基于植物功能-结构模型的玉米-大豆条带间作光截获行间差异研究

间作种植形成了异质冠层空间结构,但因此导致的作物生长、表型和光截获的行间差异目前还少有定量化。为解析条带间作生产力的行间差异,本研究基于田间观测数据构建植物功能-结构模型（Functional-Structural Plant Model,FSPM）,量化间作系统中光截获的行间差异。于2017—2018年开展了玉米和大豆单作、2行玉米和2行大豆的2:2 MS间作以及3行玉米和6行大豆的3:6 MS间作田间试验。基于植物生长平台GroIMP开发了玉米-大豆间作的FSPM,模型较好地模拟了叶面积指数（Leaf Area Index,LAI）、株高和光截获系数动态三个指标,均方根误差（Root Mean Square Error,RMSE）分别为0.24～0.70 m²/m²、0.06～0.17 m和0.06～0.10。田间试验结果表明,间作种植显著增加了玉米节间直径。受玉米遮阴影响,大豆节间变长、变细,且随大豆条带变窄差异越明显。模型模拟的2:2 MS间作玉米光截获比单作玉米高35.6%,3:6 MS边行玉米和内行玉米的光截获分别比单作玉米高27.8%和20.3%。2:2 MS与3:6 MS边行大豆的光截获比单作大豆分别少36.0%和28.8%;3:6 MS大豆内I行和内II行比单作大豆的光截获分别少4.1%和1.8%。基于三维FSPM,未来可进行不同生长环境下间作种植模式等的布局优化,以达到最佳系统光截获优势。     

间作种植模式下冬小麦根系生长的时空分布及变化规律研究

针对冬小麦/春玉米间作种植模式下冬小麦的根系分布特征进行研究,分析冬小麦在间作种植模式下根系的空间变化规律及随生育时期的增长规律。研究表明,间作冬小麦根系在垂直方向上随深度的增加呈幂函数衰减规律,在水平方向上呈指数递减规律。在对根系变化规律进行统计分析的基础上,建立了衰减数学模型。同时对比分析了间作和单作2种不同种植模式下冬小麦根长密度的垂直分布。对根系生物量随时间的增长分析结果表明,2种种植模式下冬小麦根系生物量的增长均呈现“S”型曲线。     

冬小麦、春玉米间作条件下作物需水规律

通过田间试验研究了冬小麦、春玉米间作条件下各生育期的作物需水规律.结果表明:与单作相比,第1个试验期内冬小麦全生育期内间作麦田土壤蒸发量增加34.63 mm,作物蒸腾量减小65.81 mm, 蒸发蒸腾量减小31.18 mm.第2个试验期内冬小麦生育期内间作麦田土壤蒸发量增加26.00 mm,作物蒸腾量减小64.81 mm, 蒸发蒸腾量减小40.81 mm.与单作春玉米相比,间作春玉米的土壤蒸发减少了40.94 mm,作物蒸腾增加了147.73 mm,ET值增加了106.79 mm.可为间作种植的水分管理提供参考.     

推迟灌拔节水对宽幅麦田光合有效辐射的影响

为研究华北平原冬小麦节水高产种植模式,以“济麦22”为研究材料,于2015-2016年和2016-2017年冬小麦生育期间在山东农业大学农学试验站进行试验.该试验设置常规种植和宽幅精播2种种植模式,2种种植模式的冬小麦均进行拔节期灌溉60 mm和拔节后10 d灌溉60 mm²2种灌溉处理,共4种处理.在生育期内对冬小麦的叶面积、光合有效辐射(PAR)截获量、干物质积累量和产量进行观测,分析不同处理对冬小麦生理指标和产量的影响.结果显示,宽幅精播种植模式显著增加了冬小麦的叶面积指数和PAR截获率.推迟灌拔节水显著优化了宽幅精播麦田对PAR的有效利用,进而促进了干物质积累.同时,推迟灌拔节水显著增加了宽幅精播麦田的穗粒数,从而显著提高小麦产量.     

