茶褐枯病病原菌(Colletotrichum camelliae)生物学特性研究

为构建茶褐枯病病原菌(Colletotrichum camelliae)药剂筛选模型以及研究药剂的作用机理,本文对贵州省余庆县茶褐枯病病原菌(C.camelliae)进行病原生物学特性的研究。结果表明,菌株GZYQ-2016-01可在PDA、OA和MEA培养基上生长,其在PDA上的生长速率显著快于MEA与OA,在MEA和OA上无显著性差异。同时,菌株也可在PDB液体培养基中生长,其快速生长期为24~144h。产孢试验表明,菌株适宜在PDA培养基上产孢。碳素营养和氮素营养均影响菌丝的生长及色素形成,28℃是菌株适宜生长温度,菌株能较好地适应弱酸性条件。菌株在25℃条件下对茶树叶片的致病力显著强于20℃和30℃。     

利用TaqMan探针检测水稻细菌性谷枯病菌

利用TaqMan探针建立了水稻细菌性谷枯病菌(Burkholderia glumae)实时荧光PCR检测方法。根据水稻细菌性谷枯病菌gyrB基因,设计并合成特异性引物和探针,对8株不同来源水稻细菌性谷枯病菌和其他同属或同寄主的参试菌株进行了检测。结果显示,该方法检测的特异性强,灵敏度可达菌悬液浓度102cfu/mL,该方法快速、简便、准确,适用于出入境检验检疫及种子健康检测领域。利用该方法对国内采集的83份水稻材料进行了检查,未发现阳性结果。     

水稻细菌性谷枯病菌和水稻白叶枯病菌荧光RPA快速检测方法的建立

本研究分别针对我国进境植物检疫性有害生物水稻细菌性谷枯病菌及水稻白叶枯病菌建立了光RPA检测方法，并对其灵敏度、特异性以及对实际种子样本的检测能力进行了测试评价。结果表明，本研究建立的两种方法均能够在20 min内特异性检测到目标菌株，对水稻细菌性谷枯病菌(Burkholderia glumae)菌液的检测下限达到了11.4 CFU/反应，DNA检测下限达到了4.83×10^-5ng/反应；对水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae)菌液的检测下限达到了4.42 CFU/反应，DNA检测下限达到了3.83×10^-4ng/反应。两种方法均能够成功应用于带菌种子样品的快速检测。     

温度、湿度和光照对苹果炭疽叶枯病菌(Glomerella cingulata)产孢的影响

苹果炭疽叶枯病(Glomerella cingulata)是我国苹果上新发现的一种病害,为了了解病原菌的产孢条件和产孢动态,为病害的预测预报与防控提供依据。本研究在人工控制条件下,测试了温度、湿度和光照对苹果炭疽叶枯病菌产生分生孢子和子囊孢子的影响。结果表明,苹果炭疽叶枯病新形成的病叶润湿后,在15℃~30℃下保湿培养2~6 d后可产生大量橘黄色的分生孢子堆,其中30℃下产孢量最大,产孢速度最快,仅需2 d时间。炭疽叶枯病菌在新形成的病叶上于15℃~30℃下培养20~30 d可形成子囊孢子,最适温度为25℃,子囊孢子的形成需要高湿环境或叶片润湿。炭疽叶枯病菌的单孢分离菌株于15℃~25℃下,在马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基(PDA)上培养20~30 d也可形成子囊孢子,最适产孢温度25℃。紫外光、黑光和日光都能促进子囊孢子的形成。     

利用双重PCR-DHPLC技术检测水稻细菌性谷枯病菌的研究

本研究建立了一种应用双重PCR结合变性高效液相色谱技术(polymerase chain reaction-denatured high performanceliquid chromatography,PCR-DHPLC)检测水稻细菌性谷枯病菌的方法。根据水稻细菌性谷枯病菌ITS序列(internal tran-scribed spacer)和gyrB基因序列,设计两对特异性PCR检测引物,对水稻细菌性谷枯病菌株和非水稻细菌性谷枯病菌株分别进行PCR-DHPLC及双重PCR-DHPLC检测,同时进行检测灵敏度及阳性菌株的同源性分析。结果显示,PCR-DHPLC检测的特异性强,灵敏度为菌浓度4×102cfu/mL,7株水稻细菌性谷枯病菌PCR产物同源性一致。该方法能简便、灵敏、高特异性地对水稻细菌性谷枯病菌进行高通量的自动化检测。     

