速、简单的方法。[方法]采用以丹磺酰氯作为衍生剂,室温离子液体作为萃取、富集和衍生介质,以超声作为反应条件的液相色谱法测定食品中的生物胺。[结果]测定食品中的生物胺较理想的衍生条件是：衍生剂量1.5ml,硼砂缓冲液的pH9.10,硼砂缓冲液量为2 ml,1 ml[OMIM]PF6离子液,超声时间为20 min。[结论]液相色谱法是测定食品中生物胺含量的一种快速、简单的方法。 更多还原     

化学减菌处理对冰鲜鸡肉的保鲜效果

 【目的】探讨不同化学保鲜剂对鸡胸肉冷藏过程中微生物生长水平和生物胺生成量的影响,评价其减菌效果及应用的安全性。【方法】使用一定浓度的化学减菌液（磷酸钠、酸化亚氯酸钠、柠檬酸、乳酸）对分割后鸡胸肉进行浸蘸处理,分别应用固体平板计数法和反相高效液相色谱（RP-HPLC）方法,测定其在（4±1）℃冷藏过程中的微生物指标及生物胺（酪胺、组胺、腐胺,尸胺、亚精胺、精胺）含量,以及其它理化指标的变化,以考察其对冰鲜鸡肉的保鲜效果。【结果】在冷藏初期,各组间微生物数量和生物胺含量差异不大。随着冷藏时间增加,各组微生物数量和生物胺含量均有不同程度上升,且各组间差异也逐渐增大。到第9天时,处理组微生物污染水平和生物胺含量显著低于对照组。其中以乳酸处理和柠檬酸处理组效果最好,细菌总数、大肠菌群数、假单胞菌数均比对照组降低2.0 log CFU?g-1以上。在整个冷藏过程中乳酸处理组、柠檬酸处理组,腐胺和尸胺含量始终低于30 mg?kg-1,没有检出组胺。各处理组最终颜色、TVB-N值、pH的变化与微生物生长、生物胺含量间也呈现出一定的相关性。【结论】使用减菌液,尤其是乳酸和柠檬酸处理,对于降低分割鸡肉微生物污染水平具有明显效果,能显著延长冰鲜鸡肉货架期,同时还能显著抑制有害生物胺的产生,延缓腐败感官特征的产生,提高冰鲜鸡肉产品的食用安全性。     

鱿鱼加工废弃物鱼酱油发酵过程中的生物胺变化研究

[目的]研究鱿鱼加工废弃物鱼酱油发酵过程中的生物胺含量变化。[方法]利用高效液相色谱-柱后衍生-荧光检测法研究了鱿鱼加工废弃物鱼酱油中酪胺、尸胺、组胺、精胺、亚精胺、胍丁胺和腐胺7种生物胺含量在发酵过程中的变化。[结果]鱼酱油中的7种生物胺得到了很好的分离和测定,平均回收率较好,为88.6%～111.7%,相对标准偏差RSD小于10%。鱿鱼加工废弃物鱼酱油发酵过程中7种生物胺的变化规律：酪胺含量随发酵时间的延长增加较快,腐胺次之,组胺含量增加较少,尸胺、胍丁胺、精胺、亚精胺含量在发酵过程中变化很小。发酵30d得到的鱿鱼加工废弃物低盐鱼酱油中酪胺、腐胺、组胺、尸胺、胍丁胺、精胺、亚精胺含量分别为（20.75±0.84）、（8.95±0.55）、（3.37±0.27）、（0.32±0.07）、（0.14±0.02）、（0.67±0.02）、（0.69±0.03）mg/L,其与日本鱿鱼鱼酱油各种生物胺的含量比例相似。[结论]为鱿鱼加工废弃物低盐鱼酱油的生产提供技术资料。     

Thermoregulation: effects of environmental temperature on turnover of hypothalamic norepinephrine

The hypothesis that norepinephrine is a transmitter in the temperature regulating center of the hypothalamus is based on observations of changes in the rectal temperatures of animals after injections of norepinephrine into the hypothalamus. By introducing tritiated norepinephrine as a label into the endogenous norepinephrine stores in the brain and then measuring the disappearance of tritiated norepinephrine from discrete areas, one can monitor the activity of norepinephrine-containing neurons in those areas. In the rat exposed to heat, the turnover of endogenous norepinephrine appears to be increased selectively in the hypothalamus, whereas exposure to cold has no effect.     

