GEL 01佐剂联合猪支原体肺炎活疫苗黏膜接种的效果评估

为评估水性佐剂GEL 01对猪支原体肺炎活疫苗的黏膜接种效果的影响,本研究以小鼠为动物模型,将猪肺炎支原体(168株)活疫苗与水性佐剂GEL 01滴鼻免疫小鼠,于免疫后不同时间点收集血清和支气管肺泡灌洗液,检测其中抗原特异性抗体水平和相关细胞因子的分泌情况,并检测了GEL 01对小鼠淋巴细胞增殖的影响。结果显示Gel 01联合活疫苗黏膜接种后,支气管肺泡灌洗液中抗原特性抗体(IgG、IgG1、IgG2a和sIgA)的水平显著高于单独疫苗组,同时支气管肺泡灌洗液中Th1(IFN-γ)型、Th2(IL-4)型和Th17(IL-17)型细胞因子分泌显著增加;另外,GEL 01联合猪肺炎支原体活疫苗黏膜接种后,促进小鼠淋巴细胞的显著增殖,并同时上调血清中IgG、IgG1、IgG2a抗体水平。以上结果说明GEL 01作为黏膜佐剂配合猪支原体肺炎活疫苗使用时,可全面激活宿主免疫系统,尤其是与猪肺炎支原体感染免疫保护相关的呼吸道局部黏膜免疫和全身循环系统的细胞免疫。     

定菌仔猪对猪肺炎支原体的免疫应答

本试验通过定菌动物感染模型感染猪肺炎吏原体,研究了几种细胞因子的免疫应答。在试验中发现,用热灭活的猪肺炎支原体全抗原感染无菌仔猪后,在无菌仔猪的外周血单核细胞中发现了几种炎性因子（IL-1β、IL-8、IL-18、TNF-α）和抗炎性因子IL-10,但是没有发现炎性因子IFN-γ和IL-4。通过鼻内感染途径感染猪肺炎支原体后,在仔猪支气管帅泡灌洗液中也检测出了炎性因子（IL-1β、IL-8、IL-18、IFN-γ）。感染猪肺炎支原体后的抗原特异性IFN-γ、IL-10免疫应答及感染早期的刀豆素和脂多糖的非特异性免疫应答同样逐渐受到抑制。试验结果表明,猪肺炎支原体感染,通过诱导几种细胞因子调节猪的免疫应答,在定菌条件下会造成猪的免疫抑制。     

猪支原体肺炎活疫苗（168株）肺内免疫机制研究

为研究猪支原体肺炎活疫苗(168株)的免疫机制,通过肺内接种免疫5 ～ 10日龄仔猪,并于免疫后不同时间点检测血清中IgG抗体效价、全血中淋巴细胞转化效率、呼吸道局部的IFN-γ浓度和特异性SIgA滴度,于免疫后28 d剖杀采集呼吸道上皮组织,通过扫描电镜法与原位杂交检测法观察疫苗株在呼吸道的存留以及对纤毛的影响情况.结果发现,免疫后猪血液中淋巴细胞转化增强1.52～2.01倍,支气管表面IFN-γ浓度和特异性SIgA滴度持续增加,但血清抗体一直未检测到.扫描电镜与原位杂交检测结果发现疫苗株能有效地黏附在支气管纤毛上皮细胞上,但对纤毛的影响较小.由此表明,猪支原体肺炎活疫苗(168株)通过肺内免疫可有效激活全身细胞免疫及呼吸道局部的黏膜免疫与细胞免疫反应,而且还可以通过黏附支气管纤毛上皮细胞产生占位效应而对上皮组织不产生损伤.     

