竹复合管材湿热老化性能及其机理

采用加速老化试验方法对竹复合管材的湿热老化性能及老化机理进行研究,探究不同湿热老化历时下竹复合管材拉伸、压缩和弯曲性能的变化。结果表明,在交变湿热应力作用下,竹复合管材拉伸强度、压缩强度、压缩弹性模量、弯曲强度和弯曲弹性模量随湿热老化时间延长呈幂指数降低,拉伸劣化大于弯曲,弯曲劣化大于压缩,模量劣化大于强度;湿热老化28次后,竹复合管材拉伸强度、压缩强度、压缩弹性模量、弯曲强度和弯曲弹性模量分别降低34.11%、25.64%、26.39%、26.14%和27.83%。交变湿热应力使结构层树脂和竹纤维均发生湿胀,结构层树脂湿胀率小于竹纤维,不均匀的湿胀使结构层树脂受拉、竹纤维受压,结构层树脂竹纤维界面产生剪切力,树脂开裂、脱落,纤维树脂界面形成孔洞和微裂纹降低有效应力传递,当剪切力大于界面粘结力时,界面损伤模式主要表现为脱粘以及剪切分层。     

竹粉用量对竹粉/聚丙烯复合材料力学性能和蠕变性能的影响

采用注塑法制备了不同竹粉含量的竹粉/聚丙烯复合材料,使用电子万能试验机对复合材料试样进行弯曲性能、蠕变性能和拉伸性能测试,使用多功能摆锤冲击试验机进行冲击强度测试,结果表明:竹粉添加量为15%~45%时,复合材料的弯曲性能随着竹粉含量的升高而升高,拉伸强度和冲击强度随着竹粉的增加而降低。竹粉添加量为45%的复合材料的综合力学性能最佳,弯曲强度为51.68 MPa,弯曲模量为3701.08 MPa,拉伸强度为28.44 MPa,冲击强度为22.27 kJ/m^(2)。竹粉添加量为15%、30%的复合材料的蠕变性能更佳,在75%应力水平下经历3600 s蠕变没有发生断裂,竹粉添加量45%的复合材料在1500 s时发生断裂,应变为0.0571。     

UV老化后氧化铁颜料着色木纤维-HDPE复合材料的性能变化

探讨了氧化铁颜料对木纤维．高密度聚乙烯复合材耐老化性能的改善作用。采用四种常用的氧化铁颜料与木纤维、高密度聚乙烯和其他加工助剂干混,并用自行设计的双螺杆／单螺杆双阶挤出机组制造木塑复合材料。对该木塑复合材料进行人工加速紫外循环老化处理,用CIE1976L^＊a^＊b^＊表色体系和ASTMD790标准分别对老化前后的材料进行测试,结果显示加入颜料以后木塑复合材料的抗弯弹性模量没有明显的变化,但是弯曲强度都有一定程度的提高。经过2000h人工加速紫外老化以后,不论是颜色要是力学性能都发生了明显的变化。铁红和铁黑着色的试样在整个老化过程中表现较好,颜料添加量约2．28％比较适宜。     

竹粉粒径对竹粉/PHBV生物复合材料性能的影响

以生物基可降解塑料聚β-羟基丁酸戊酸酯(PHBV)、竹粉(BF)为原料,马来酸酐(MA)为偶联剂、氮化硼(BN)为成核剂,通过共混挤出、注塑成型工艺制得竹粉/PHBV生物复合材料,研究了不同粒径竹粉(40、60、80、100目)对竹粉/PHBV生物复合材料性能(力学性能、热变形温度)的影响。结果表明,随着竹粉粒径从40目增加到100目,复合材料的拉伸模量、拉伸强度、弯曲模量、弯曲强度、缺口冲击强度、热变形温度呈逐渐减小的趋势;断裂伸长率和无缺口冲击强度呈逐渐提高的趋势。竹粉/PHBV复合材料断面电镜扫描发现,随着竹粉目数的增加,竹粉在PHBV基体中的形态差异较大,40目竹粉表面粗糙度较大,有些较大的竹粉分裂出若干纤维束,与PHBV界面形成了较强的机械互锁。     

