Further studies on the role of monoterpenes in pine host selection and oviposition ofThaumetopoea pityocampa

In a young mixed pine plantation (Pinus nigra andP. pinea) in central Italy, the influence of the pine needle monoterpenes (R)-(+)-limonene, (S)-(−)-limonene and (1S)-(−)-β-pinene on the oviposition activity of the pine processionary moth,Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Denis et Schiffermüller), was assessed. Two application methods were compared: spraying the trees with the substances emulsified with water, and setting up polyethylene dispensers from which the monoterpenes evaporated. During the moth’s flight period weekly treatments (at 500 mg of monoterpene /l water) were carried out and the evaporation from the polyethylene dispensers (each with 5 g of a single monoterpene) was checked on each occasion by weighing the dispensers. The GLM analysis did not uncover any difference between the methods of application or between the pine species.T. pityocampa laid a significantly (P=0.01) lower number of egg masses on the trees treated with (1S)-(−)-β-pinene than on those treated with the other substances and on the control trees. A ∼45% reduction in egg mass number was obtained on the pines treated with (1S)-(−)-β-pinene, independent of the level of infestation, method of application or pine species. (R)-(+)-limonene and (S)-(−)-limonene were not effective. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 29, 2008.     

Evaluation of nematicidal properties of saponins from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Medicago</Emphasis> spp.

The nematicidal activity of saponins from Medicago arborea (tops), M. arabica (tops and roots) and M. sativa (tops and roots) against the plant-parasitic nematode Xiphinema index was investigated. Nematicidal activity of related prosapogenins and sapogenins on X. index is also described. Saponins from Medicago spp. at different concentrations were all nematicidal, those from M. arborea tops being the less effective. In general, saponins induced 100% mortality at 500 μg ml⁻¹ between 8 and 48 h, while prosapogenins resulted in toxicity starting at 125 μg ml⁻¹. Differences in the effects on X. index induced by prosapogenins and sapogenins were less pronounced, although prosapogenins displayed a larger range of activity. Assays with purified sapogenins demonstrated the relationship of the observed nematicidal activity of M. sativa and M. arborea to the content of the main aglycones (medicagenic acid and hederagenin, respectively) in the saponin extracts. Hederagenin displayed the highest bioactivity, giving 38% mortality after 1 h at 125 μg ml⁻¹.     

注射大肠杆菌后草地贪夜蛾高龄幼虫的免疫应激反应

为采用生物技术防控草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda的扩散为害,对草地贪夜蛾5龄和6龄幼虫注射浓度为1×109CFU/mL的大肠杆菌Escherichia coli菌液,并以注射等量磷酸盐缓冲液(phosphate buffer solution,PBS)和未做任何处理(CK)为对照,24 h后测定幼虫体重、集结数和酚氧化酶(phenoloxidase,PO)活性。结果显示,注射大肠杆菌菌液24 h后,草地贪夜蛾5龄和6龄幼虫体重均受到抑制,其体重分别为0.170 g和0.411 g,均显著低于CK的0.181 g和0.484 g;注射大肠杆菌菌液24 h后,草地贪夜蛾5龄和6龄幼虫集结数分别为135.0、338.4个索引集结数(the indexed nodules,INs),前者极显著低于后者,且均显著高于CK和PBS处理,分别为0.4、10.2个INs和0.3、10.9个INs;注射大肠杆菌菌液24 h后,草地贪夜蛾5龄幼虫PO活性为0.156 ABS·min-1·mg-1,显著高于CK和PBS处理,分别为0.046 ABS·min-1·mg-1和0.066 ABS·min-1·mg-1,但草地贪夜蛾6龄幼虫的PO活性为0.050 ABS·min-1·mg-1,显著低于CK和PBS处理,分别为0.066 ABS·min-1·mg-1和0.069 ABS·min-1·mg-1,且草地贪夜蛾5龄幼虫的PO活性显著高于6龄幼虫的PO活性。表明细菌侵染后草地贪夜蛾不同高龄幼虫的免疫应激反应存在差异,而这种差异可能受幼虫生长发育及细胞免疫和体液免疫功能之间权衡现象的影响。     