干旱区不同种植模式下棉花根系及地上部差异性分析

为了探明枣-棉间作模式对棉花生长特性的影响,以干旱绿洲区典型的枣-棉间作种植方式下的棉花为研究对象,采用剖面法分层取样得到棉花根系,再结合图像扫描分析方法,对比研究了单作、间作模式下棉花的根系分布及地上部的差异性,以及以产量对其进行经济效益评价。结果表明:种植模式对棉花根系发育及地上部生长有重要影响。单作棉花根系主要分布在水平0~20cm、垂直0~20cm范围内;间作棉花根系主要分布在水平0~40cm、垂直0~40cm范围内。间作单株棉花根长密度总量较单作高1.84%,总根质量较单作高15.47%。单作、间作棉花根长密度、地上部间均有显著性差异。由单作、间作棉花产量及经济效益对比可知,间作对棉花生长更为有利。     

小麦-蚕豆间作对土壤水势的影响

通过小麦-蚕豆间作盆栽试验,研究了小麦-蚕豆间作中小麦和蚕豆、间作与单作在土壤水势变化方面的差异。研究结果表明,在小麦-蚕豆间作中,除小麦苗期外,其它生育期小麦土壤水势下降速度都快于蚕豆,而且在小麦孕穗期下降速度最快,这证明土壤水分除小麦苗期外,其它生育期都由蚕豆向小麦迁移,而且迁移速度在小麦孕穗期最快。间作小麦和单作小麦相比,除小麦苗期前期,间作小麦与蚕豆对土壤水分的竞争较弱,其它生育期间作小麦与蚕豆对土壤水分的竞争都比较激烈。     

基于大型蒸渗仪的1年2作滴灌小麦-玉米耗水特征

利用大型称质量式蒸渗仪,分析了滴灌条件下小麦-复玉米蒸散耗水过程。结果表明,中等灌水条件下,滴灌小麦-玉米蒸散耗水总量为777.93mm,其中小麦耗水占45.8%,玉米耗水占54.2%,小麦拔节期和抽穗期耗水量为188.03mm,占1年2作耗水总量的24.2%,玉米拔节期和抽雄期耗水量为235.42mm,占1年2作耗水总量的30.26%;1年2作滴灌小麦-玉米全生育期平均耗水强度为4.25mm/d,其中小麦、复播玉米平均耗水强度分别为3.93、4.57mm/d。不同天气状况下玉米蒸散耗水强度的差异大于小麦,玉米蒸散日变化具有明显"午休"现象。滴灌小麦-玉米受各气象因子的影响不同,春小麦和夏玉米蒸散强度与各气象因子的相关性分别表现为净辐射相对湿度30cm土壤水分总辐射光合辐射日平均气温风速和相对湿度光合辐射净辐射30cm土壤水分总辐射风速日平均气温。     

不同种植模式下水资源利用效率的探讨

研究了6种种植模式下耗水量、产量、等价产量以及水分利用效率和水分经济利用效率等的变化。结果表明,冬小麦-夏玉米1年2作的传统种植模式下等价产量、耗水量均最高;等价产量的水分利用效率以春玉米1年1作种植模式最高,棉花1年1作种植模式最低;棉花-冬小麦-夏玉米2年3作种植模式下经济效益和水分经济利用效率最高,棉花1年1作种植模式次之,远高于以粮食作物为主的种植模式。从农业水资源可持续发展和粮食安全角度考虑,该区域应采用棉花-冬小麦-夏玉米2年3作种植模式。     

绿洲灌区交替灌溉小麦间作玉米的产量及水分利用效率

在河西绿洲灌区,通过大田试验,研究了交替灌溉小麦间作玉米的产量及水分利用效率(WUE)。结果表明,交替灌溉小麦间作玉米的产量及WUE较单作显著提高。在低、中、高3个灌水水平下,间作土地当量比分别为1.30、1.35、1.38;净占地面积上间作小麦经济产量较单作小麦分别提高了20.96%、28.34%、33.10%,间作玉米经济产量较单作玉米分别提高了38.30%、41.65%、41.98%,间作增产作用显著;间作耗水量较相应单作耗水量的加权平均分别增加了5.37%、4.71%、4.18%;WUE间作较单作小麦和单作玉米分别提高了55.97%、63.86%、68.46%和8.29%、12.71%、14.02%,WUE间作与单作小麦差异显著,但与单作玉米差异不显著。     

