低浓度乙酸预处理玉米芯的工艺研究

以脱除木质素,降解半纤维素为木糖,提高纤维素酶解得率为目的,研究了低浓度乙酸预处理玉米芯的效果,考察了乙酸质量分数、预处理温度和时间对预处理的影响。研究结果表明:质量分数5%乙酸预处理玉米芯可以脱除大部分的半纤维素和少部分木质素,预处理后的玉米芯具有较好的水解效果。低浓度乙酸预处理玉米芯最优条件为:预处理温度160℃,保温时间60 min,乙酸质量分数5%,固液比1∶8(g∶mL)。在此条件下,玉米芯固体渣回收率为53.75%,固体渣中纤维素保留率93.17%,半纤维素脱除率87.36%,木质素脱除率25.04%,预处理液中木糖质量浓度15.56 g/L。预处理后的玉米芯固体经72 h酶解,酶解得率为92.69%。     

白腐菌预处理对丙酸蒸解玉米芯制备纤维素的影响

探讨了白腐菌预处理对丙酸蒸解法制取纤维素的影响.在白腐菌对玉米芯进行预处理过程中,赖锰过氧化物酶(MnP)、木质素过氧化物酶(LiP)、漆酶、木聚糖酶和纤维素酶的酶活分别在第5、 6、 7、 10和 15 d 达到最高值,分别为1.326、 10.25、 0.062 7、 0.33和 403 U/g.利用响应面分析法确定丙酸蒸解玉米芯最佳工艺条件为:料液比1∶ 10(g∶ mL),蒸解时间 70 min,丙酸质量浓度 900 g/L,产物中纤维素的质量分数为 91.09%.玉米芯经白腐菌预处理 10 d 后再用丙酸进行蒸解处理,产物中纤维素的质量分数和保留率分别为 97.12% 和 94.70%,而半纤维素和木质素的质量分数仅为 0.96% 和 0.92%.     

铝氧单钠固体超强碱催化降解木质素的研究

为提高木质素的活性、促进木质素的高效利用,以玉米秸秆发酵制乙醇剩余物经碱溶酸沉获得的精制木质素(PL)为原料,在以异丙醇/水的混合溶剂为反应介质、液固比为10∶1(mL∶g)、铝氧单钠固体超强碱作为催化剂条件下降解PL,得到降解木质素(DL),采用正交试验优化降解条件,并对降解前后木质素进行了分析与表征。研究结果表明:优化降解条件为催化剂用量为木质素质量的20%、反应温度200℃、反应时间150 min,此时降解木质素的产率和甲醛值分别为77.5%和0.365。傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、二维核磁共振(2D HSQC)、凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)和热重(TG)等分析表明:固体超强碱对木质素的催化降解很好地保留了木质素的芳香性结构;降解后DL侧链区连接键β-O-4、β-β和β-5/α-O-4含量明显降低,降解使木质素的部分Ar—O—C醚键断裂、酚羟基和醇羟基含量增加、相对分子质量和多分散性明显下降;与PL相比,DL的主热解发生温度范围变窄、最大热解速率降低。     

茯苓褐腐过程中木材化学成分的变化

用褐腐真菌茯苓按常规栽培方法对木材进行降解,对比研究了正常材和不同腐朽程度木材化学组成之间的差异,用傅立叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)对样品进行表征.结果发现,腐朽初期,综纤维素和戊聚糖的含量及纤维素结晶度随腐朽时间的延长逐渐降低,木质素和1%NaOH抽出物的相对含量却逐渐升高.当腐朽进行到15周时,综纤维素含量、戊聚糖含量和纤维素结晶度分别由正常材的72.80%、14.95%和40.3%下降到18.57%、8.58%和16.1%,木质素含量和1%NaOH抽出物含量分别从27.30%和12.89%增加到43.88%和70.07%.之后,随着腐朽时间的延长,木材的组成几乎保持不变.FTIR结果证实了相同的变化趋势.     

纳米纤维素制备碳掺杂ZnO及其对四环素的光催化降解性能

以纳米纤维素(CNF)为生物质诱导剂,通过水热合成法制备了碳掺杂氧化锌(C-ZnO),通过XRD、FT-IR、SEM和DRS对C-ZnO进行了表征,并测试了C-ZnO对四环素的光催化降解性能。研究结果表明:纳米纤维素诱导制备C-ZnO时,分散性较好,晶粒尺寸减小,并实现了碳掺杂,能带宽度有所减小。与普通氧化锌相比,C-ZnO对四环素的物理吸附没有影响,但是光催化降解四环素时,降解去除速率较快。当水热温度为200℃、n(Zn~(2+))∶n(OH~-)为1∶4、硝酸锌与纳米纤维素质量比为100∶1时,制得的C-ZnO光照120 min,四环素的去除率高达96.1%。     