MALDI-TOF-MS鉴定水稻细菌性叶鞘褐腐病菌的方法研究

利用基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)技术对3株水稻细菌性叶鞘褐腐病菌（Pseudomonas fuscovaginae）标准菌株进行蛋白质指纹图谱分析,将不同培养基、不同培养时间和不同样品处理方法等条件下所收集到的质谱峰进行比较,筛选出最佳实验方法,收集20张参考图谱与水稻常见病原细菌质谱峰进行比较,建立该病菌的蛋白质指纹图谱。结果显示用金氏 B 培养基分离纯化后经提取处理法进行 MALDI-TOF-MS 分析为最佳的实验方法。该方法对检测与鉴定水稻细菌性叶鞘褐腐病菌具有较高的灵敏度和重复性,且分析过程简单快速,有一定的应用价值。     

茶树叶部病害病原菌Phoma segeticola var.camelliae的生物学特性研究

采用皿内测定方法对贵州省石阡县茶树叶部病害Phoma segeticola var. camelliae进行病原生物特性的研究。结果表明,其病原菌可在PDA、OA和MEA培养基上生长,生长速率差异不明显。病原菌适宜在OA培养基上产孢。碳素和氮素营养可影响菌株的生长及菌丝色素的形成。25℃是菌株体外适宜生长温度,菌株在中性条件下生长速度最快,但可适应偏酸和偏碱条件。菌株可在PDB培养基中生长,线性生长期大致为36～120 h。     

温度对梨树腐烂病菌生长、病斑扩展及产毒素水平的影响

为探明温度对梨树腐烂病菌生长、病斑扩展及产毒素水平的影响,采用常规生物学方法和高效液相色谱法,测定了该病菌强致病力菌株LXS240101在不同温度下的菌丝生长、病斑扩展及产毒素水平。结果表明:菌株LXS240101最适宜的生长温度为25~30℃;在5~35℃范围内,梨树离体枝条接种梨树腐烂病菌后均能发病并导致病斑扩展,25℃时病斑扩展速度最快,面积达4.45cm2,5℃和35℃时病斑扩展速度缓慢,面积不足0.3 cm2。该菌株在梨树树皮培养基中最适宜的产毒素温度为20℃,10~25℃条件下可产生5种毒素,而在其它温度下仅产生3~4种;接种该菌株的梨树离体枝条5℃条件下未检测到间苯三酚和对羟基苯甲酸,且毒素总量最低,其余温度下均可检测到5种毒素,最适宜的产毒素温度为10℃,毒素总量可达224.14μg/g干组织。     

对噻枯唑具有抗性的水稻白叶枯病菌菌株的性质

对田间和室内分别筛选的抗噻枯唑的水稻白叶枯病菌菌株性质研究发现:室内筛选的抗药菌株在水稻上失去致病性,而田间抗药菌株在离体下则不表现抗药性;抗噻枯唑的菌株对敌枯唑表现交互抗性,对叶枯净不表现交互抗性;抗性菌株与敏感菌株混合接种于无药水稻上发现,抗性菌株的竞争力稍低于敏感菌株;供试的抗性菌株在无药平板上转移6代后,抗性仍很稳定,但在无药的水稻上反复接种、分离4代后,抗性水平有所下降。     

新疆沙漠放线菌XSS040811菌株抗生素合成条件

放线菌XSS040811菌株是从新疆吐鲁番鄯善县沙漠中采集的样品中分离获得的,该菌株能产生抗菌活性较高的抗生素,对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、黄曲霉具有不同程度的抑制作用;优化发酵培养基,发酵时间、pH条件对放线菌XSS040811菌株合成抗生素的影响。结果表明:发酵培养基A、发酵时间96 h、发酵温度30~35℃,pH值7.2~8.0为抗生素合成的最佳条件。根据该菌株在高氏I号和燕麦粉培养基上的生长特性、菌落和形态特征,初步鉴定为链霉菌属(Streptomyces)。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.