玉米大豆不同间作系统光合特性与产量边际效应

为明确内蒙古河套灌区间作模式的边际效应及该区域本土化玉米大豆间作技术模式,在滴灌条件下,设置4种间作技术模式（行比为2∶3、2∶4、4∶3、4∶4（T2∶3、T2∶4、T4∶3、T4∶4））,以玉米大豆单作为对照,对光合特性变化规律、种间竞争力及边际效应进行分析。结果表明,单作与间作玉米叶片叶绿素SPAD及氮质量比总体表现为大喇叭口期达到峰值,之后逐渐下降,进入灌浆期又出现一小高峰,此时,T2∶3模式叶绿素SPAD及氮质量比与单作差异均不显著,大喇叭口期,分别较单作下降0.91%、5.07%,灌浆期,较单作分别提高5.09%、5.17%,且净光合速率均于吐丝期达到峰值,但T2∶3较单作下降缓慢,其它模式的特点是峰值低,出现早（大喇叭口期）,降得快。T2∶3模式与单作大豆叶片叶绿素SPAD和氮质量比均在开花期达到峰值,之后逐渐下降,鼓粒期又出现一小高峰,结荚期与鼓粒期,T2∶3模式SPAD较单作分别提高2.32%、5.11%,氮质量比分别提高2.34%、5.77%,且净光合速率峰值出现晚（鼓粒期）,其它模式峰值出现早,降得快,尤其T2∶4、T4∶3、T4∶4模式的中行更显著。因此,间作群体花后光合功能稳定期长是关键,是发挥间作优势的重要原因。仅T2∶3模式土地当量比大于1,达到1.38,且大豆的相对拥挤系数大于玉米,间作大豆侵占力、竞争比率均大于玉米,T2∶3具有明显的间作优势和竞争力,大豆相对产量增长大于玉米,是竞争优势种。T2∶3模式的玉米、大豆产量最高,分别为9705、2265kg/hm2,占系统产量的81.08%、18.92%。T4∶4模式的玉米产量与叶绿素SPAD、净光合速率具有显著的边际优势,而大豆仅光合速率表现边际优势,T2∶3模式的中行大豆具有光合优势。综上,T2∶3模式是内蒙古河套灌区适宜的间作技术模式。     

水分胁迫和气象因子对冬小麦生理特性的影响

通过对防雨棚下测坑中种植的冬小麦设置不同的土壤水分控制下限指标,研究了土壤水分状况及气象因子对冬小麦生理特性的影响,分析了不同生理指标的日变化规律,建立了几种生理指标与环境因子间的逐步回归关系式。研究结果表明,各生理指标受环境因子的影响有着明显的日变化特征,不同处理气孔导度(Gs)峰值出现的时间早于光合速率(Pn),而蒸腾速率(Tr)峰值出现的时间滞后于光合速率,随着土壤水分胁迫程度的增加,Gs、Tr、Pn的峰值有提前的趋势;不同土壤水分条件下水分胁迫指数(CWSI)和冠气温差的峰值均在13:00左右出现,而细胞液浓度(CSC)的最大值出现在14:00～15:00。土壤水分与Tr、Pn、Gs呈极显著正相关,而与CWSI、冠气温差和CSC呈极显著负相关。此外,气象因素对冬小麦生理指标的影响程度会随着土壤水分状况而发生变化,生理指标与环境因子的逐步回归结果表明,土壤水分和光合有效辐射是影响冬小麦生理指标最主要的环境因子。     

基于遥感多参数和CNN-Transformer的冬小麦单产估测

为了提高冬小麦单产估测精度,改善估产模型存在的高产低估和低产高估等现象,以陕西省关中平原为研究区域,选取旬尺度条件植被温度指数（VTCI）、叶面积指数（LAI）和光合有效辐射吸收比率（FPAR）为遥感特征参数,结合卷积神经网络（CNN）局部特征提取能力和基于自注意力机制的Transformer网络的全局信息提取能力,构建CNN-Transformer深度学习模型,用于估测关中平原冬小麦产量。与Transformer模型（R2为0.64,RMSE为465.40kg/hm2,MAPE为8.04%）相比,CNN-Transformer模型具有更高的冬小麦单产估测精度（R2为0.70,RMSE为420.39kg/hm2,MAPE为7.65%）,能够从遥感多参数中提取更多与产量相关的信息,且对于Transformer模型存在的高产低估和低产高估现象均有所改善。基于5折交叉验证法和留一法进一步验证了CNN-Transformer模型的鲁棒性和泛化能力。此外,基于CNN-Transformer模型捕获冬小麦生长过程的累积效应,分析逐步累积旬尺度输入参数对产量估测的影响,评估模型对于冬小麦不同生长阶段的累积过程的表征能力。结果表明,模型能有效捕捉冬小麦生长的关键时期,3月下旬至5月上旬是冬小麦生长的关键时期。     