肉品中微生物对生物胺的影响

分析了肉品中微生物的致腐作用、不同微生物对生物胺形成的影响以及肉品中生物胺类物质的危害和分布,以控制有害物质的形成、提高肉品的安全性和质量。     

Reversal of phenylalkylamine tachyphylaxis by norepinephrine

Since the responses to "neurosympathomimetic amines" are reduced in the reserpinized animal and restored by norepinephrine administration, it was postulated that norepinephrine might also affect the development of their tachyphylaxis. We found that norepinephrine infusion restored, at least partially, certain tachyphylactic responses to amphetamine or ephedrine and fully prevented the development of tachyphylaxis to tyramine.     

Relationship of stress-induced histidine decarboxylase to circulatory homeostasis and shock

Histidine decarboxylase activity of mouse tissues is increased by stress and by injection of epinephrine and norepinephrine, suggesting a balance between histamine and catechol amines producing a component of circulatory homeostasis. Imbalance during intense stress might lead to failure of circulatory homeostasis and to shock. Reasons for discounting histamine as "shock toxin" may be invalid.     

反相高效液相色谱法分析餐厨废弃物中 5 种生物胺的含量简

[目的]优选合适的方法定性定量地分析餐厨废弃物中5种生物胺的含量.[方法]应用紫外检测-反相高效液相色谱（RP-HPLC）技术,建立了餐厨废弃物中5种生物胺的定性定量分析方法.餐厨废弃物经三氯乙酸溶液提取后,正己烷除脂,苯甲酰氯衍生,氮吹浓缩,进行RP-HPLC检测.采用Waters RP18色谱柱（4.6 mm×150 mm,3.5μm）,流动相采用甲醇和水进行梯度洗脱,流速为0.8ml/min,柱温为30℃,紫外检测波长为254 nm.[结果]该方法在0.50～ 50.00μg/ml范围内线性关系良好（R2 ＞0.99）,5种生物胺的检测限：腐胺、尸胺为0.1 μg/ml,精胺、组胺、酪胺为0.5μg/ml.相对标准偏差（RSD）低于6％,5种生物胺的加标回收率为67％～ 120％.[结论]该方法灵敏度高,重复性和准确性好,适合餐厨废弃物中生物胺的定性定量分析.     

Amphetamine: differentiation by d and l isomers of behavior involving brain norepinephrine or dopamine

d-Amphetamine is markedly more potent an inhibitor of catecholamine uptake by norepinephrine neurons in the brain than is 1-amphetamine, whereas the two isomers are equally active in inhibiting catecholamine uptake by the dopamine neurons of the corpus striatum. In behavioral studies, d-amphetamine is ten times as potent as 1-amphetamine in enhancing locomotor activity, while it is only twice as potent in eliciting a compulsive gnawing syndrome. This suggests that the locomotor stimulation induced by amphetamine involves central norepinephrine, while dopamine neurons play an important role in the induced compulsive gnawing behavior. Assessment of differential actions of d- and 1-amphetamine may be an efficient method to differentiate behaviors involving norepinephrine or dopamine in the brain.     

Norepinephrine pools in rat brain: differences in turnover rates and pathways of metabolism

The rate of disappearance of intracisternally administered [(3)H]norepinephrine from rat brain gradually declines as a multiphasic exponential function of time. Conversion to [(3)H]normetanephrine accounts for a larger fraction of the [(3)H]norepinephrine released in the brain shortly after its intracisternal injection than that released at later times. Pools of norepinephrine in the brain thus appear to differ in their turnover rates and pathways of metabolism. The pool of norepinephrine with a rapid rate of turnover and an appreciable conversion to normetanephrine, identified by the techniques reported here, may correspond to a pool of newly synthesized norepinephrine in the brain.     

G1 events and regulation of cell proliferation

Cells prepare for S phase during the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Cell biological methods have provided knowledge of cycle kinetics and of substages of G1 that are determined by extracellular signals. Through the use of biochemical and molecular biological techniques to study effects of growth factors, oncogenes, and inhibitors, intracellular events during G1 that lead to DNA synthesis are rapidly being discovered. Many cells in vivo are in a quiescent state (G0), with unduplicated DNA. Cells can be activated to reenter the cycle during G1. Similarly, cells in culture can be shifted between G0 and G1. These switches in and out of G1 are the main determinants of post-embryonic cell proliferation rate and are defectively controlled in cancer cells.     

Norepinephrine turnover and metabolism in rat brain after long-term administration of imipramine

The rate of disappearance of intracisternally administered tritiated norepinephrine from rat brain is decreased after a single dose of the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine. During long-term administration of imipramine, however, the rate of disappearance of tritiated norepinephrine from brain gradually increases, and there is a concurrent decrease in the content of endogenous norepinephrine in brain. These findings may help to explain why antidepressant effects are observed clinically only after long-termn treatment with imipramine.