贵州威宁草海湿地生态安全评价

为了掌握威宁草海湿地生态安全状况,为威宁草海湿地规划建设提供参考依据。在参考已有研究成果基础上,以PSR(压力-状态-响应)模型为依据,建立威宁草海湿地生态安全评价指标体系(包括17个指标);同时,采用模糊数学法建立评价模型,以均方差法确定各个评价指标权重,对威宁草海湿地的生态安全进行实例评价。结果显示,压力要素和响应要素处于不安全等级;状态要素处于极不安全等级;威宁草海湿地生态安全对应"安全、较安全、较不安全、不安全、极不安全"级别的隶属度值分别为0.0626、0.1197、0.2141、0.3312、0.2724,处于不安全的隶属度值最大(0.3312);根据模糊数学最大隶属度原理,威宁草海湿地生态安全处于不安全等级,湿地生态安全有待改善。     

基于PSR模型的云贵高原湿地生态系统健康评价

威宁草海湿地生态系统健康对我国云贵高原生态安全格局建设具有重要意义。为了保护高原湿地威宁草海的基本生态系统服务功能,促进其生态系统健康发展,通过对威宁草海湿地的生态系统健康进行评价,为湿地生态恢复和环境保护提供决策支持。利用PSR(Pressure-State-Response)模型框架,从压力(P)、状态(S)和响应(R)3个方面建立评价指标体系,采用熵权法和模糊数学法建立评价模型,把草海湿地生态系统健康分为"很健康、健康、较健康、不健康、疾病"5个等级。结果表明,威宁草海湿地生态系统健康属于"不健康"等级,隶属度值为0.2934、0.3415、0.2061、0.1077、0.0513;其中,压力要素为"疾病"等级,隶属度值为0.4323、0.2862、0.1768、0.0241、0.0806;状态和响应要素均为"不健康"等级,状态要素隶属度值为0.2202、0.3174、0.2361、0.1128、0.1135,响应要素隶属度值为0.1534、0.4273、0.2307、0.0866、0.1020。压力要素的影响因素主要包括人口过多、环保压力大、化肥施用强度大、农药施用多;状态要素的影响因素主要包括湿地流域保水能力差、水量稳定性低、植被覆盖率不高、水土流失严重、土地生产力下降;响应要素的影响因素主要包括地保护意识不强、环保投入少、污水处理率低、物质生活指数不高。在草海生态系统建设过程中,应控制人口增长、减少农药和化肥施用量、提高植被覆盖率、治理水土流失。     

基于集对分析的城市人工湿地公园生态安全研究

为了解明湖国家湿地公园生态安全的现状,从压力-状态-响应3个方面选取17个指标,建立湿地生态安全评价指标体系并确定评价等级标准,运用熵权法求出各评价指标的权重,采用集对分析法构建湿地生态安全评价模型,对六盘水市明湖国家湿地公园的生态安全进行了实例研究。结果表明,明湖国家湿地公园压力和响应要素联系度分别为0.9315和0.6529,处于较不安全等级;状态要素联系度为0.5624,属于较安全等级;湿地公园综合生态安全联系度为0.6726,属于较不安全等级。     

基于PSR模型的鸣翠湖湿地生态系统健康评价

为给鸣翠湖的管理和生态修复提供科学依据,以PSR概念模型为基础,构建了3个子系统27个指标的健康评价指标体系,采用层次分析法测定权重、模糊综合评判模型计算生态系统健康综合指数,确定鸣翠湖湿地生态系统健康等级。鸣翠湖湿地处于亚健康状态。3个子系统中,状态指标最大隶属度为0.2333,属于亚健康状态;压力指标最大隶属度为0.2677,属于健康状态;响应指标最大隶属度为0.4553,属于亚健康状态。制约鸣翠湖生态系统健康的疾病因子主要是景观多样性单一、化肥施用强度大、水质污染、干旱指数偏高。基于各影响因子之间的关联性和制约性,在修复鸣翠湖湿地生态健康主要制约因子的同时应综合考虑其他因素,适度干预。     

三生空间角度的甘肃长江流域水生态安全评价及障碍诊断

以甘肃省长江流域为研究区域，从生态、生活、生产3个空间角度构建基于压力—状态—响应模型（简称PSR）的水生态安全评价指标体系，根据研究区2011—2020年水资源等资料，分别运用熵值法、综合指数法和障碍度模型评价水生态安全状况等级，并识别影响水生态安全的主要障碍因子。结果表明：甘肃省长江流域水生态安全指数呈基本安全—较不安全—基本安全变化，2020年为较安全状态；近10年来，生态、生产空间是水生态安全状态的主要限制空间，压力和响应系统是水生态安全状态影响的主要限制系统；影响水生态安全状况的最大障碍因子随着年份变化不断发生变化，近2年来的主要驱动因素为生产空间和压力系统。总的来看，近10年研究区水生态安全形势较好，结果可为长江上游相似流域水生态保护、区域高质量发展提供科学依据。     