Effects of irrigation and planting patterns on radiation use efficiency and yield of winter wheat in North China

The factor limiting the increase in winter wheat yield was not the deficiency of light radiation but the low radiation use efficiency (RUE). In 2004-2005 and 2005-2006, an experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Station of Shandong Agricultural University to study the effects of irrigation and different planting patterns on the photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) capture ratio, PAR utilization, and winter wheat yield. In this experiment, winter wheat was planted in four patterns as follows: uniform row planting (U; row spacing, 30 cm), “20 + 40” wide-narrow row planting (W), “20 + 40” furrow planting (F), and “20 + 40” bed planting (B), which are very popular in North China. The results showed that under different irrigation regimes, there was no significant difference (less than 15.93%) between any of the planting patterns with respect to the amount of PAR intercepted by the winter wheat canopies. However, significant differences were observed between different planting patterns with respect to the amount of PAR intercepted by plants that were 60-80 cm above the ground surface (53.35-225.16%). This result was mainly due to the changes in the vertical distributions of leaf area index (LAI). As a result, the effects of the planting patterns on RUE and the winter wheat yield were due the vertical distribution of PAR in the winter wheat canopies. During the late winter wheat growing season, irrespective of the applied irrigation, the RUE in case of F was higher than that in case of U, W, and B by 0.05-0.09, 0.04-0.08, and 0.02-0.12 g/mol, respectively, and the yield was higher by 238.39-693.46, 160.02-685.96, and 308.98-699.06 kg/ha, respectively. Only under the fully irrigated conditions, the RUE and winter wheat yield significantly (LSD; P < 0.05) increased in case of B. This experiment showed that in North China, where the water shortage is the highest, application of planting pattern B should be restricted. Instead, F should be used in combination with deficit irrigation to increase the RUE and grain yield of winter wheat.     

基于遥感多参数和门控循环单元网络的冬小麦单产估测

为进一步准确、实时监测冬小麦长势并估测其产量,以陕西省关中平原为研究区域,选取冬小麦旬或生育时期尺度的条件植被温度指数（VTCI）、叶面积指数（LAI）和光合有效辐射吸收比率（FPAR）作为遥感特征参数,分别构建不同时间尺度的单参数、双参数和多参数的门控循环单元（GRU）神经网络模型,并模拟得到冬小麦长势综合监测指数I,结果表明,旬尺度的模型精度总体高于生育时期尺度的模型精度。基于5折交叉验证法进一步验证旬尺度多参数GRU模型的鲁棒性,并构建I与统计单产之间的线性回归模型以估测冬小麦单产,结果显示,冬小麦估测单产与统计单产的决定系数（R2）为0.62,均方根误差（RMSE）为509.08kg/hm2,平均相对误差（MRE）为9.01%,相关性达到极显著水平（P<0.01）,表明旬尺度的多参数估产模型能够较准确地估测关中平原冬小麦产量,且产量分布呈现西高东低的空间特性和整体保持稳定且平稳增长的年际变化特征。此外,基于GRU模型捕获冬小麦生长的累积效应,分析在连续旬中逐步输入参数对产量估测的影响,结果显示,模型具有识别冬小麦关键生长阶段的能力,3月下旬至4月下旬是冬小麦生长的关键时期。     

涝渍胁迫对冬小麦净光合速率变化的影响

在水位调控技术的基础上,采用田间试验研究了麦田水位调控下,冬小麦不同生育期、不同农田水层深度、地下水埋深下净光合速率变化规律.研究结果表明,淹水水位较浅且历时适中对冬小麦的净光合速率影响最小,相同水位、相同淹水历时条件下,水位回落速度越快净光合速率越大;不同控水条件下,冬小麦各生育期净光合速率日变化曲线呈“M”形.上午随光合有效辐射增强和温度的升高急剧增大,下午随有效辐射减弱和温度的降低大幅度下降,中午变化较缓,净光合速率峰值出现在11:00和13:00左右,12:00左右有明显的下降,即出现“午休”现象;此外,小麦净光合速率与光合有效辐射、太阳总辐射、大气温度、空气相对湿度和风速存在一定的相关性,其中净光合速率与太阳总辐射、光合有效辐射、空气温度有较强的相关性,与空气湿度和风速相关性较弱.     