氢氧化钠溶液处理对竹粉-PHBV复合材料物理力学性能的影响

采用0.3 mol·L~(-1)的氢氧化钠溶液处理竹粉,将处理过的竹粉和可降解塑料PHBV共混,经混炼制得竹粉-PHBV复合材料,研究了不同处理时间对竹粉-PHBV复合材料物理力学性能的影响。结果表明:氢氧化钠溶液处理后,SEM显示粉纤维表面变得光滑,纵向呈现明显凹槽;FTIR图谱显示竹粉纤维素中羟基(-OH)和羰基(-COOH)基团明显减少,发生了取代反应;竹粉-PHBV复合材料的物理力学性能(拉升强度、弯曲强度和冲击强度)随着处理时间的增长均呈现先增大后减小的趋势。本实验中,氢氧化钠溶液处理2 h,竹粉-PHBV复合材料的拉伸性能、弯曲性能和冲击性能最佳,分别为23.85MPa,45.21 MPa和7.69 kJ·m~(-2)。     

稻壳／聚乙烯复合材的自然老化与紫外光加速老化

对稻壳/聚乙烯复合材的室外自然老化情况进行1年多的观察,并对相同材料进行实验室紫外光(UV)加速老化,研究材料力学性能变化,并通过傅里叶红外波谱(FTIR)分析探讨老化机制,力争寻求二者之间的初步对应关系.自然老化试件在气温较低和日照时间较短的前5个月内(冬季)颜色基本没有变化,经历盛夏之后颜色发生显著变化,变化幅度与实验室加速老化1 500 h的结果相当.与自然老化相比,加速老化500 h后即可明显表现出各种化学特征的变化趋势,但在以后的1 500 h里没有再发生显著变化;而自然老化12个月后试材表面才有显著化学变化.老化首先使稻壳/聚乙烯复合材的颜色发生较大改变,表面化学性质变化也较早开始,但无论自然老化还是加速老化在短时间内对材料力学性能都不会产生显著影响.     

固体火箭发动机粘接界面湿热老化实验

对固体火箭发动机粘接界面试验件进行了不同湿热条件下的加速老化试验,并测量了不同老化时间粘接界面的扯离强度,描述了湿热老化试验和性能测试中的试验现象,结合复合材料微粘接结构吸湿规律对试验现象和撤离强度随老化时间变化曲线进行了分析。研究结果表明:衬层-推进剂粘接界面是固体火箭发动机粘接结构中最薄弱环节,应予以重点考虑;湿热老化促进了环境水分从衬层–推进剂界面向推进剂内部的扩散和渗透,致使弱边界层向推进剂内部扩展,导致了衬层-推进剂界面粘接强度的降低。试验件平均扯离强度随老化时间呈下降趋势,中间有一个强度趋于稳定的平台期。      

竹粉含量及粒径对竹塑复合材料性能的影响

以竹粉和高密度聚乙烯为原料,通过混炼、平板热压制备竹粉/HDPE复合材料,研究竹粉含量和粒径大小对复合材料的吸湿、吸水性以及力学性质的影响.试验结果表明:随着竹粉添加量的增加,竹塑复合材料的吸湿、吸水性能也逐渐增大,同时,当竹粉粒径变小时,复合材料的吸湿、吸水性能也增大;复合材料的冲击强度随着竹粉含量的增加而减小,而拉伸强度与弯曲强度随着竹粉含量增加而增大,但当竹粉含量超过50％,这些强度反而降低;随着竹粉粒径增大,抗冲击强度逐渐降低,而拉伸强度与弯曲强度增大,但当粒径超过180μm时,这两个强度则开始下降.     

竹粉内部塑化/LDPE复合材料热融合稳定性的研究

采用氢氧化钠作润胀剂和催化剂,氯化苄为醚化剂对竹粉进行内部塑化改性。在不同反应条件下,得到了不同接枝率的塑化竹粉,并比较了相同温度、湿度及不同温度条件下竹粉的质量吸湿率与极限吸湿率。结果表明,塑化竹粉吸湿率显著低于未处理竹粉,表现出很好的憎水性。当竹粉质量增重率为64.2%时,其吸湿质量增重率仅为4.84%,温度对竹粉质量吸湿率无显著性影响;将其分别与聚乙烯混合热压得到复合材料,SEL结果表明塑化竹粉与聚乙烯可形成良好的界面融合;塑化竹粉/聚乙烯复合材料的拉伸强度和弯曲强度比未处理的复合材料高。当塑化竹粉添加量为30%时,拉伸强度提高23.83%,弯曲强度提高25.91%。塑化竹粉/聚乙烯复合材料具有很好的热融合稳定性。     

竹粉／聚丙烯塑料复合材料转矩流变特性研究

利用转矩流变仪研究了竹粉／聚丙烯塑料复合材料的转矩流变行为。使用正交试验设计分析了竹粉含量、马来酸酐添加量以及转矩转速3因素对复合材料转矩流变行为的影响。试验结果表明，竹粉／聚丙烯塑料复合材料是一种假塑性流体即剪切变稀流体。在给定的试验条件下，3种因素对复合材料转矩流变行为的影响中，竹粉含量的影响最显著，其余的2因素的影响则不显著。     

