果蔬采摘机器人行走运动控制系统设计——基于磁导引

为实现果蔬采摘机器人作业时自主行走,研究采用磁导引技术和PID算法等实现对预定路径的跟踪。以磁导引传感器作为导航传感器,在果蔬采摘机器人平台上搭建转向控制机构,依据磁导引传感器工作特性,提出PID算法作为导引算法。根据导引传感器得到机器人当前位置相对于导引磁条的距离偏差,作为PID控制器的输入,将机器人前轮期望转角和车体期望速度作为输出,在Mat Lab中对算法进行圆曲线跟踪仿真。仿真结果表明:机器人可快速跟踪到预定路线,跟踪误差在±30 mm以内,直线段稳定状态误差在±5 mm以内。     

磁导式温室协同作业移动平台控制系统设计与实现

针对设施生产物料运输的需要,研制了具有自动寻迹和协同作业功能的磁导式移动平台控制系统。利用磁导航传感器作为预设路径的检测元件,并根据磁导航传感器的特点设计了模糊PID调节器改良平台的导航性能。在此基础上,开发基于超声波传感器和红外传感器的测距系统,通过测距模块检测移动平台与从业人员之间的距离,进而实现平台协同作业的功能。试验结果表明:模糊PID控制器在解决轨迹跟踪控制方面的优越性,该系统能够在温室垄间实现预设路径的稳定导航和人机跟随,横向最大偏差不超过2.6cm,平均跟随误差不超过5.4cm,能够满足移动平台在温室内行走的运输作业要求。     

四轮转向喷杆喷雾机平移换行导航控制系统设计与试验

针对传统喷杆喷雾机在转弯、换行过程中调头空间有限、转向半径大、易碾压作物等问题，提出了一种可利用车辆平行移动来实现换行作业的控制方法。基于平移换行方式设计了四轮转向喷杆喷雾机的导航控制系统，该控制系统采用RTK(Real time kinematic)定位模块和姿态传感器进行组合导航，以喷雾机位置信息和姿态信息作为输入，在四轮转向运动学模型基础上，结合运动学解算实现了喷杆喷雾机非转弯调头换行的自动导航跟踪控制，根据喷雾作业要求设计了基于有限状态机的自动作业策略。开展了传统PID(Proportion integration differentiation)控制器与单神经元PID控制器的实地对比测试。在常规方形硬质平整地块试验时，搭载常规PID控制器的喷雾机在平移换行过程中的最大跟踪偏差、平均绝对偏差为7.63、4.27 cm,而搭载单神经元PID控制器的喷雾机在平移换行过程中的的最大跟踪偏差、平均绝对偏差为6.48、3.24 cm。在常规方形田间地块试验时，搭载常规PID控制器的喷雾机在平移换行过程中的最大跟踪偏差、平均绝对偏差为11.01、6.66 cm,而搭载单神经元PID控制器的...     

恒压供水系统模糊PD控制t

当被控对象结构或参数变化时,比例－积分－微分（PID）控制器因参数不能在线调节使得控制性能变差。模糊自适应PID控制器在传统PID控制器基础上,引入模糊逻辑推理,利用被控量偏差及偏差的变化,在线调整PID参数。通过仿真分析得出,在抗扰动性能上,模糊自适应PID控制没有明显的优势,而当被控对象结构或参数变化时,模糊自适应PID控制比PID控制性能优越。     

拖拉机自动转向操纵控制器试验与仿真研究

转向操纵控制器执行效果的优劣决定了导航车辆工作的准确性和稳定性。为此,以开展试验测试和仿真研究的方法,对现有的转向控制平台进行试验测试,开发了双通道系数测定试验、比例系数测定试验和微分系数测定试验,目的是从软件的角度提升整个控制器的性能。同时,针对系统的被控对象进行建模,建立步进电机非线性SIMULINK仿真模型,并在此基础上提出了模糊PID控制器的构建思路,实现了步进电机模糊PID仿真。该研究为提高导航操纵控制器精度提供了思路。     

基于曲柄滑块机构原理导航的农业机器人设计

研究开发了一种自动导航果园用履带式移动机器人,作为果园精细化作业的移动平台.机器人采用基于曲柄滑块机构原理的导航方式,以导航机构检测的姿态角和位置角作为输入量设计了模糊PID控制器.试验表明,机器人以0.15m/s的速度直线行走时,最大跟踪误差小于0.02m;机器人转弯半径为2m时,最大跟踪误差小于0.05m.     

果园移动机器人曲线路径导航控制

为实现移动机器人在果园非结构化环境下的自动行走,对果园移动机器人在复杂环境中的导航控制进行了研究。利用激光扫描获取果树位置信息,提出了一种果园环境下曲线导航路径的拟合算法;构建了以横向偏差和航向偏差为输入的模糊控制器;实现了移动机器人在曲线路径中的自动行走。机器人以0.54 m/s的速度沿正弦曲线行走,最大横向偏差为0.40 m,平均偏差为0.12 m。试验结果表明该系统路径拟合和导航控制算法性能良好。     

基于激光SLAM的牛场智能推翻草机器人自主导航系统

为解决牛场人工推翻饲料劳动强度大、工作时间长等问题,设计了一种基于激光雷达同步定位与建图(Simultaneous localization and mapping, SLAM)的牛场智能推翻草机器人自主导航系统,以期实现机器人在牛场环境中自主导航完成推翻草任务。自主导航系统通过激光雷达感知牛场环境,使用加载里程计信息的Cartographer算法构建牛场环境地图,采用未加载里程计信息的自适应蒙特卡洛定位(Adaptive Monte Carlo localization, AMCL)算法实现机器人的定位,并采用迪杰斯特拉算法(Dijkstra)规划机器人推翻草工作路径。试验表明,在构建牛场环境地图时采用机器人加载里程计信息的方式,横纵向偏差最大值低于未加载里程计信息时构建的地图,分别为0.02 m和0.14 m;在实现机器人的定位与导航时采用未加载里程计信息的方式,横纵向偏差最大值及航向偏角最大值分别小于0.04 m、0.10 m和11°,且导航精度高于加载里程计信息时的数值,满足牛场环境中推翻草作业时的导航精度要求。     

基于改进粒子群优化模糊控制的农业车辆导航系统

以采用机器视觉导航的农业车辆为研究对象,提出了一种基于改进粒子群优化自适应模糊控制的农机导航控制方法。建立了车辆2自由度转向模型和视觉预瞄模型,对车辆横向控制进行状态描述。对粒子群算法进行了改进,提高了粒子群算法的收敛速度,降低了算法计算时间。构建了自适应模糊控制器,在模糊控制器中引入加权因子,以横向偏差和航向偏差时间误差绝对值积分(ITAE)之和作为系统目标函数,通过粒子群算法计算得到最优加权因子,进而调整控制规则实现导航车辆的自适应控制。仿真和导航试验结果表明,提出的控制方法可以迅速消除横向误差,具有超调量小、响应速度快等特点,既保留了模糊控制算法的优点,又提高了系统控制品质。在相同参数条件下,与常规模糊控制相比,改进模糊控制算法导航精度显著提高。当车速为0.8/s时,直线路径跟踪最大横向偏差不超过4.2 cm,曲线路径跟踪最大横向偏差不超过5.9 cm,能够较好地满足农业车辆导航作业要求。     

温室机器人驱动控制系统的算法研究

为了使机器人的行动能适应温室的复杂情况,提高机器人的运动控制精度,将模拟PID控制算法离散化,对编码反馈误差进行归一化处理,并将其输入3层的BP神经网络,研究了隐含层加权系数的计算方法,完成并验证了模糊BP神经网络PID控制系统的算法。结果证明,在同一指令时间内,模糊神经网络控制器能够很好地完成角度指令的零误差调节,与常规PID控制器相比较,模糊神经网络控制器的超调量显著减小。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。