重组蛋白CTB-P97R1对猪支原体肺炎活疫苗滴鼻免疫效果的评价

为提高滴鼻免疫条件下猪支原体肺炎活疫苗的免疫效果,本研究设计引物扩增猪肺炎支原体P97R1基因,融合至霍乱毒素B亚单位(CTB)基因下游,构建了重组质粒p ET-CTB-P97R1。重组菌经IPTG诱导表达、分离纯化得到r CTB-P97R1重组蛋白。利用体外神经节苷脂(GM1)结合试验检测r CTB-P97R1的佐剂活性。随后将r CTB-P97R1与活疫苗混合后滴鼻免疫小鼠,免疫后采血和收集小鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF),分别检测其中的特异性Ig G抗体和s Ig A抗体的水平评价免疫效果。结果显示,r CTB-P97R1可以特异性结合GM1,具有生物学活性。小鼠免疫后的血清Ig G抗体显著高于活疫苗对照组(p0.01),同时产生了高水平的P97R1特异性Ig G抗体(p0.01);小鼠BALF中的s Ig A抗体也显著高于活疫苗对照组(p0.05)。结果表明,r CTB-P97R1能够显著增强经滴鼻免疫的猪支原体肺炎活疫苗的免疫效力,同时可提升P97R1的免疫应答,有望作为经黏膜免疫的猪支原体肺炎活疫苗的新型佐剂。     

人参皂苷Rg1联合重组大肠杆菌不耐热肠毒素rLTB作为滴鼻免疫佐剂在小鼠体内的作用研究

为探究人参皂苷Rg1和重组大肠杆菌不耐热肠毒素rLTB联合滴鼻免疫小鼠的佐剂效果,本研究以卵清白蛋白(OVA)为模式抗原,分别将生理盐水、OVA、OVA+Rg1、OVA+rLTB、OVA+Rg1-rLTB滴鼻免疫小鼠,共免疫3次。利用血液细胞分析仪分析小鼠外周血中白细胞的变化;荧光定量PCR检测小鼠脾细胞中细胞因子mRNA转录水平;ELISA法检测小鼠血清、胆汁、肺泡支气管和阴道黏液中IgA和IgG抗体水平。结果显示,与OVA单独免疫组相比,Rg1-rLTB能够明显促进小鼠中性粒细胞和中间细胞数量的增加(p<0.05),显著上调Th1、Th2和Th17型细胞因子的转录水平(p<0.05),明显提高血清和局部黏膜中的OVA特异性IgA和IgG抗体水平(p<0.05),并且Rg1-rLTB的复合佐剂效果比单独Rg1或rLTB更具优势。因此,Rg-rLTB可以作为一种新型的滴鼻免疫佐剂,值得进一步的深入研究。     

猪IFN-γ和CpG基序双因子重组质粒增强亚洲Ⅰ型口蹄疫灭活病毒抗原免疫水平的研究

分析CpG基序与猪IFN-γ基因组合的重组表达质粒对口蹄疫灭活抗原的免疫佐剂效应.以亚洲I型口蹄疫灭活病毒为抗原,与含有猪IFN-γ基因和CpG基序的重组质粒配伍,采用肌肉注射法免疫小鼠,加强免疫后检测口蹄疫特异性抗体和中和性抗体水平、T淋巴细胞增殖反应、体内细胞毒性T细胞杀伤反应以及细胞因子IL-4、IL-6和IFN-γ的分泌水平.发现猪IFN-γ和CpG基序双因子重组质粒相对单一的因子能诱导更强的体液免疫和细胞免疫反应水平,尤其在中和性抗体和抗原特异性CTL反应方面更为明显.猪IFN-γ和CpG基序在诱导小鼠抵抗亚洲I型口蹄疫火活病毒免疫方面具有良好的佐剂效应,其重组质粒可望成为一种有前途的新型免疫佐剂.     

CpG ODN联合重组乳酸乳球菌鼻内免疫BALB/c小鼠的佐剂效应

本试验初次建立了CpG ODN联合重组乳酸乳球菌滴鼻免疫BALB/c小鼠模型。结果得出CpG ODN佐剂协同重组菌抗原组血清中抗PRRSV特异性抗体IgG和呼吸道黏膜抗体s-Ig A均高于单独重组菌组(P>0.05)和单独佐剂组(P<0.01),佐剂CpG ODN协同重组菌抗原组的Th1型细胞因子IL-2、IFN-γ及黏膜淋巴因子IL-5的活性高于单独抗原组(P>0.05)及单独佐剂组(P<0.01)。试验结果说明CpG ODN作为佐剂与重组菌鼻腔免疫小鼠后,可以提高重组菌诱导的黏膜免疫反应和Th1细胞参与的系统免疫反应,为研究安全有效的重组菌黏膜疫苗奠定了基础。     