三株球孢白僵菌对草地贪夜蛾的毒力比较

为筛选有效防治草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda的微生物制剂,采用室内生物测定法测定从北京市、浙江省和海南省土壤样品中分离获得的3株球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana菌株bbbj、bbzj和bbhn对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的毒力,并比较这3株菌株的产孢情况和合成白僵菌素的能力。结果显示,分离自北京市的菌株bbbj对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的毒力最强,LC50为3.37×105个孢子/mL;其次为浙江省的菌株bbzj,毒力略逊于菌株bbbj;海南省的菌株bbhn毒力最弱,其在试验最高浓度108个孢子/mL处理7 d后对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的致死率低于50%。菌株bbbj的产孢量远高于另外2株菌株,并且其菌丝结构上着生大量芽生孢子簇,而且菌株bbbj菌体中的白僵菌素含量最高,培养5 d后,分别为菌株bbzj和bbhn的40.08倍和65.85倍。虽然补充白僵菌素可以提高菌株bbhn的毒力,但是草地贪夜蛾幼虫对白僵菌素敏感度不高。表明球孢白僵菌菌株bbbj对草地贪夜蛾幼虫有较高的毒杀活性,具有作为草地贪夜蛾生防菌株的潜力。     

Induced resistance in cotton seedlings against fusarium wilt by dried biomass of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Penicillium chrysogenum</Emphasis> and its water extract

Dry mycelium (DM) of killedPenicillium chrysogenum and its water extract (DME) were used to induce resistance in cotton plants againstFusarium oxysporum f.sp.vasinfectum (Fov). Results showed that the efficacy of either DM or DME in controlling the disease depends on both the concentration and the mode of application. DM amended to the soil at 0.25–2% (w/w) provided 32–75% protection againstFov. Soil drench with 2–5% DME (w/v) and pre-sowing seed soakage with 5–10% DME provided 51–77% and 28–35% protection against the wilt disease, respectively, whereas no protection was obtained with foliar sprays of 1–10% DME. DM and its water extract had no direct antifungal activity on growth ofFov in vitro, suggesting that disease control with DM or DME resulted from the induction of natural defense mechanisms in the cotton plants. Soil drench with 5% DME was as effective as 2% DM powder in inducing resistance againstFov, implying that the resistance-inducing substances were mostly water-soluble. Four cotton cultivars with various genetic resistance levels againstFov were tested at the seedling stage: two resistant ‘Pima’ cultivars and two susceptible ‘Acala’ cultivars. The level of protection achieved in the two susceptible cultivars with DME was equal to, or higher than, that of the two resistant cultivars treated with water. Innate and induced peroxidase activity in cotyledons or hypocotyls and roots coincided with the level of genetic resistance and DME-induced resistance, respectively. Based on our results, an integrated control strategy ofFov with both genetic resistance and induced resistance is suggested.     

Efficacy of bacterial antagonists and different commercial products against Fusarium wilt on rocket

