不同基质对栓皮栎育苗生长的影响

以栓皮栎作为试验材料,通过采用传统容器苗和轻基质无纺布容器育苗两种苗木进行了对比,探索了轻基质无纺布容器苗在凉山州山区造林的应用前景。结果表明:(1)相同条件下轻基质无纺布容器苗地径较之于传统育苗容器育苗增加了77.1%。(2)轻基质无纺布容器苗苗高较之于传统育苗容器育苗增加了77.8%。(3)基质无纺布容器苗≥5 cmⅠ级侧根数较之于传统育苗容器育苗增加了80%。(4)轻基质无纺布容器育苗相较于传统容器苗具有无污染的特点。为此,提出了建议:在类似山区造林工程中应积极推广轻基质无纺布容器苗。     

油茶轻基质网袋育苗施肥技术

以良种油茶轻基质网袋容器嫁接苗为试验材料,设计了轻基质网袋摆放厢床施肥和容器袋内施肥2种方式、多种施肥量的处理试验,用以研究施肥对油茶轻基质网袋容器育苗的成活率、抽梢率和苗木生长的影响。结果表明,不同施肥处理中油茶各项生长指标显著不同。厢床施用0.15 kg/m2复合肥、轻基质网袋容器内配1 g/袋过磷酸钙或网袋内配0.5 g/袋过磷酸钙+1 kg复合肥/m3处理的油茶轻基质网袋容器苗的成活率在90%以上,抽梢率达到85%,抽梢长度和粗度生长也具有显著优势。     

杉木不同育苗方式苗木生长差异分析

在提升杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)轻基质容器育苗方法的基础上,从生长量、生物量,生长量区间分布,苗木质量等级评价以及根系生长状况等方面,探究1年生杉木实生轻基质容器苗和裸根苗的生长差异。结果表明:轻基质容器苗的平均苗高、平均地径分别为40.87、0.50 cm,均达到Ⅰ级苗出圃标准;裸根苗平均苗高43.35 cm,达Ⅰ级苗出圃标准,平均地径0.54 cm,仅达到Ⅱ级苗出圃标准。轻基质容器苗和裸根苗苗高分别有73.3%、74.2%分布在30~50 cm范围,苗高分布差异较小;轻基质容器苗地径有78.0%分布在0.3~0.6 cm范围,裸根苗仅为62.4%,说明轻基质容器苗地径生长更加均匀。轻基质容器苗侧根数量以及根冠比显著高于裸根苗,有利于提高造林成活率。采用沙床培育,可获得高质量等级和高出圃率的杉木轻基质容器苗。     

不同种源及育苗基质的马尾松容器苗培育试验

在滇东南、滇中广大区域引种马尾松收到较好效果的前提下,开展了不同种源及育苗基质的马尾松容器苗育苗试验。通过试验评选出广西田阳、宁明两个较佳的马尾松种源,用这两种源的种子培育出的1年生马尾松容器苗,其苗高超过其他参试种源的23.1%~71.2%;通过试验还评选出了天然菌根土这一较佳的马尾松容器苗的育苗基质。其0.5年生苗木的生长量提高5%以上。以此得出了优良种源和优质育苗基质相结合培育马尾松容器苗的较佳组合。     

不同容器类型对白蜡轻基质容器苗生长的影响

对1年生白蜡采用不同类型的容器应用轻基质进行容器育苗试验,结果表明,采用无纺布轻基质容器培育的白蜡苗质量最好,控根容器次之,塑料袋容器最差。     

杉木和湿地松容器育苗轻基质配方优选

为了降低容器育苗轻基质成本,提高林区易获取轻基质比例,将泥炭、蛭石、珍珠岩、发酵牛粪、发酵松鳞、发酵木屑、砻糠按不同体积比配制成7种不同配方基质,每立方米基质施加N、P₂O₅、K₂O含量分别为18%、6%和12%的控释肥4 kg,研究其对杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata和湿地松Pinus elliottii 1年生实生容器苗成活率和生长量的影响。结果表明,不同配方基质对1年生实生容器苗苗高、地径生长量和成活率均有显著影响,综合生长性状和成本,筛选出适合培育1年生杉木和湿地松实生容器苗的最优基质配方均为泥炭∶珍珠岩∶发酵牛粪∶发酵木屑∶发酵松鳞=0.3∶0.1∶0.2∶0.15∶0.25。尽管筛选的配方与传统配方(泥炭∶蛭石∶珍珠岩=0.4∶0.3∶0.3)在苗木生长量和成活率上没有显著差异,但育苗成本降低了25%。以上研究结果可为南方地区杉木和湿地松容器苗高效培育提供理论指导。     