粤港澳大湾区湿地生态风险评估

为了整体把握粤港澳大湾区湿地生态系统风险水平，以 GlobeLand30地表覆盖产品、气温和降水站点数据、MODIS NDVI产品和人口、GDP、粮食作物单产等统计资料为主要数据源，基于PSR模型，采用层次分析法（AHP）构建湿地生态风险评估体系，分析了湿地的外界压力、自身状态和响应指标的变化特征，并对2000-2020年大湾区湿地生态风险进行综合评估。结果表明：（1）该区域湿地生态压力变化呈现先下降后增长的趋势，经济的快速发展和城市扩张是影响湿地生态风险的主要压力因素；（2）湿地生态风险的状态水平逐渐下降，呈现“外高内低”的分布格局，景观内部破碎化相对严重。生态响应水平波动较小，但整体生态系统服务价值呈下滑趋势；（3）粤港澳大湾区2000年、2010年和2020年湿地生态风险评估值分别为0.470、0.426和0.418，风险水平为“较高风险”。高风险地区比重下降了21.15%，中风险区域提升了约11.54%。从空间上看，西部和东部地区湿地生态风险显著降低，大部分城市的风险水平处于中等或者较高等级。粤港澳大湾区湿地资源的修复和管理面临众多挑战，建议处理好城市建设和湿地保护的矛盾、提升公众保护意识、注重与非湿地系统的调控并完善相关制度，更好地协调湿地生态条件和社会经济发展之间的关系，服务于粤港澳大湾区建设的国家战略需求。     

基于PSR模型的黄河陕西段鱼类增殖放流生态安全评价

基于压力、状态、响应模型(PSR)和层次分析法(AHP),确定17项指标通过数据的标准化处理,指标权重赋值、权重一致性检验、评价等级确定以及评价模型的构建,用生态安全评价黄河陕西段鱼类增殖放流效果,分析生态安全所面临的主要问题。结果表明:黄河陕西段2013年增殖放流生态安全度(ESI)评价等级为Ⅱ级,为良好状态;2014年评价等级为Ⅲ级,处于一般状态;2015年评价等级为Ⅳ级,处于较差状态,属于临界不安全状态以下水平。生态安全形势呈现出逐年下降局势。不安全状态受到影响较大的前3个指标是:黄河径流量变化影响、重要生境保持率和公众资源环境保护意识的影响,3个指标下降值占到下降ESI值的64.93%。其次还受到污水排放达标率、鱼类增殖放流量、政策和管理水平、鱼类生物多样性指数、保护区建设、水质综合污染指数、群落结构等诸多因素影响。研究显示,现阶段增殖放流对黄河生态安全有一定影响,还存在一定提升空间。     

草海高原湿地湖泊水质时空变化及水质分区研究

针对草海水质污染状况,开展水质季节变化特征研究,为草海湿地污染治理及保护提供依据。在草海湿地湖泊设置了15个采样点,于2014年8月、11月和2015年1月、4月,分4季进行水样采集。以所测水质参数为基础,运用水质综合评价和GIS空间分析方法,研究草海湿地水环境质量时空变化,并基于营养状态对湖泊水体进行了分区。研究表明:(1)草海TP、TN、CODMn、Chl-a 4种主要水质指标浓度在春季高于其他3个季节,浓度分别达到0.03、0.98、6.30和0.025 mg/L,空间分布呈现由东至西逐渐降低的趋势,草海入水口及码头区域要明显高于湖泊其他区域。(2)草海湖泊营养状态为中营养级别,按4个季度的综合营养状态指数(TLI)平均值分为3个区域,A区为东北角入水口及西海游客码头,长年处于富营养状态,为富营养状态区,53.9≤TLI≤63.0,水质处于Ⅳ与Ⅴ类等级;B区为临近县城及入水口区域,季节性富营养状态,为中营养状态区,41.2≤TLI≤46.6;C区为草海湖泊中心延续到阳关山的下游出水口区域,为贫中营养状态区,35.8≤TLI≤39.7;B区和C区水质全年为Ⅲ类等级。(3)各区域主要污染物指标以Chl-a、TN为主,A区形成的主因是城市污水注入,B区形成的主因是农业面源污染。控制城市污水和农药、化肥施用量是治理草海湖泊水环境的重要途径。     

生态文明建设下退耕还湿必要性与成效分析——基于博弈和模糊评价视角

退耕还湿既是生态文明建设的要求,又是人们对美好环境向往的时代需求。以退耕还湿的必要性和成效为研究基点,通过主体利益博弈和模糊综合评判来阐明该工程的推行选择和效益发展。政府和农户利益博弈的结果是双方反复博弈后最终会以群体高比例达成最优均衡战略[服从,补偿],从主体层面表明退耕还湿具有必要性;运用AHP-Fuzzy模型对20个具有代表性的湿地因子从经济、社会、生态3方面效益对三江平原湿地进行综合评价,得出各效益最大隶属度分别是3、4、3,综合效益最大隶属度为3,处于潜力发展期,表明退耕还湿的实施有成效,具有较好的发展前景。最后,针对两种方法和结果,给出了相应结论及相关建议。     

基于Landsat卫星影像的草海水质遥感反演及综合营养状态评价

为更高效、大范围的获取草海水质状况,分析草海水体营养状态,本文利用实测水质数据与遥感影像的关系建立反演模型,反演草海2000-2015年水质指标,包括Chl-a、TN、TP、CODMn、SD,并用综合营养状态指数法（TLI）对草海水质情况进行评价。结果表明：（1）通过波段组合与实测数据建立水质参数反演模型能高效、大面积的获得草海水质分布情况,评价得知草海从2000 - 2005年、2010 - 2015年,整体水质均为中营养、轻度富营养状态,TLI表现为先升高,后降低;（2）草海水质季节变化明显,四个季节的综合营养状态指数为春季>夏季>冬季>秋季,主要原因是草海春、夏季节农耕及旅游活动等较频繁;（3）空间上看,草海入水口及湖周围综合营养指数比湖中心及出水口高,其原因是因为入水口靠近城市,城市污水排入湖中,湖四周农业污染源大量存在所致。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.