稻壳-聚乙烯复合材料经历自然老化后的性能变化

稻壳粉被广泛地应用于聚合物复合材料,但对这些复合材料的耐老化性能研究得还很少。本文研究了两种稻壳粉/聚乙烯(RH-PE)复合板经过两年室外自然老化以后的性能变化。试件的抗弯强度和弹性模量没有变化。但在试验结束后试件的亮度增加了23%以上,总色差变化9个单位以上,意味着消费者当初挑选的颜色发生了明显变化。傅立叶红外(FTIR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析显示,试件表面发生了氧化反应,老化后红色板材产业明显的C=O峰,但黄色板材的C=O峰并没有明显变化。两种板材都显示木素纤维素减少和聚乙烯的无定形区域减少。图7表4参16。     

Micromorphology,moisture sorption and mechanical properties of a biocomposite based on acetylated wood particles and cellulose ester

Abstract

One of the major issues in a long-term perspective for the use of wood–plastic composites (WPCs) in outdoor applications is the moisture sensitivity of the wood component and the consequent dimensional instability and susceptibility to biological degradation of the composite. In this work, the effects of using an acetylated wood component and a cellulose ester as matrix on the micromorphology, mechanical performance and moisture uptake of injection-moulded WPCs have been studied. Composites based on unmodified and acetylated wood particles, specially designed with a length-to-width ratio of about 5–7, combined with both cellulose acetate propionate (CAP) and polypropylene (PP) matrices were studied. The size and shape of the wood particles were studied before and after the processing using light microscopy, and the micromorphology of the composites was studied using a newly developed surface preparation technique based on ultraviolet laser irradiation combined with low-vacuum scanning electron microscopy (LV-SEM). The water vapour sorption in the composites and the effect of accelerated weathering were measured using thin samples which were allowed to reach equilibrium moisture content (EMC). The length-to-diameter ratio was only slightly decreased for the acetylated particles after compounding and injection moulding, although both the unmodified and the acetylated particles were smaller in size after the processing steps. The tensile strength was about 40% higher for the composite based on acetylated wood than for the composite with unmodified wood using either CAP or PP as matrix, whereas the notched impact strength of the composite based on acetylated wood was about 20% lower than those of the corresponding unmodified composites. The sorption experiments showed that the EMC was 50% lower in the composites with an acetylated wood component than in the composites with an unmodified wood component. The choice of matrix material strongly affected the moisture absorptivity of the WPC. The composites with CAP as matrix gained moisture more rapidly than the composites with PP as matrix. It was also found that accelerated ageing in a Weather-Ometer® significantly increased the moisture sensitivity of the PP-based composites.     

户外用竹基纤维复合材料加速老化耐久性评价

为了给竹基纤维复合材料在户外环境的使用提供参考数据,对利用3～4年生毛竹和慈竹生产的竹基纤维复合材料,参照美、中两种标准(ASTM D 1037-06a和GB/T 17657-1999)方法进行循环试验,测定经过循环暴露试验后,材料的力学性能和尺寸稳定性.试验结果表明,竹基纤维复合材料的性能优于现有户外商业化重组竹产品.     

Effect of accelerated aging on some physical and mechanical properties of bamboo

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of accelerated aging on compression strength, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, color change, volumetric swelling, and volumetric shrinkage of bamboo specimens with and without node sections. In the study, these properties were compared with those of Scots pine and beech wood specimens. Depending on bamboo sections, the aging procedure reduced modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and compression strength. Bamboo specimens showed relatively high strength properties compared to wood specimens due to having high density. Strength properties increased from bottom to top of bamboo culms. The presence of nodes in the specimens reduced compression strength and modulus of rupture but affected modulus of elasticity slightly. Remarkable color changes in specimens were observed after aging. Volumetric swelling and shrinkage of bamboo specimens exposed to aging decreased probably due to heat effect of aging procedure.     

Aging law of spruce wood

Abstract

Accelerated aging of spruce wood samples have been carried out by thermo-hydro (TH) treatments. These treatments were applied to accelerate the chemical reactions that take place during the natural aging of wood. In order to avoid dissimilar chemical reactions between the TH treatments and the natural aging, mild temperatures (between 100 and 150°C) have been selected at low relative humidity (RH). The mechanical properties of non-aged, natural aged and accelerated aged spruce wood have been compared. It is apparent that longitudinal Young's modulus of accelerated aged wood increase slightly at the beginning of the treatment and is followed by a reduction. Along the radial direction, Young's modulus remains almost unchanged. On the other hand the radial strength is severely reduced. From these results, the relative radial strength has been fitted on the chemical kinetic law. The rate constant of this law has been calculated and the treatment temperature and wood moisture content have been integrated. Finally this law has been extrapolated to standard climatic conditions in order to predict the loss of strength of old wood by knowing its age and its mean climate history of temperature and RH (ambiance condition).     