廊坊市温室春茬番茄生长与温度的关系及室温调控措施

以番茄“MEISHUAI”品种为试验材料,研究了廊坊市春茬番茄温室内气温的影响因素、番茄生长与温度的关系及室温调控措施。结果表明:温室内日平均气温与温室内日平均10 cm土壤温度、日平均光合有效辐射及温室外日平均气温均存在极显著相关关系,相关系数分别为0.693、0.432和0.759;番茄茎粗、株高和果实橫纵径的生长量与积温成显著或极显著正相关。针对温室内温度过高的问题,提出了具体的室外气温调控指标和调控措施。      

Recent changes in the climatic yield potential of various crops in Europe

Recent changes in the simulated potential crop yield and biomass production caused by changes in the temperature and global radiation patterns are examined, using the Crop Growth Monitoring System. The investigated crops are winter wheat, spring barley, maize, winter rapeseed, potato, sugar beet, pulses and sunflower. The period considered is 1976-2005. The research was executed at NUTS2 level. Maize and sugar beet were the crops least affected by changing temperature and global radiation patterns. For the other crops the simulated potential yield remained stable in the majority of regions, while decreasing trends in simulated potential yields prevailed in the remaining regions. The changes appear in a geographical pattern. In Italy and southern central Europe, temperature and radiation change effects are more severe than elsewhere, in these areas potential crop yields of more than three crops significantly decreased. In the UK and some regions in northern Europe the yield potential of various crops increased.In a next step the national yield statistics were analyzed. For a large majority of the countries the yield increases of wheat, barley and to a lesser extent rapeseed are leveling off. Several explanations could be given, however, as the simulated yield potential for these crops decreased in various regions, the changing temperature and radiation patterns may also contribute to the diminishing yield increases or to the stagnation. In more than 50% of the investigated countries the maize, potato and sugar beet yields continue to increase. This can be attributed to improving production techniques, new crop varieties, sometimes in combination with an improving climatic potential. In some regions in northern Europe, yields continue to increase.     

Forage evapotranspiration and photosynthetically active radiation interception in proximity to deciduous trees

Practically all of the extensive body of research on evapotranspiration (ET) in agricultural systems has been done for open fields. There is a lack of information on how the microclimate variability within silvopasture systems affects water requirements of forages. Small 26 cm diameter, 23 cm deep lysimeters planted with either orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) or tall fescue (Schedonorus phoenix (Scop.) Holub) were placed in the ground along the north and south edge of two 15 m wide × 50 m deep notches cleared into a mature second growth hardwood forest. One notch opened to pasture on the east receiving more early day solar radiation and one to pasture on the west receiving more wind and late day solar radiation. There was no significant difference in ET between orchardgrass and tall fescue. North edges, receiving more direct beam radiation, had significantly higher ET (39%) than south edges which received a higher percentage of diffuse radiation. The west notch had significantly higher ET (11%) than the east notch. At the sunniest sites, advection provided 20% of the energy used for ET while at the shadiest sites it provided more than half (56%) with the rest provided by incident solar radiation. Dates where photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was restricted by clouds resulted in decreased ET relative to PAR compared to more sunny days. However, sites where PAR was restricted by tree shade had higher ET relative to PAR than more open sites. These results indicate tree modification of microclimate does not decrease forage ET to the extent that PAR is decreased.     

Intercepted radiation by apple canopy can be used as a basis for irrigation scheduling

Improved approaches for irrigation scheduling require specific protocols for adaptation to different growing conditions. We assessed crop intercepted radiation as the main factor for decision on irrigation scheduling. Over two growing seasons (2007-2008), apple trees growing in a large weighing lysimeter were used to measure daily canopy transpiration (T_d). Seasonal patterns of daily canopy intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (IPAR_d) and midday stem water potential were also measured. In 2007, irrigation was withheld in two different times to study T_d responses to midday stem water potential. Before harvest, under full irrigation, T_d increased linearly with IPAR_d (R² = 0.81 in 2007 and 0.84 in 2008). With the two year data combined, R² increased from 0.74 to 0.80 when VPD was considered as a second variable. When irrigation was withheld in 2007 the ratio between T_d and IPAR_d, which is defined here as transpiratory radiation use efficiency (TRUE), decreased linearly (R² = 0.49) as midday stem water potential decreased. Due to the highly significant effect of IPAR_d and VPD on T_d, TRUE showed potential applications in estimating the amount of irrigation water.