低浓度乙酸预处理玉米芯的工艺研究

以脱除木质素,降解半纤维素为木糖,提高纤维素酶解得率为目的,研究了低浓度乙酸预处理玉米芯的效果,考察了乙酸质量分数、预处理温度和时间对预处理的影响。研究结果表明:质量分数5%乙酸预处理玉米芯可以脱除大部分的半纤维素和少部分木质素,预处理后的玉米芯具有较好的水解效果。低浓度乙酸预处理玉米芯最优条件为:预处理温度160℃,保温时间60 min,乙酸质量分数5%,固液比1∶8(g∶mL)。在此条件下,玉米芯固体渣回收率为53.75%,固体渣中纤维素保留率93.17%,半纤维素脱除率87.36%,木质素脱除率25.04%,预处理液中木糖质量浓度15.56 g/L。预处理后的玉米芯固体经72 h酶解,酶解得率为92.69%。     

白腐菌预处理对丙酸蒸解玉米芯制备纤维素的影响

探讨了白腐菌预处理对丙酸蒸解法制取纤维素的影响.在白腐菌对玉米芯进行预处理过程中,赖锰过氧化物酶(MnP)、木质素过氧化物酶(LiP)、漆酶、木聚糖酶和纤维素酶的酶活分别在第5、 6、 7、 10和 15 d 达到最高值,分别为1.326、 10.25、 0.062 7、 0.33和 403 U/g.利用响应面分析法确定丙酸蒸解玉米芯最佳工艺条件为:料液比1∶ 10(g∶ mL),蒸解时间 70 min,丙酸质量浓度 900 g/L,产物中纤维素的质量分数为 91.09%.玉米芯经白腐菌预处理 10 d 后再用丙酸进行蒸解处理,产物中纤维素的质量分数和保留率分别为 97.12% 和 94.70%,而半纤维素和木质素的质量分数仅为 0.96% 和 0.92%.     

铝氧单钠固体超强碱催化降解木质素的研究

为提高木质素的活性、促进木质素的高效利用,以玉米秸秆发酵制乙醇剩余物经碱溶酸沉获得的精制木质素(PL)为原料,在以异丙醇/水的混合溶剂为反应介质、液固比为10∶1(mL∶g)、铝氧单钠固体超强碱作为催化剂条件下降解PL,得到降解木质素(DL),采用正交试验优化降解条件,并对降解前后木质素进行了分析与表征。研究结果表明:优化降解条件为催化剂用量为木质素质量的20%、反应温度200℃、反应时间150 min,此时降解木质素的产率和甲醛值分别为77.5%和0.365。傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、二维核磁共振(2D HSQC)、凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)和热重(TG)等分析表明:固体超强碱对木质素的催化降解很好地保留了木质素的芳香性结构;降解后DL侧链区连接键β-O-4、β-β和β-5/α-O-4含量明显降低,降解使木质素的部分Ar—O—C醚键断裂、酚羟基和醇羟基含量增加、相对分子质量和多分散性明显下降;与PL相比,DL的主热解发生温度范围变窄、最大热解速率降低。     

茯苓褐腐过程中木材化学成分的变化

用褐腐真菌茯苓按常规栽培方法对木材进行降解,对比研究了正常材和不同腐朽程度木材化学组成之间的差异,用傅立叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)对样品进行表征.结果发现,腐朽初期,综纤维素和戊聚糖的含量及纤维素结晶度随腐朽时间的延长逐渐降低,木质素和1%NaOH抽出物的相对含量却逐渐升高.当腐朽进行到15周时,综纤维素含量、戊聚糖含量和纤维素结晶度分别由正常材的72.80%、14.95%和40.3%下降到18.57%、8.58%和16.1%,木质素含量和1%NaOH抽出物含量分别从27.30%和12.89%增加到43.88%和70.07%.之后,随着腐朽时间的延长,木材的组成几乎保持不变.FTIR结果证实了相同的变化趋势.     

纳米纤维素制备碳掺杂ZnO及其对四环素的光催化降解性能

以纳米纤维素(CNF)为生物质诱导剂,通过水热合成法制备了碳掺杂氧化锌(C-ZnO),通过XRD、FT-IR、SEM和DRS对C-ZnO进行了表征,并测试了C-ZnO对四环素的光催化降解性能。研究结果表明:纳米纤维素诱导制备C-ZnO时,分散性较好,晶粒尺寸减小,并实现了碳掺杂,能带宽度有所减小。与普通氧化锌相比,C-ZnO对四环素的物理吸附没有影响,但是光催化降解四环素时,降解去除速率较快。当水热温度为200℃、n(Zn~(2+))∶n(OH~-)为1∶4、硝酸锌与纳米纤维素质量比为100∶1时,制得的C-ZnO光照120 min,四环素的去除率高达96.1%。     