Seven experimental trials were carried out to evaluate the efficacy of the bacterial strains Achromobacter xylosoxydans AM1 and Serratia sp. DM1 obtained from suppressive soils and from soilless used rockwool substrates (Pseudomonas putida FC6B, Pseudomonas sp. FC7B, Pseudomonas putida FC8B, Pseudomonas sp. FC9B and Pseudomonas sp. FC24B) against Fusarium wilt on rocket caused by Fusarium oxysporum ff. spp. raphani and conglutinans. Along with these strains, two commercial bioproducts (RootShield—Trichoderma harzianum T22; Cedomon—Pseudomonas chlororaphis MA342) were also tested. Different application strategies such as soil treatment (trials I to VI; 10⁷ and 10⁸ CFU ml⁻¹) and root dipping (trial VII; 10⁸ and 10⁹ CFU ml⁻¹) were performed in a glasshouse in order to test the efficacy of the bacterial strains against Fusarium oxysporum ff. spp. raphani and conglutinans. The lowest disease incidence (16.7%) was observed with the application of Achromobacter sp. AM1, Serratia sp. DM1 at 10⁸ CFU ml⁻¹ and Pseudomonas sp. FC9B at 10⁷ CFU ml⁻¹ against F. oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans (experiment I). Maximum plant biomass (5.0 g/plant) was registered in Serratia sp. DM1 at 10⁸ CFU ml⁻¹ treated plants in trial IV. The trials against F. oxysporum f. sp. raphani (experiment II) showed that the application of Pseudomonas sp. FC7B, P. putida FC8B at 10⁸ CFU ml⁻¹ and P. chlororaphis MA342 at 7.5 × 10⁶ CFU ml⁻¹ significantly reduced disease incidence to values ranging between 87% and 92%. The highest plant biomass was recorded with the application of Achromobacter sp. AM1 and P. putida FC6B at 10⁷ CFU ml⁻¹ (3.9 to 4.2 g) carried out 7 days before the artificial inoculation of the pathogens (trial IV). The present study showed the potential biocontrol activity of the bacterial strains Achromobacter sp. AM1, Serratia sp. DM1 and Pseudomonas sp. FC9B against F. oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans and of Pseudomonas sp. FC7B, P. putida FC8B, P. chlororaphis MA342, Achromobacter sp. AM1 and P. putida FC6B against F. oxysporum f. sp. raphani. Growth-promoting activity of biocontrol bacteria used during the trials was observed.     

Synthesis of six heterocyclic multifunctional alkylating agents and evaluation of their activity againstPyrenophora avenae andBlumeria graminis f.sp.hordei

Six heterocyclic alkylating agents were synthesized and examined for activity against the oat stripe pathogenPyrenophora avenae on agar plates and against the barley powdery mildew fungusBlumeria graminis f.sp.hordei on barley seedlings. Radial growth ofP. avenae was not significantly affected by any of the compounds, but four of them,α,α-bis[4,7-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane]-para-xylene[3], 1,4,8,11-tetra(2-chloroethyl)-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane[4], 8,11-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1,4,8,11-tetraaza-5,7-oxocyclotetradecane[5] and 7,16-bis(2-chloroethyl-1,4,10,13-tetraoxa-7,16-diazaoctadecane[6], gave significant reductions in biomass ofP. avenae grown in liquid culture and in powdery mildew infection on barley when used at 25μM. Polyamine biosynthesis was examined by following the incorporation of labeled ornithine into polyamines inP. avenae. The four compounds3–6 which reduced mildew infection all reduced the flux of label through to the polyamines inP. avenae. Whether the reductions in mildew infection caused by these compounds is related to reduced formation of polyamines is not known and awaits investigation. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 22, 2005.     

Screening for highly effective isolates ofBacillus thuringiensis againstSpodoptera exempta andSpodoptera littoralis

Several new isolates ofBacillus thuringiensis Berliner have shown significantly higher levels of insecticidal activity than the previous best isolates (Bt₂₄-entomocidus and IH-A-aizawai) against bothSpodoptera littoralis Boisd. andSpodoptera exempta Walker. The best ones, in the following descending order of potency, were: againstS. littoralis — K26–21, MF4B–2, MR1–37, K28–30, K26–8; againstS. exempta — Bt-3, K30–3, HD-133, MR1–37, Bt-17, K26–8, K26–21, MF4B-2, HD-593. Larvae ofS. exempta were considerably more susceptible (4.12–1.25 fold) to some of the isolates (Bt-3, K30–3, HD-133, MR1–37, Bt-17, K26–8, HD-593) thanS. littoralis.     