白桦不同轻基质容器苗生长及养分分析

【目的】对白桦不同轻基质容器苗地上及地下生长动态、生物量变化以及各营养器官养分含量差异进行综合评价,寻找适宜白桦轻基质容器苗生长的基质组成,为白桦轻基质容器苗培育提供理论与技术支持。【方法】以木耳废弃菌棒、玉米腐熟秸秆、玉米腐熟穗芯和草炭土为主要成分,加入适量的落叶松松针腐殖质和蛭石,按体积比配制成4种育苗基质,即木耳废弃菌棒+落叶松松针腐殖质+蛭石(T_1)、玉米腐熟秸秆+落叶松松针腐殖质+蛭石(T_2)、玉米腐熟穗芯+落叶松松针腐殖质+蛭石(T_3)、草炭土+落叶松松针腐殖质+蛭石(T_4),以常规营养土为对照(CK),在无纺布袋内进行白桦容器苗培育试验。【结果】1)经过70天的连续观察,各轻基质容器苗苗高、地径、高径比和叶面积与对照具有相同的生长节律,苗木在这些新型轻基质内均可正常生长。2)当苗木生长到70天时,T4处理的平均苗高和叶面积最大,分别是CK的1.32,1.38倍。各容器苗地径生长情况为T_4T_3T_1T_2CK;T_2处理的的高径比最小。各基质比根长及总根尖数均表现为T_1T_2T_3T_4,总根尖数均显著高于CK(P0.05)。T_4处理的苗木整株生物量最高,T1次之,均显著高于CK,分别是CK的2.24,1.42倍。T_4处理的苗木质量指数最大。各轻基质容器苗整株全氮含量由高到低依次为T_3T_4T_2T_1。T_4处理的苗木全磷含量显著高于其他处理,各轻基质苗木全钾含量无显著差异(P0.05)。【结论】白桦在草炭土轻基质中生长最优,在其他3种轻基质中的生长也优于常规营养土。木耳废弃菌棒混合基质中苗木根系发育最好。因草炭土资源的不可再生性及开采限制性,考虑到木耳废弃菌棒混合基质易获取、质量轻及促进根系发育的特点,建议推广以木耳废弃菌棒为主要组成的混合基质作为白桦容器苗育苗基质。     

不同醋糟基质配比对南方红豆杉幼苗生长的影响

为探讨醋糟与不同基质配比对南方红豆杉苗期生长的影响,遴选适宜南方红豆杉容器苗生长的复合基质配比,以南方红豆杉1年生苗为材料,设置10种不同配比的基质处理,测定不同配比复合基质性状特征,分析不同配比下南方红豆杉容器苗生长指标的变化。结果表明:醋糟基质可促进南方红豆杉苗株高、地径和总侧枝数的增长,且以醋糟∶锯末体积比为80%∶20%和醋糟∶锯末∶珍珠岩配比为60%∶20%∶20%2个处理的容器苗生长效果较好。醋糟可以替代泥炭作为南方红豆杉容器苗的轻基质;醋糟中添加锯末比例较高的基质不利于南方红豆杉容器苗的生长。     

闽楠轻基质育苗容器规格与分级培育试验

为优化闽楠优质轻基质容器苗培育方案,开展轻基质育苗容器规格和苗期分级培育对闽楠1 a生容器苗生长和苗木质量的影响研究,结果表明,在基质配比和缓释肥加载量相同的情况下,闽楠容器苗的地径和苗高生长随着容器规格的增大显著加快,采用4.5 cm×10.0 cm规格的轻基质容器可满足1 a生闽楠容器苗生长需求,既提高优质苗出圃率,又利于降低育苗成本;苗期分级分隔培育试验则发现,分级分隔与否虽对平均苗高影响不明显,但分级分隔培育使苗高生长更加均匀整齐,显著促进苗木侧须根和地径生长,提高了1 a生闽楠苗木质量,大幅度提高合格苗出圃率和Ⅰ级苗率,分别达79.01%和50.62%。     

日本落叶松容器苗造林研究

通过对日本落叶松裸根苗、轻基质容器苗和黑塑料杯容器苗的苗木质量及造林效果的对比研究得出,轻基质容器育苗能够显著提高落叶松的苗高、地径及一级侧根数量,苗木质量较高;在不同立地条件下,采用轻基质容器苗造林能够显著提高造林成活率及造林苗的新梢生长量,是适宜在冀北山区推广的造林技术。     

Ecophysiology of seedlings of three Mediterranean pine species in contrasting light regimes