纤维素多孔吸附材料的制备

将纤维素溶解在氢氧化钠/尿素/水溶液中,与新戊二醇二缩水甘油醚(NGDE)发生交联反应,经过离心水洗纯化后冷冻干燥,制备了纤维素多孔材料。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、热重分析(TGA)和扫描电镜(SEM),对制备的纤维素多孔吸附材料的化学结构、晶型结构、热稳定性及微观形貌进行表征。研究了NGDE的用量和水凝胶质量分数对纤维素多孔材料的密度及吸水性能的影响。结果表明,4 g纤维素溶于100 g NaOH/尿素/水(质量比为7∶12∶81)溶液中制得纤维素溶液,在NGDE的用量18 m L,水凝胶质量分数为1.5%时,制备的纤维素多孔材料的密度为15.7 mg/cm3,吸水倍数达37倍,对此条件下制备的纤维素多孔材料进行结构分析,表明纤维素多孔材料具有连续的网状孔结构,纤维素的晶型由纤维素Ⅰ型转变为非晶态结构,初始热分解温度在250℃以上,热稳定性好。     

木质素还原制备金纳米颗粒及其催化性能

自然界中的木质素来源广泛,其含量仅次于纤维素,是一种具有还原性的可再生芳香聚合物。本研究利用木质素在太阳光激发下还原Au(Ⅲ)制备金纳米颗粒(Au NPs),并将其用于催化还原废水中的有机污染物。主要探究了不同木质素质量浓度、HAuCl₄浓度、光照时间等条件对Au NPs粒径及形貌的影响;利用紫外-可见光谱仪、纳米粒度仪、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)对Au NPs理化性质进行了表征。结果表明,木质素作还原剂成功制备了Au NPs,最佳制备工艺如下：木质素质量浓度为0.1 mg/mL,HAuCl₄浓度为1.00 mmol/L,HAuCl₄溶液与木质素溶液体积比为4∶1,光照时间为60 min,此条件下制得的Au NPs平均粒径为32.14 nm。此外,以亚甲基蓝(MB)和对硝基苯酚(4-NP)为污染物模型物探究了Au NPs的催化性能,结果表明,Au NPs对MB和4-NP具有良好的光催化还原性能,反应速率常数分别为0.765 8和0.316 6 min^-1。木质素还原Au...     

乙二醇/碳酸乙烯酯预处理对椰壳纤维成分及结构的影响

以椰壳纤维为原料,研究了不同比例乙二醇/碳酸乙烯酯在较低温(90℃)条件下对椰壳纤维的组分分离,并利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)和热重(TG)对分离得到的预处理后椰壳纤维和再生木质素进行了分析表征。结果表明:在单独使用碳酸乙烯酯时木质素的脱除率为负值,乙二醇/碳酸乙烯酯可实现椰壳纤维在较低温度下的去木质素预处理,并且当n(乙二醇)/n(碳酸乙烯酯)4∶1时木质素的脱除率达到最大值,为49.87%。乙二醇/碳酸乙烯酯处理后的纤维材料中纤维素含量都有所提高,半纤维素和木质素含量都降低,纤维素的结晶结构基本没有被破坏(均为纤维素Ⅰ型),且提取得到的再生木质素为典型的对羟基苯基-愈创木基-紫丁香基(HGS)型木质素,n(EG)/n(EC)为4∶1时得到的再生木质素多分散系数最小,为9.73。     

三元低共熔溶剂预处理甘蔗渣的酶解性能研究

以制糖工业副产物甘蔗渣(SCB)作为木质纤维原料,使用具有优异相转移催化能力的三乙基苄基氯化铵(TEBAC)、无毒无害的甘油(GL),以及高价态路易斯酸六水合氯化铝(ACH)组成的三元低共熔溶剂(DES)对SCB进行预处理,系统考察了DES物质的量之比、预处理温度、预处理时间、固液质量比对SCB中各组分含量和纤维素酶解效率的影响。研究结果表明：最佳预处理条件为n_TEBAC∶n_GL∶n_ACH为1∶2∶0.05、预处理时间30 min、预处理温度120℃和固液质量比1∶15,此优化条件下木质素去除率达到(86.23±2.11)%,纤维素保留率为(94.51±2.03)%,酶解纤维素转化率达到(98.21±1.02)%,相较于未处理SCB提高了2倍,葡萄糖得率高达(81.94±1.98)%,提高了1.5倍。SEM、FT-IR和XRD分析结果表明：三元DES预处理能够有效去除SCB中的木质素和半纤维素,从而使纤维素的结晶度由未预处理的41.19%提高到预处理后的65.87%。DES经过5次循环利用后,纤维素转化率和葡萄糖得率仍达...     

不同预处理对毛竹木质素抗氧化性的影响

采用核磁共振技术(2D-HSQC NMR和定量~(31)P NMR)分析毛竹木质素经稀硫酸法和硫酸盐法预处理后官能团含量和结构单元类型比例变化,并对预处理前后木质素抗氧化性能(1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)和超氧阴离子自由基清除能力)进行评价。核磁共振分析结果表明,毛竹木质素(MWLr)经稀硫酸法和硫酸盐法预处理(MWLa和KL),紫丁香基单元摩尔含量比例从50.6%提高至68.8%和72.2%,相连接的麦黄酮结构发生降解,脂肪族羟基、酚羟基和羧基质量分数均增加。抗氧化性结果表明,MWLr,MWLa和KL对DPPH自由基最大清除能力为79.59%,75.57%和77.69%,对超氧阴离子自由基最大清除能力为81.15%,47.27%和74.53%。稀酸和硫酸盐法预处理降低毛竹原本木质素抗氧化能力可能是由于木质素结构中麦黄酮被降解和紫丁香基结构质量分数比例增加导致。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.