球孢白僵菌Bb84对Q型烟粉虱的时间-剂量-死亡率模型分析

为获得对Q型烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci（Gennadius）具有高毒力的杀虫真菌菌株并将其应用于生产,采用喷雾法测定了5个球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana菌株对烟粉虱若虫的毒力,并运用时间-剂量-死亡率模型分析了B.bassiana 84（Bb84）菌株对烟粉虱若虫的时间效应和剂量效应。结果表明:在5个供试菌株中,Bb84菌株对烟粉虱3龄若虫的致死速度快、致死率最高,逐日死亡率随着Bb84菌株孢子浓度的增加而上升,且其对2、4龄烟粉虱若虫也有较高的毒力。用时间-剂量-死亡率模型分析其剂量效应与时间效应,结果表明:随着Bb84菌株接种时间的延长,相应的致死中浓度（LC50）值随之降低,剂量效应逐渐增强;当Bb84菌株处理浓度为1.0×107、1.0×108和1.0×109孢子/mL时,其对烟粉虱3龄若虫的致死中时间（LT50）值分别为5.44、4.61和4.05 d,即LT50值随菌株孢子浓度的增加而减小,时间效应增强。因此,在实际生产中,当球孢白僵菌Bb84菌株的浓度高于1.0×108孢子/mL时,对烟粉虱3龄若虫的防治效果较好。     

Occurrence, isolation and biological activity of phytotoxic metabolites produced in vitro by Sphaeropsis sapinea, pathogenic fungus of Pinus radiata

Sphaeropsis sapinea was repeatedly isolated in Sardinia from symptomatic samples of the upper part of declining pine (Pinus radiata) plants. Observed symptoms mainly consisted of foliage chlorosis, drying of needles and cankers on branches. The S. sapinea strains were shown to produce phytotoxic metabolites in culture filtrates. Three metabolites were isolated for the first time from this fungus and identified by their spectroscopic and optical properties as R-(−)-mellein, (3R,4R)-4-hydroxymellein and (3R,4S)-4-hydroxymellein. When assayed for phytotoxic and antifungal activities on host and non-host plants and on some phytopathogenic fungi, the R-(−)-mellein showed significant activity, while the other two 3,4-dihydroisocoumarins showed only a synergic activity in both tests.     

Isolation and characterization of lectins from the AG-D group of binucleate <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhizoctonia</Emphasis> species

Isolates from 18 anastomosis groups (AGs) of binucleate Rhizoctonia were screened for lectin activity. Eight AGs (AG-B, AG-D, AG-F, AG-G, AG-H, AG-I, AG-R and AG-U) had low to moderate lectin activities. Among these, members of AG-D and AG-I had the highest activity. Partially purified lectins from AG-D preferentially agglutinated human blood type A to type B and O. Mucin and galactose were the most potent inhibitors among the tested carbohydrates. The molecular masses of these lectins ranged from 12.7 kDa for the monomer to 62 kDa for the pentamer type. Proline, alanine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, leucine, threonine, serine and tyrosine were the major amino acid components of these lectins. Lectins from AG-D were stable at 4–50°C and from pH 6.0 to 10.0. When assayed with isoelectric focusing, these lectins gave bands at pI 9.30. Specificity of lectins from AG-D to galactose and its derivatives suggest a possible recognition role in this fungal species.     

Elimination of in vitro bacterial contaminants in shoot cultures of ‘MRS 2/5’ plum hybrid by the use of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Melia azedarach</Emphasis> extracts

The antimicrobial activity of leaf and callus extracts of Melia azedarach was tested on in vitro shoot cultures of the peach rootstoch ‘MRS 2/5’ (Prunus cerasifera × Prunus spinosa) that were heavily contaminated with Sphingomonas paucimobilis (Sp) and Bacillus circulans (Bc). The extracts were filter-sterilised and added at 0%, 1%, 5%, 10% and 20% to a modified Murashige and Skoog proliferation medium previously autoclave-sterilised. Up to about 17% shoots died with 10–20% extract, except for Sp-contaminated shoots, whose survival was reduced to 50% after treatment with 20% extract. No shoots died with 1% to 5% supplement. The undiluted leaf extract showed bactericidal activity on plated Sp and Bc isolates. The homogenates of shoots randomly collected from treated cultures were processed for bacterial colony counting. Thus the 10% supplement was the best treatment for ridding Bc-contaminated cultures of bacteria (although 5% had a similar bactericidal effect), and allowing shoot growth and proliferation comparable to controls at the fifth subculture on a standard medium, while 20% extract was needed to eliminate Sp, and could induce higher growth and proliferation rates in surviving shoots than in untreated cultures. Callus extract was ineffective. The bactericidal activity of the leaf extract seemed attributable to a synergistic effect of azadirachtin with other unidentified compounds present in the extract.     