Seasonal dynamics of net photosynthesis (Anet) in 2-year-old seedlings of Pinus brutia Ten., Pinus pinea L. and Pinus pinaster Ait. were investigated. Seedlings were grown in the field in two light regimes: sun (ambient light) and shade (25% of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)). Repeated measures analyses over a 12-month period showed that Anet varied significantly among species and from season to season. Maximum Anet in sun-acclimated seedlings was low in winter (yet remained positive) and peaked during summer. Maximum Anet was observed in June in P. pinea (12 micromol m-2 s-1), July in P. pinaster (23 micromol m-2 s-1) and August in P. brutia (20 micromol m-2 s-1). Photosynthetic light response curves saturated at a PAR of 200-300 micromol m-2 s-1 in winter and in shade-acclimated seedlings in summer. Net photosynthesis in sun-acclimated seedlings did not saturate at PAR up to 1900 micromol m-2 s-1 in P. brutia and P. pinaster. Minimum air temperature of the preceding night was apparently one of the main factors controlling Anet during the day. In shade-acclimated seedlings, photosynthetic rates were reduced by 50% in P. brutia and P. pinaster and by 20% in P. pinea compared with those in sun-acclimated seedlings. Stomatal conductance was generally lower in shaded seedlings than in seedlings grown in the sun, except on days with a high vapor pressure deficit. Total chlorophyll concentration per unit leaf area, specific leaf area (SLA) and height significantly increased in P. pinea in response to shade, but not in P. pinaster or P. brutia. In response to shade, P. brutia showed a significant increase in total chlorophyll concentration but not SLA. Photosynthetic and growth data indicate that P. pinaster and P. brutia are more light-demanding than P. pinea.     

沙地海岸松在山东和浙江引种试验研究

通过对引种沙地海岸松的育苗和造林试验研究,结果表明:在沙地海岸松第一年幼苗期生长中,播种密度对其影响不大,而适度遮荫(80%透光率)有利于海岸松幼苗的生长。沙地海岸松在养分含量高、偏酸性土壤中生长占优势,且在温州地区育苗及造林后的高与地径生长均显著高于蓬莱地区。海岸松容器苗的造林成活率显著高于裸根苗;不同海岸带造林后,其生长速度在海阳市最快,其次是莱州市和烟台市。     

Growth, nutrition and response to water stress of Pinus pinaster inoculated with ten dikaryotic strains of Pisolithus sp

Reconstituted dikaryons of Pisolithus sp. (Pers.) Coker & Couch from South Africa influenced growth parameters (shoot length, shoot/root ratio and leaf area), nutrition and physiological indicators (transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and xylem water potential) of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) seedlings during drought and recovery from drought. Seedlings colonized with certain dikaryons were more sensitive to water stress and showed less mycorrhiza formation under water stress than seedlings colonized with other dikaryons. Control (uninoculated) seedlings were significantly smaller than those inoculated with dikaryons. Transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and xylem water potential varied among mycorrhizal treatments during the water stress and recovery periods. After rewatering, the controls and seedlings inoculated with dikaryon 34 x 20 had a weaker recovery in transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and xylem water potential than the other treatments and appeared to have experienced damage due to the water stress. Concentrations of various elements differed in the shoots of Pinus pinaster colonized by the various dikaryons. It is suggested that breeding of ectomycorrhizal fungi could constitute a new tool for improving reforestation success in arid and semi-arid zones.     

马尾松容器基质育苗试验

采用３种容器、９种基质配方的马尾松育苗，试验结果表明，不同的容器和不同的基质配方对苗木的生长都有显著影响。２７个处理中，以舒根型容器和泥炭土基质配方Ｂ１为最优容器与基质配方，最有利于苗木的生长。     

Hydraulic conductance and soil water potential at the soil-root interface of Pinus pinaster seedlings inoculated with different dikaryons of Pisolithus sp

Seedlings of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) were inoculated with different dikaryons of Pisolithus sp. from South Africa to determine the influence of extension of the extramatrical phase and diameter of the mycelial strands on water relations parameters including xylem water potential (Psi(x)), soil water potential at the soil-root interface (Psi(s)) and hydraulic conductance (L(p)) during and after a period of water stress. Seedlings inoculated with dikaryons having an extensive extramatrical phase and large diameter mycelial strands showed higher Psi(s) (-2 MPa) during severe water stress than seedlings inoculated with dikaryons producing fine hyphae and sparse extramatrical phases (-3.8 MPa). Seedlings inoculated with strand-forming dikaryons recovered faster from water stress than did non-inoculated seedlings or seedlings inoculated with non-strand-forming dikaryons. Architectural aspects of the extramatrical phase, including the presence of large diameter mycelial strands or fine hyphae, influenced the soil-root contact and the water relations of an inoculated host plant. When water stress was not limiting, the architecture of the extramatrical phase did not have a large effect on Psi(s). It is suggested that the architecture of the extramatrical phase influences the resistance to water flow through the soil-root interface and that large mycelial strands increase the water flow by bridging the gap between the soil and the root. These changes in physiology indicate that dikaryons can improve the survival of Pinus pinaster under dry conditions.     

