针叶材羧甲基衍生物接枝丙烯酸制备高吸水树脂的研究

研究了以辐射松木粉羧甲基衍生物作为原料,接枝丙烯酸制备高吸水性树脂的技术。对辐射松木粉化学成分与羧甲基化物取代度、水溶性及丙烯酸中和度、用量、引发剂用量等工艺条件进行优化,确定最佳合成条件:单体中和度60%,单体用量8mL/g羧甲基衍生物,引发剂用量0.04g/g羧甲基衍生物,并采用红外吸收光谱表征产物。在最佳工艺条件下合成的高吸水树脂吸水率高达635g/g。     

浒苔纤维聚丙烯酸吸水树脂的制备及性能分析

在浒苔纤维上接枝丙烯酸,通过改变浒苔纤维的预处理方法,探讨浒苔纤维在聚丙烯酸类吸水树脂中应用的可行性。以未预处理、1%NaOH预处理和漂白预处理浒苔纤维为原料,在固定的碱用量、交联剂和引发剂用量条件下制备浒苔纤维聚丙烯酸吸水树脂,考察了预处理方法、丙烯酸中和度、浒苔纤维用量和尺寸对吸水树脂性能的影响;比较了吸水树脂对去离子水、生理盐水、人工尿液3种液体的吸液倍率。研究结果表明:合成吸水树脂过程中浒苔纤维用量为1.00 g、丙烯酸中和度为65%、筛分尺寸为250～380μm的未预处理浒苔纤维合成的吸水树脂吸液性能最好,其对去离子水、生理盐水和人工尿液的吸液倍率分别为1 643、244和201 g/g。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察发现,未预处理浒苔纤维与丙烯酸接枝效果最好,合成的树脂吸水饱和后纤维形态饱满、孔隙少。X射线衍射(XRD)结果也显示,浒苔纤维经过预处理后其非结晶区大量流失,结晶度升高,纤维素结晶区不利于与丙烯酸单体的接枝,从而阻碍了碱预处理和漂白预处理浒苔纤维与丙烯酸的接枝反应。     

羧甲基纤维素改性高吸水树脂合成及性能研究

为了解决现有高吸水树脂(SAP)产品耐盐能力低、生物降解性差的缺点,利用反相悬浮聚合法,将羧甲基纤维素(CMC)与丙烯酰胺(AM)和甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(MAETAC)接枝共聚,创新合成了分子中同时含有阳离子和非离子亲水基团的CMC改性高吸水树脂(ICAM).对合成反应的影响因素进行了探讨和研究,得出的反相悬浮聚合法制备ICAM树脂的优化工艺条件为油水比2∶1,分散剂采用Span 60与Tween 80复配,二者质量比为3∶1,总用量为水相质量的5%,CMC加入量为单体的5%,单体水溶液体系pH值为4,引发剂(NaHSO3、(NH4)2S2O8)用量为单体的2.5%,交联剂N,N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(NMBA)用量为单体的0.5%,反应温度为65℃,反应时间2 h.该条件下得到的树脂产品吸蒸馏水倍率为657g/g、吸0.9%NaCl溶液为116g/g.     

糠醛渣分级转化制备分散剂和吸水性树脂

采用分级转化策略，首先将糠醛渣中的木质素组分制备成木质素基分散剂(LS),在糠醛渣用量100 g、去离子水用量1 000 g,反应温度70℃、反应时间3 h、氢氧化钠用量6.5 g、亚硫酸钠1.6 g、甲醛0.2 g的条件下得到的木质素基分散剂的分散力为105%。以分离得到的纤维素残渣制备吸水性树脂，探究了反应温度、引发剂过硫酸铵(APS)用量、交联剂N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBA)用量、复合单体丙烯酸(AA)和丙烯酰胺(AM)总用量对吸水性树脂吸水倍率的影响。在丙烯酸中和度为60%,引发时间0.5 h,复合单体用量9 g,引发剂用量1.3 g,交联剂用量0.05 g,反应温度52℃,接枝共聚反应时间3 h的优化条件下，吸水性树脂的吸水倍率达到64.6 g/g。FT-IR分析表明AM、AA和纤维素残渣发生了接枝反应；SEM表明反应生成了交联网状结构的产物；热重分析说明AA和AM的引入提高了吸水性树脂的热稳定性；XRD表明AA、AM的接枝反应发生在纤维素残渣的骨架上。     