A new Badnavirus species detected in Bougainvillea in Brazil

Badnavirus in Bougainvillea spectabilis showing virus-like symptoms was identified by the presence of bacilliform particles, measuring 125–130 × 30–40 nm in leaf-dip preparations and by analysis of its putative open reading frame 3 sequence. The virus, tentatively named Bougainvillea bacilliform virus (BBV), had the highest identities (up to 60%) with Spiraea yellow leaf spot virus, Gooseberry vein banding associated virus, Taro bacilliform virus, and Citrus yellow mosaic virus. In phylogenetic analysis, BBV clustered with Badnavirus putative species. Attempts to transmit the virus to several hosts failed. This is the first report of a new Badnavirus detected in Bougainvillea.     

Evaluation of entomopathogenic nematodes for biocontrol of the european corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis, on sweet corn in Israel

The potential of entomopathogenic nematodes for biological control of the European corn borer (ECB),Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), was evaluated under laboratory, screenhouse and field conditions. The ‘All’ and ‘Mexican’ strains ofSteinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) and the ‘HP88’ strain ofHeterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar were compared in both dose response assays (5, 50 and 500 infective juveniles [IJ] per petri dish containing five 5th-instar ECB eggs; 72 h of incubation) and exposure time assays (3, 6 and 9 h of incubation). In the dose response assays the highest rates of ECB killing resulted from infestation with the Mexican strain ofS. carpocapsae. In the exposure time assays there were no significant differences between the killing rates of the three nematode strains. Sweet corn plants(Zea mays var.saccharata) grown in a screenhouse, were infested with ECB neonates and 4 days later sprayed with a suspension of the Mexican strain ofS. carpocapsae (50,000 IJ per plant). The number of ECB larvae found on treated corn plants after one week was significantly (P=0.05) lower (3- to 5-fold) than the number found on untreated plants. Similar treatment in the field significantly reduced the rate of economic ear damage from 20% to 5%. Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization. No. 2260-E, 1997 series     

Biological Control of Sclerotinia Diseases of Rapeseed by Aerial Applications of the Mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans

Indoor and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of applying the mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans to the aerial parts of rapeseed plants at the flowering stage to control sclerotinia diseases caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Under controlled conditions, a petal inoculation technique was used to determine the effect of conidial suspensions of C. minitans on suppression of sclerotinia leaf blight. Results showed that C. minitans was effective in inhibiting infection initiated by ascospores of S. sclerotiorum on flower petals by restricting mycelial growth of the pathogen. Suppression of lesion development was related to the conidial concentration of C. minitans, with larger lesions at low concentration (5×10³conidia ml⁻¹), but smaller lesions at high concentration (5×10⁴ conidia ml⁻¹ or higher). When C. minitans-treated rapeseed leaves were inoculated with mycelia of S. sclerotiorum, C. minitans failed to prevent infection of leaves, but caused a significant reduction in number of sclerotia produced on the diseased leaves. No significant difference in efficacy was detected between the two isolates of C. minitans, LRC 2137 and Chy-1, on the two rapeseed cultivars, Westar (spring type) and Zhongyou 821 (winter type). Results of field trials showed a significant reduction of stem rot of rapeseed in four (1997, 1999, 2003 and 2004) out of five years by aerial application of C. minitans, compared with controls. No significant difference in suppressive efficacy was observed between the treatments of C. minitans (10⁶ conidia ml⁻¹), C. minitans (10⁶ conidia ml⁻¹) + benomyl (50 μg ml⁻¹) and benomyl (100 μg ml⁻¹) in 2003, and between the treatments of C. minitans (10⁶ conidia ml⁻¹), C. minitans (10⁶ conidia ml⁻¹) + vinclozolin (100 μg ml⁻¹) and vinclozolin (500 μg ml⁻¹) in 2004. Sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum collected from diseased plants in plots treated with C. minitans in 1999, 2000 and 2003, or with C. minitans + benomyl in 2003 were infected by C. minitans at frequencies ranging from 21.3 to 54.5%. This study concludes that aerial spraying of C. minitans is an effective method for controlling sclerotinia diseases of rapeseed.     