木纤维PP/PE共混物复合材料的流变和力学性能(英文)

For evaluation of the rheological and mechanical properties of highly filled wood plastic composites （WPCs）, polypropylene/polyethylene （PP/PE） blends were grafted with maleic anhydride （MAH） to enhance the interfacial adhesion between wood fiber and matrix. WPCs were prepared from wood fiber up to 60 wt.% and modified PP/PE was blended by extrusion. The rheological properties were studied by using dynamic measurement. According to the strain sweep test, the linear viscoelastic region of composites in the melt was determined. The result showed that the storage modulus was independent of the strain at low strain region （〈0.1%）. The frequency sweep resuits indicated that all composites exhibited shear thinning behavior, and both the storage modulus and complex viscosity of MAH modified composites were decreased comparing to those unmodified. Flexural properties and impact strength of the prepared WPCs were measured according to the relevant standard specifications. The flexural and impact strength of the manufactured composites significantly increased and reached a maximum when MAH dosage was 1.0 wt%, whereas the flexural modulus after an initial decreased, also increased with MAH dosage. The increase in mechanical properties indicated that the presence of anhydride groups enhanced the interracial adhesion between wood fiber and PP/PE blends.     

Properties of PP/wood flour/organomodified montmorillonite nanocomposites

In this research, composites based on polypropylene (PP), beech wood flour, and organomodified montmorillonite (OMMT) were prepared and characterized for their properties. The blend nanocomposites were prepared by melt mixing of PP/WF at 50% weight ratios with various amounts of OMMT (0, 3, and 6 per hundred compounds (phc)) in a Hakee internal mixer. Then the samples were made by injection molding. The influence of organomodified montmorillonite contents on clay dispersion, physical and mechanical properties of PP/wood flour composites were investigated. Results indicated that the flexural strength and modulus, tensile strength and modulus increased by addition of 3 per hundred compounds (phc) of organomodified montmorillonite (OMMT), but decreased with 6 phc OMMT addition. However, impact strength, water absorption and thickness swelling of the composites decreased with increasing nanoclay loading. X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the nanocomposites formed were intercalated. Also, morphological findings showed that samples containing 3 phc of OMMT had higher order of intercalation.     

Properties of gypsum particleboard reinforced with polypropylene fibers

This paper details the influence of the length and content of polypropylene (PP) fibers on the physical and mechanical properties of gypsum particleboard (GPB). The length and amount of PP fibers added had a significant effect on the internal bond strength (IB) and the modulus of rupture (MOR) of GPB. The highest IB value was shown at 9 mm length and 9% content of PP fibers. The MOR was highest when the board was made with PP of 12 mm fiber length and 12% content. Suitable contents of PP fibers were advantageous in that they reinforced the properties of GPB so it achieved high performance. In contrast, a high content of PP fibers reduced the IB, MOR, and modulus of elasticity (MOE) of GPB. The thickness swelling was reduced with an increase in PP length and content. It was concluded that the combination of 12 mm length and 12% content or 3mm length and 9% content was optimum for producing good performance of GPB.Part of this paper was presented at the 50th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kyoto, April 2000     

Properties of parallel strand lumber from Calcutta bamboo (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Dendrocalamus strictus)</Emphasis>

The objectives of this work were to analyze the physical and mechanical properties of parallel strand lumber (PSL) made from Calcutta bamboo. Based on the surface characteristics (Ahmad and Kamke 2003) and physical and mechanical properties (Ahmad and Kamke 2005) observed in previous work, a prototype PSL from Calcutta bamboo was manufactured and tested in the laboratory. Physical properties determined were dimensional stability and water absorption. The mechanical tests carried out were in compression and bending. Ultimate stress, stress at proportional limit, and modulus of elasticity were determined and compared to structural composite lumber (SCL) from several timber species produced by other researchers and manufacturers in the United States. The PSL produced was also exposed to accelerated aging process in order to assess its durability under extreme condition. PSL produced in the laboratory was stable in dimension. The mechanical characteristics compare favorably to SCL produced in other studies and SCL products available in the United States. The accelerated aging process was found to reduce the bending strength but no significant difference was detected in bending stiffness, and compression strength and stiffness. This is a promising indication of the suitability of Calcutta bamboo as raw material for structural composite products.