纤维素多孔吸附材料的制备

将纤维素溶解在氢氧化钠/尿素/水溶液中,与新戊二醇二缩水甘油醚(NGDE)发生交联反应,经过离心水洗纯化后冷冻干燥,制备了纤维素多孔材料。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、热重分析(TGA)和扫描电镜(SEM),对制备的纤维素多孔吸附材料的化学结构、晶型结构、热稳定性及微观形貌进行表征。研究了NGDE的用量和水凝胶质量分数对纤维素多孔材料的密度及吸水性能的影响。结果表明,4 g纤维素溶于100 g NaOH/尿素/水(质量比为7∶12∶81)溶液中制得纤维素溶液,在NGDE的用量18 m L,水凝胶质量分数为1.5%时,制备的纤维素多孔材料的密度为15.7 mg/cm3,吸水倍数达37倍,对此条件下制备的纤维素多孔材料进行结构分析,表明纤维素多孔材料具有连续的网状孔结构,纤维素的晶型由纤维素Ⅰ型转变为非晶态结构,初始热分解温度在250℃以上,热稳定性好。     

木质素还原制备金纳米颗粒及其催化性能

自然界中的木质素来源广泛,其含量仅次于纤维素,是一种具有还原性的可再生芳香聚合物。本研究利用木质素在太阳光激发下还原Au(Ⅲ)制备金纳米颗粒(Au NPs),并将其用于催化还原废水中的有机污染物。主要探究了不同木质素质量浓度、HAuCl₄浓度、光照时间等条件对Au NPs粒径及形貌的影响;利用紫外-可见光谱仪、纳米粒度仪、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)对Au NPs理化性质进行了表征。结果表明,木质素作还原剂成功制备了Au NPs,最佳制备工艺如下：木质素质量浓度为0.1 mg/mL,HAuCl₄浓度为1.00 mmol/L,HAuCl₄溶液与木质素溶液体积比为4∶1,光照时间为60 min,此条件下制得的Au NPs平均粒径为32.14 nm。此外,以亚甲基蓝(MB)和对硝基苯酚(4-NP)为污染物模型物探究了Au NPs的催化性能,结果表明,Au NPs对MB和4-NP具有良好的光催化还原性能,反应速率常数分别为0.765 8和0.316 6 min^-1。木质素还原Au...     

乙二醇/碳酸乙烯酯预处理对椰壳纤维成分及结构的影响

以椰壳纤维为原料,研究了不同比例乙二醇/碳酸乙烯酯在较低温(90℃)条件下对椰壳纤维的组分分离,并利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)和热重(TG)对分离得到的预处理后椰壳纤维和再生木质素进行了分析表征。结果表明:在单独使用碳酸乙烯酯时木质素的脱除率为负值,乙二醇/碳酸乙烯酯可实现椰壳纤维在较低温度下的去木质素预处理,并且当n(乙二醇)/n(碳酸乙烯酯)4∶1时木质素的脱除率达到最大值,为49.87%。乙二醇/碳酸乙烯酯处理后的纤维材料中纤维素含量都有所提高,半纤维素和木质素含量都降低,纤维素的结晶结构基本没有被破坏(均为纤维素Ⅰ型),且提取得到的再生木质素为典型的对羟基苯基-愈创木基-紫丁香基(HGS)型木质素,n(EG)/n(EC)为4∶1时得到的再生木质素多分散系数最小,为9.73。     

三元低共熔溶剂预处理甘蔗渣的酶解性能研究

以制糖工业副产物甘蔗渣(SCB)作为木质纤维原料,使用具有优异相转移催化能力的三乙基苄基氯化铵(TEBAC)、无毒无害的甘油(GL),以及高价态路易斯酸六水合氯化铝(ACH)组成的三元低共熔溶剂(DES)对SCB进行预处理,系统考察了DES物质的量之比、预处理温度、预处理时间、固液质量比对SCB中各组分含量和纤维素酶解效率的影响。研究结果表明：最佳预处理条件为n_TEBAC∶n_GL∶n_ACH为1∶2∶0.05、预处理时间30 min、预处理温度120℃和固液质量比1∶15,此优化条件下木质素去除率达到(86.23±2.11)%,纤维素保留率为(94.51±2.03)%,酶解纤维素转化率达到(98.21±1.02)%,相较于未处理SCB提高了2倍,葡萄糖得率高达(81.94±1.98)%,提高了1.5倍。SEM、FT-IR和XRD分析结果表明：三元DES预处理能够有效去除SCB中的木质素和半纤维素,从而使纤维素的结晶度由未预处理的41.19%提高到预处理后的65.87%。DES经过5次循环利用后,纤维素转化率和葡萄糖得率仍达...     

不同预处理对毛竹木质素抗氧化性的影响

采用核磁共振技术(2D-HSQC NMR和定量~(31)P NMR)分析毛竹木质素经稀硫酸法和硫酸盐法预处理后官能团含量和结构单元类型比例变化,并对预处理前后木质素抗氧化性能(1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)和超氧阴离子自由基清除能力)进行评价。核磁共振分析结果表明,毛竹木质素(MWLr)经稀硫酸法和硫酸盐法预处理(MWLa和KL),紫丁香基单元摩尔含量比例从50.6%提高至68.8%和72.2%,相连接的麦黄酮结构发生降解,脂肪族羟基、酚羟基和羧基质量分数均增加。抗氧化性结果表明,MWLr,MWLa和KL对DPPH自由基最大清除能力为79.59%,75.57%和77.69%,对超氧阴离子自由基最大清除能力为81.15%,47.27%和74.53%。稀酸和硫酸盐法预处理降低毛竹原本木质素抗氧化能力可能是由于木质素结构中麦黄酮被降解和紫丁香基结构质量分数比例增加导致。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。