Genetics of host-pathogen interactions in the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pyrenophora teres</Emphasis> f. <Emphasis Type="Italic">teres</Emphasis> (net form) – barley (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hordeum vulgare)</Emphasis> pathosystem

The genetics of host-pathogen interactions in the Hordeum vulgare – P. teres f. teres pathosystem was studied in twelve resistant barley accessions, i.e. CI 9825, CI 9819, Diamond, CI 4922, CI 5401, Harbin, c-8755, c-21849, c-8721 c-23874, c-19979, c-15811. F₂ analyses of crosses with susceptible genotypes employing various isolates (from Europe, USA, Canada, and Australia) revealed that resistance is mostly isolate-specific and controlled by one or two genes. Segregation in ascospore progeny from two crosses between isolates of different origin revealed that avirulence in P. teres is also determined by one or two genes. An epistatic effect of suppressor genes on avirulence genes is proposed for the genetics of virulence to Diamond, Harbin, CI 5401 and c-8721 in the fungal crosses D (181-6 × A80) and F (H-22 × 92-178/9). Segregation in F₂ of crosses of three new sources of resistance (c-23874, c-19979, c-15811) to the susceptible cv. Pirkka was studied in laboratory and greenhouse tests by using seven P. teres isolates, i.e. 181-6, d8-3, d8-4, d9-1, d9-4, F4 and F74. In addition, virulence to these barley accessions of ascospore progeny from crosses of the same isolates was studied. Based on these studies it was concluded that depending on the isolate used, resistance of c-23874 is determined at least by two genes and in c-19979 and c-15811 by three genes. The results of this parallel analyses of genetics of resistance and genetics of virulence allows the postulation of a gene–for–gene interaction in the P. teres – H. vulgare pathosystem.     

Extracts of killedPenicillium chrysogenum Induce resistance against Fusarium wilt of melon

Dry fungal biomass ofPenicillium chrysogenum (dry mycelium), a waste product of the pharmaceutical industry, was extracted with water and applied to the roots of melon plants before or after inoculation withFusarium oxysporum f.sp.melonis (Font). Seedlings (4–6 days after emergence) treated with either acidic dry mycelium extract (DME) or neutralized dry mycelium extract (NDME) were protected against challenge infection withFom. A single drench with 2–5% DME applied 12–72 h before inoculation provided significant control of the disease compared with water-drenched, challenged seedlings. No protection was seen in plants treated 0–6 h before inoculation or 0–48 h after inoculation. Neither DME nor NDME (0.5–5%) had any effect on fungal growthin vitro, which implied that disease controlin vivo was mediated by induced resistance. The resistance induced by DME protected melon plants not only against race 1,2, but also against the three other races of the pathogen, indicating a race-non-specific resistance againstFom. Both DME and NDME significantly increased peroxidase activity and free L-proline content in seedlings 12 h and 48 h after soil drench, respectively. Resistance to Fusarium wilt was significantly associated with elevated levels of peroxidase activity but not with free L-proline content. Thus, peroxidase might be involved in the defense mechanisms activated by DME or NDME. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Aug. 31, 2001.     