猪重组IL-2、IL-4和IFN-γ对口蹄疫合成肽疫苗的免疫增强作用研究

为了研究猪IL-2、IL-4和IFN-γ对口蹄疫合成肽疫苗的免疫佐剂效应,将经测定具有生物学活性的猪重组IL-2、IL-4和IFN-γ与口蹄疫合成肽疫苗配伍免疫仔猪,检测仔猪抗口蹄疫抗体水平和血清细胞因子IL-4、IL-10、IL-17和IFN-γ含量的变化,观察其免疫佐剂效应。结果表明:制备的IL-2、IL-4和IFN-γ重组蛋白质均有较好的生物学活性,其中IL-2和IFN-γ重组蛋白质均能极显著提高仔猪抗口蹄疫抗体水平(P0.01),而IL-4重组蛋白质抑制口蹄疫抗体的产生(P0.01)。血清细胞因子检测结果发现口蹄疫疫苗+IL-4组的IL-4和IL-10含量均较空白疫苗免疫猪显著升高(P0.05),口蹄疫疫苗+IL-2组及口蹄疫疫苗+IFN-γ组的IFN-γ含量较空白疫苗免疫猪极显著升高(P0.01)。结果提示,重组细胞因子IL-2和IFN-γ分别作为免疫佐剂与口蹄疫疫苗联用,能显著增强机体的体液和细胞免疫应答。     

猪支原体肺炎活疫苗经肌肉注射的免疫效果评价

猪支原体肺炎活疫苗(168株)是一种以肺内注射途径免疫的弱毒活疫苗。为了拓展猪支原体肺炎活疫苗的免疫途径,评估猪支原体肺炎活疫苗(168株)配合佐剂以肌肉注射方式免疫猪群后的攻毒保护效果,选取20头7日龄猪肺炎支原体(Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae,Mhp)阴性仔猪,将其随机平均分成4组,分别为健康对照组、感染对照组、肌肉注射免疫组和肺内注射免疫组。在免疫后采集血样并检测其中的Mhp IgG抗体,在首次免疫后42 d人工感染Mhp组织毒(JS株),攻毒28 d后评估肺脏的病变情况并测定支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中的Mhp含量。结果显示：免疫后肌肉注射免疫组动物产生了明显的Mhp特异性血清IgG抗体,而肺内注射免疫组动物在攻毒前未见明显的血清抗体;肌肉注射免疫组和肺内注射免疫组的攻毒保护率分别平均为88.89%和75.93%,且组间无显著性差异;感染对照组的BALF中Mhp单位含量极显著高于肌肉注射免疫组和肺内注射免疫组(P<0.01),2个免疫组间无显著性差异。结果表明：猪支原体活疫苗配合佐剂后经肌肉注射免疫可产生较好的免疫攻毒保护效果。本研究为猪支原体肺炎活...     

不同途径免疫小鼠重组乳酸乳球菌诱导的黏膜及系统免疫应答分析

重组乳酸乳球菌分别经鼻腔和口腔免疫小鼠后,免疫后的测定时间内鼻腔免疫方法刺激呼吸道和肠道产生s-Ig A水平高于口服免疫方法,且肺泡冲洗液中s-Ig A水平差异极显著(P0.01),肠道黏膜s-Ig A水平无显著差异(P0.05);血清中Ig G抗体水平两种免疫方法均无显著差异(P0.05),但鼻腔免疫组抗体水平在最后一次免疫后7 d达到最高,在整个测定时间内维持在高水平,口服免疫组抗体水平在最后一次免疫后21 d达到最高水平,然后迅速下降;h1型细胞因子IL-2和IFN-γ水平滴鼻免疫组高于口服免疫试验组,差异不显著(P0.05),Th2型细胞因子IL-4水平在各组之间差异不显著(P0.05)。结果表明,重组乳酸乳球菌分别经鼻腔及口腔免疫小鼠后,能诱导机体产生黏膜免疫系统的体液免疫及Th1型细胞免疫反应,且滴鼻免疫方法优于口服免疫方法,为传染病的预防控制提供了新的免疫策略。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein