长期定位施肥下黑土呼吸的变化特征及其影响因素

阐明长期不同施肥下的土壤呼吸特征及其影响机制对黑土区固碳减排研究至关重要。该研究基于1990年开始的国家土壤肥力与肥料效益监测网站-吉林省公主岭市黑土监测基地,选取不施肥(CK)、单施氮磷钾肥(NPK)、无机肥配施低量有机肥(NPKM1)、1.5倍的无机肥配施低量有机肥(1.5(NPKM1))、无机肥配施高量有机肥(NPKM2)和无机肥配施秸秆(NPKS)6个处理,明确了长期不同施肥下土壤总呼吸和异养呼吸的季节变化特征,并分析了土壤温度、水分、微生物量碳氮、铵态氮、硝态氮与土壤呼吸和异养呼吸的关系。结果表明:长期有机无机肥配施可以显著提高土壤有机碳、全氮、土壤速效磷、有效钾的含量和土壤活性有机碳库组分含量(P0.05);与不施肥相比,长期有机无机肥配施和无机配施秸秆处理分别显著增加土壤呼吸及异养呼吸碳累积排放量56.32%~86.54%和70.01%~100.93%;根系呼吸对土壤呼吸的整体贡献为23.68%~34.30%;相关分析表明,土壤呼吸速率和异养呼吸速率与土壤温度极显著正相关(P0.01),与土壤含水率呈显著负相关(P0.01),土壤温度可以分别解释土壤呼吸和异养呼吸变化的42.79%和39.61%;土壤微生物量碳氮、土壤硝态氮均与土壤呼吸速率和异养呼吸速率极显著相关(P0.01),土壤微生物量碳氮、土壤硝态氮可以分别解释土壤呼吸和异养呼吸变化的78.42%和77.18%,58.33%和56.79%,59.29%和59.14%;土壤铵态氮虽然显著影响土壤呼吸速率(P0.05),可以解释土壤呼吸变化的5.56%,但其对异养呼吸速率的影响不显著。综合来看,微生物量碳对土壤呼吸及异养呼吸的影响最大,而土壤含水率(15%)越高则土壤呼吸越弱;无机配施秸秆处理可以提高土壤碳库组分含量,且作物生育期内土壤呼吸及异养呼吸碳累积释放量均低于等氮量下施用有机肥(NPKM1)的处理,为最佳的农田管理措施。     

不同施肥条件下小麦田土壤呼吸特征研究

土壤呼吸是碳循环中的重要过程,为了解不同施肥措施对土壤呼吸过程的影响,在潮土小麦生长季研究了土壤呼吸特征.结果表明,土壤呼吸具有明显的昼夜变化和季节变化特征;土壤呼吸和土壤温度呈指数变化关系;有机肥和秸秆还田在生长后期显著增加了土壤呼吸速率,而仅仅NPK配施,减小了土壤呼吸速率.     

氮肥与有机肥配施对设施土壤呼吸的影响

依托设施番茄栽培连续3年田间施肥定位试验,利用田间原位土壤呼吸测定法,研究了施氮量0、187.5、375.0、562.5 kg hm~(-2)(N0、N1、N2、N3)及氮肥与有机肥(M:75000 kg hm~(-2))配施(MN0、MN1、MN2、MN3)对土壤日呼吸速率的动态变化和累积呼吸量的影响,并分析了影响土壤呼吸的因素。结果表明:在番茄生长期内,各处理土壤日呼吸速率的动态变化趋势基本一致,番茄生长前期,各施肥处理土壤日呼吸速率较小且变动较小,生长64 d后,各施肥处理土壤日呼吸速率随生长天数的延长呈快速增加趋势,82 d时达最大峰值,之后则呈现下降趋势,但仍维持较高的数值;与单施氮肥处理相比,氮肥与有机肥配施可提高土壤日呼吸速率,并极显著提高土壤呼吸累积量(P<0.01),在施氮处理中,N1处理土壤呼吸累积量显著高于其它4个处理,而氮肥与有机肥配施处理中,施氮量对土壤呼吸累积量影响不显著。各处理5 cm、10 cm、15 cm处土壤温度与土壤日呼吸速率之间均呈显著指数相关性(P<0.05或P<0.01),敏感系数Q10值均随土层深度的增加呈增大趋势,其中,N1(187.5 kg hm~(-2))和MN1处理土壤日呼吸速率对温度的敏感性较强;表层(0~10 cm)土壤容重、pH值和有机碳含量与土壤呼吸累积量之间均有显著线性关系(P<0.05)。本试验条件下,连续有机肥与氮肥配施,可显著提高土壤呼吸,促进CO2排放。     

施肥对黄土高原农地土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量比的影响

为了研究不同施肥方式对土壤碳、氮、磷含量和C∶N∶P的影响,以中国科学院安塞水土保持综合试验站作为试验用地,试验共设氮肥(N)、磷肥(P)、有机肥(M)、氮肥+磷肥(NP)、有机肥+氮肥(MN)、有机肥+磷肥(MP)、有机肥+氮肥+磷肥(MNP)、有作物不施肥(CK)和无作物不施肥(BL)9个处理,采用完全随机区组排列,2011—2013年连续施肥3年,于每年的10月份获取土壤样品供测试分析。结果表明:农地施肥显著影响表层(0—20 cm)和表下层(20—40 cm)土壤碳、氮、磷含量,其中,MP肥配施均能显著提高表层和表下层土壤碳、氮、磷含量,与其CK处理相比分别显著增加了26.9%～55.2%,24.0%～57.5%,10.4%～42.5%。相比于表层土壤,表下层土壤碳、氮、磷含量受施肥年限的影响更为明显。农地施肥显著影响土壤C∶P和N∶P,以单施M肥或MN配施最为显著;MP肥配施则显著提高了表下层土壤C∶P,为14.2%～18.8%。施肥年限对农地表下层土壤C∶N∶P的影响更为明显,NP或MN肥配施时影响最大。表层与表下层土壤C∶N∶P之间具有明显差异,单施M肥时二者之间的差异最为显著,分别达到14.5%～16.2%,56.6%～71.9%,46.5%～52.2%。施肥对农地土壤碳、氮、磷含量及其C∶N和N∶P有显著影响,不同施肥处理对不同土层土壤影响不一致,且随施肥年限增加而变化,总的来说MN或MP配施变化更为明显。     

长期定位施肥对土壤有效硼含量的影响

试验研究长期定位施肥对土壤有效硼含量的影响结果表明,无肥、N、NP、NPK、N 有机肥和N 秸秆6个不同施肥处理0~20cm土层土壤有效硼含量与肥料定位研究年限呈r=0.8094~0.8847的正相关关系,且不同施肥处理土壤有效硼含量均增加,为试验基础数值的2.9~4.7倍。各处理土壤有效硼含量依次为N 有机肥处理>N、P配施处理>N 秸秆处理>单施N肥处理>N、P、K配施处理>无肥处理。N、P、K配施处理在获得较高产量的同时,有效硼累积较少。耕作、施肥等是影响土壤有效硼累积的重要因素。     

长期施用化肥对塿土微生物多样性的影响

【目的】土壤微生物在土壤有机质分解、营养循环、植物生长等方面都发挥着重要作用,研究长期施用化肥对其产生的影响可为农田合理施用化肥、培肥土壤和高产高效可持续性农业生产提供理论依据。【方法】以陕西杨凌"国家黄土肥力与肥料效益监测基地"的长期定位试验为基础,利用BIOLOG分析并结合常规分析研究了6种长期不同化肥施用方式不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、氮钾配施(NK)、磷钾配施(PK)、氮磷配施(NP)和氮磷钾配施(NPK)对土土壤微生物量和微生物功能多样性的影响。【结果】与不施肥CK相比,长期单施氮肥(N)的SMBC、SMBN没有显著变化,但明显降低了土壤微生物商和土壤微生物对氮素的利用;NP和NPK配施能够显著增加土SMBC和SMBN含量,明显提高了土壤微生物商,使土壤微生物种群结构发生了明显变化但土壤微生物对氮素的利用没有显著提高;长期偏施肥处理(NK、PK)的SMBC、SMBN和微生物商虽轻微增加,但土壤微生物种群结构没有显著改变。BIOLOG分析结果显示施磷处理(PK、NP和NPK)对微生物代谢活性的促进作用较大且在培养初期代谢活性较不施磷处理(CK、N和NK)增加显著。长期单施氮肥(N)对于提高土壤微生物多样性没有显著作用而其他化肥施用处理可以提高土土壤微生物群落的碳源利用能力、物种的丰富度和优势度,其中NP和NPK处理配施效果最好。化肥施用对土土壤微生物群落的均匀度没有显著影响。主成分分析的结果表明不同处理的土壤微生物对碳源利用表现出显著差异,氮磷养分的差异是产生分异的主要原因。【结论】土区小麦玉米轮作下,平衡施肥(NP或NPK配施)对于改善农田土壤微生物特性具有良好作用。     

长期施肥对东北中部春玉米农田土壤呼吸的影响

【目的】 探究不同施肥措施对土壤呼吸的影响,为我国东北黑土区固碳减排研究提供科学依据。 【方法】 本研究基于“国家黑土肥力与肥料效益监测基地”长期定位试验,选取不施肥 (CK)、单施化肥 (NPK)、化肥配施秸秆 (NPKS)、化肥配施低量有机肥 (NPKM1)、化肥配施高量有机肥 (NPKM2)5个不同施肥处理。采用Soil-box343土壤呼吸测量系统进行野外监测,并同时观测环境条件。 【结果】 长期不同施肥处理下,农田土壤呼吸速率变化范围为4.12～7.23 μmol/(m2·s),随玉米生长表现出“先升高后降低”的季节变化特征,最高值出现在播种后69天左右,NPKM2处理土壤呼吸速率的峰值显著高于其他处理 (P < 0.05)。监测期内土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度之间呈现显著的正相关关系,土壤温度可以解释土壤呼吸速率变异的41%～77%,土壤温度敏感系数Q ₁₀值的变化范围2.35～3.49。春玉米生长季内农田土壤呼吸总量变化范围为3473～5643 kg/hm2,NPKS处理显著高于CK处理34.2%,而NPKM2处理分别比NPKS、NPK和CK处理高21.0%、26.4%、62.4% (P < 0.05),长期有机无机肥配施处理土壤有机碳含量增加趋势比其他处理明显,截止到2016年,NPKM1和NPKM2处理SOC较初始SOC分别增加了6.01 g/kg和5.55 g/kg。 【结论】 长期施用有机肥能够增加土壤呼吸,提高土壤有机碳含量,有利于农田生产力提高和农田可持续利用。      

黄土旱塬长期施肥对小麦连作土壤养分和水分的影响

利用长期定位实验,在黄土高原旱地研究不同施肥下小麦连作22年后土壤养分及水分的变化状况,为合理利用水肥资源提供参考.在对照(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、单施磷肥(P)、单施有机肥(M)、氮磷化肥配施(NP)、氮磷化肥与有机肥配施( NPM)6个不同长期施肥处理中,测定耕层(0～20 cm)土壤的基础养分和土壤剖面(0～30...     

不同施肥方式对马铃薯农田土壤有机碳组分和碳库管理指数的影响

针对马铃薯生产实践中长期单施化肥或化肥过量施用等不合理施肥措施导致土壤碳库活性变差和土壤生物活性降低等问题.通过田间定位试验,分析不同施肥方式:不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、单施有机肥(M)、有机无机肥配施(NPKM)对旱作马铃薯农田土壤有机碳组分和碳库管理指数的影响.结果显示,连续施肥5年后添加有机肥的M、NP...     

太湖地区黄泥土表层氮库变化与水稻产量间的关系研究

24年田间定位试验研究表明,长期不施肥处理和化肥PK配施处理土壤表层N呈下降趋势,而施入化肥N处理(包括化肥N、化肥NP配施、化肥NK配施、化肥NPK配施处理)N增加较缓慢,有机与无机肥结合处理土壤表层N增加迅速。以长期不施肥为对照,长期有机肥 NPK处理水稻增产最多,达35.94%。随着N肥的逐年施入,土壤表层全N含量与产量间由显著正相关关系变为相关性不显著。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.