嗜线虫致病杆菌HB310菌株对东亚飞蝗的生物活性

通过生物测定比较了9种昆虫病原线虫共生菌对东亚飞蝗Locusta migratoria manilensis 4龄蝗蝻的杀虫活性,其中嗜线虫致病杆菌Xenorhabdus nematophila HB310菌株(以下简称Xn HB310)对4龄蝗蝻的活性最高;采用浸叶法进一步测定了Xn HB310菌液对不同虫态的东亚飞蝗的毒力。结果表明:在饲喂96 h 后,Xn HB310菌液对2龄蝗蝻、4龄蝗蝻和成虫的致死中浓度(LC50)分别为2.97×105、4.90×105和6.24×105 CFU/mL,致死中时间(LT50)分别为51.48、52.59和64.34 h。研究还发现该菌株对东亚飞蝗具有明显的拒食活性,处理48 h 后Xn HB310菌液对2龄蝗蝻、4龄蝗蝻和成虫的拒食中浓度(AFC50)分别为1.15×105、2.36×105和3.16×105 CFU/mL。通过点滴或剪除东亚飞蝗成虫感觉器官的方法,证实了Xn HB310菌液对东亚飞蝗产生拒食作用的器官是下颚须和下唇须,剪除下颚须和下唇须及两者均剪除的拒食率分别为37.36%、51.28%和100%。研究结果表明,嗜线虫致病杆菌Xn HB310菌液对东亚飞蝗的杀虫速度快且活性高,具有开发为防治东亚飞蝗杀虫剂的潜力。     

Effect of apple cultivar and of temperature on the biology and life table parameters of the twospotted spider mite<Emphasis Type="Italic">Tetranychus urticae</Emphasis>

Development duration and reproduction rate of the twospotted spider miteTetranychus urticae Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae) were studied on five different apple cultivars (‘Amasya’ (local cultivar), ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Granny Smith’, ‘Starking Delicious’ and ‘Starkrimson Delicious’) at 25°C, 65±10% r.h. and 16:8 L:D. In addition, the same parameters were determined on Golden Delicious leaves at three constant temperatures (20°, 30° and 35°C, 65±10% r.h. and 16:8 L:D) in the laboratory.T. urticae performed better on Granny Smith than on the other cultivars, due mainly to high daily egg production (4.6 eggs/♀/day) and the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r _m , which was 0.243 ♀/♀/day). The lowestr _m was observed on Amasya variety (0.231 ♀/♀/day). Development periods of immature stages ofT. urticae varied from 6.5 to 15.5 days at 35° and 20°C, respectively, for females, and from 5.9 to 14.5 days at 35° and 20°C, respectively, for males. The development thresholds of the eggs and pre-adult stages, respectively, were 10.78° and 8.43°C, and total effective temperatures were 57.80 and 172.41 degree-days. Mean generation time (T _o ) of the population ranged from 9.94 days at 35°C to 25.99 days at 20°C. The net reproduction rate increased from 66.99 ♀/♀ at 20°C to 92.19 ♀/♀ at 25°C, and decreased to 84.34 ♀/♀ at 30°C and to 12.04 ♀/♀ at 35°C. The highest r _m occurred at 30°C (0.302 ♀/♀/day) and the lowest at 20°C (0.161 ♀/♀/day). http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2003.     

White rust of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ipomoea</Emphasis> caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Albugo ipomoeae-panduratae</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">A. ipomoeae-hardwickii</Emphasis> and their host specificity

In some areas of Japan, yellow spots with white pustules on leaves, stems, petioles, peduncles and calyces were found on Ipomoea nil, I. triloba, I. lacunosa and I. hederacea var. integriuscula. We demonstrated that the diseases on I. nil, I. triloba and I. lacunosa were caused by host-specific strains of Albugo ipomoeae-panduratae and defined three forma speciales of the fungus, respectively, for the three Ipomoea species: “f. sp. nile”, “f. sp. trilobae” and “f. sp. lacunosae”. Because the diseases were new to Japan, we coined the Japanese name “shirosabi-byo”, which means white rust. We also showed that the disease on I. hederacea var. integriuscula was caused by A. ipomoeae-hardwickii. We named this new disease “white rust (shirosabi-byo in Japanese)”.