Sustained division of protoplast-derived cells from primary leaves of Pinus pinaster, factors affecting growth and change in nuclear DNA content

Leaf protoplasts were isolated from apical and in vitro-induced axillary buds of Pinus pinaster Ait. seedlings. First divisions were seen after 8-10 days of culture in a 650 mOsm kg H(2)O(-1) medium in which glutamine was the sole nitrogen source. Colony formation was achieved in 6-7 weeks in a modified protoplast culture medium in which a reduction in the concentrations of both calcium and carbon was essential for sustained divisions. To maintain cell suspension growth, it was necessary to subculture every three weeks to a 170 mOsm kg H(2)O(-1) medium. Lowering the C/N ratio did not support better growth. Phenolic compounds were detected in stationary phase cultures. Analysis by HPLC indicated that the cinnamate pathway was involved in their synthesis. After 3 and 7 months of culture, 65 and 74%, respectively, of protoplast-derived cells had a nuclear DNA content comparable to that of leaf protoplasts.     

Influence of copper on root growth and morphology of Pinus pinea L. and Pinus pinaster Ait. seedlings

We assessed the effects of Cu on root growth and morphology of stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) and maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) seedlings grown in culture solutions supplied with 0.012 (control), 0.1, 1 or 5 micro M CuSO(4). The presence of 5 micro M Cu in the nutrient solution completely inhibited root growth of both species within 3 days. In both species, taproot elongation was reduced in the presence of 1 micro M Cu, although partial growth recovery occurred after 7 days of treatment. The presence of 0.1 micro M Cu in the culture solution slightly enhanced root elongation in P. pinaster, but did not significantly influence root elongation in P. pinea. In both species, root weight per unit length increased in response to Cu exposure, and in P. pinaster, root diameter was significantly increased. The Cu treatments also affected lateral root number and length. In the presence of 1 micro M Cu, both species formed only short lateral primordia. The 1 micro M Cu treatment increased the lateral root index (number of roots per cm of root length) of P. pinaster, but decreased that of P. pinea, compared with control values. Neither the 0.1 nor 1 micro M Cu treatment had a significant effect on the mitotic index of either species. We conclude that cell elongation is more sensitive to Cu than cell division. Cell membrane damage, as indicated by Trypan blue staining, occurred after 10 days of exposure to 1 micro M Cu.     

油茶轻基质育苗效果

为给油茶苗木生产提供技术依据,以芽苗砧嫁接苗为试验材料,采用轻基质和苗圃土为栽培基质,分别对其苗木嫁接成活率、造林成活率、苗高、地径及根系各指标进行测定分析,评价油茶无纺布轻基质容器育苗的苗木生长效果和质量。结果表明:轻基质培育的油茶苗平均嫁接成活率为89.6%,苗高32.5 cm,地径3.57 mm,根系总长度310.29 cm,根系直径1.33 mm,根冠比0.69,造林成活率达92.5%。轻基质培育的油茶苗木各项指标均显著优于苗圃土培育的苗木,尤其在根系的各项指标上表现出更明显的优势,可在生产中大力推广使用。     

不同水肥处理对海岸松苗木生长的影响

以海岸松1年生苗为材料,研究了不同水分、氮肥供应水平对苗高、地径、茎干重和根干重的影响。结果表明,不同氮肥供应水平对4个指标的影响均达到显著性差异水平,不同水分处理对苗高、地径和茎干重的影响达到显著性差异水平,水肥互作对苗高、茎干重的影响达到显著性差异水平。     

马尾松大容器嫁接苗培育技术及实际应用

通过对大容器嫁接苗在种子园营建中的应用效果分析表明:①改山地嫁接为圃地嫁接,便于集中管理,有利提高嫁接成活率;②改先定砧后嫁接为先嫁接后定植,减少嫁接前的园地管理,提高建园投入的效益;③改裸根苗定砧为容器苗定植,有效提高栽植成活率与保存率;④改山地嫁接后多次补接为一次定植成园,达到植株长势一致与园相整齐。大批量接穗的嫁接成活率达83.1%,如改进容器规格并采用轻型基质,应用效果将会更好。