麦秸秆纤维改性两性高吸水树脂合成及性能研究

利用麦秸秆、丙烯酸、丙烯酰胺和甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DMC)为原料,通过接枝共聚合成高吸水性树脂。对影响反应的因素,如麦秸杆用量、单体丙烯酸、丙烯酰胺、DMC的用量和配比、引发剂及交联剂用量、丙烯酸中和度等进行了详细研究,得到了最佳制备工艺条件。制备的两性高吸水性树脂吸蒸馏水达853 g/g、吸生理盐水为118 g/g。     

丙烯酸/丙烯酰胺共聚吸水树脂竞聚率及吸液性能

采用溶液聚合方法,以丙烯酸(AA)与丙烯酰胺(AM)为单体,N,N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(NMBA)为交联剂,过硫酸钾(KPS)为引发剂合成了高吸水性二元树脂——聚丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺(PAAAM),并进行了吸液性能研究.结果表明,该树脂吸水倍率达2 451 g/g,吸生理盐水倍率达119 g/g.考察了n(AM)∶n(AA)摩尔配比对PAAAM的吸蒸馏水、0.9%NaCl溶液中的吸液性能,得到不能仅靠改变单体的摩尔比来改善PAAAM的吸液性能,合成PAAAM的相对较佳反应条件有赖于更具体细致的试验设计才能得以确定.反复吸水次数越多,PAAAM的吸液倍率不断下降.通过元素分析法测定了AM/AA共聚吸水树脂的竞聚率,AM和AA两单体的竞聚率分别为0.943、0.791.     

沙柳木粉接枝改性制备高吸水性树脂的研究

以沙柳木粉为原料,接枝丙烯酸和丙烯酰胺,N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,采用溶液聚合法制备高吸水性树脂.通过单因素试验法研究单体用量、丙烯酸中和度、引发剂用量、交联剂用量、反应温度对于高吸水性树脂吸水量的影响,最终确定优化的合成条件.在优化工艺条件下吸水性树脂的吸水量达到573.8g/g.     

混合盐溶液中KLPAAM复合高吸水树脂吸液性能的研究

采用自制高岭土/木质素磺酸盐接枝丙烯酰-丙烯酸复合高吸水树脂(KLPAAM),室温下测定了一元、二元及多元混合盐溶液中的吸液性能,蒸馏水和0.9%NaCl溶液中的平衡吸液倍率分别为1 003 g/g及89 g/g;pH约为6.5时在溶液离子强度为0.1的多元混合盐溶液中的吸液倍率在前30 min随吸液时间增大迅速增加,50min左右时达到最大,然后缓慢下降,最后趋近稳定。同时,KLPAAM复合高吸水树脂在多元混合盐溶液中的平衡吸液倍率顺序为:1#2#4#3#5#7#6#8#,且1#、2#、3#、4#溶液中平衡吸液倍率基本相同。吸液初期(t60 min)各盐溶液中吸液倍率与时间的关系不符合二级动力学方程:dQ/dt=kQ(Qeq-Q)2。     

淀粉三元接枝复合型高吸水性树脂的合成及性能研究

本研究首次用亚硫酸氢钠和过硫酸铵组成的氧化还原引发剂，N，N－亚甲基二丙烯酰胺为交联剂，使淀粉三元接枝丙烯酸和丙烯酰胺在含有粘土的悬浮液中反应，制得淀粉复合型高吸水性树脂，性能测定发现，该树脂在5min内已吸水超过1000g/g，并且树脂的吸水能力随温度的升高而下降缓慢，该树脂在室温下可吸去离子水1800多倍且具有较好的凝胶强度。中也讨论了淀粉形态，粘土种类，粘土用量和交联剂用量对吸水性树脂性能的影响。     

木浆纤维素交联聚合复合高吸油性材料性能研究

采用悬浮聚合法合成木浆纤维素交联聚合复合高吸油性材料,并测定其吸油性能指标。结果表明,采用木浆纤维素与甲基丙烯酸十六脂交联聚合,能提高聚甲基丙烯酸烷基酯类高吸油性树脂的吸油性能,所制得的吸油材料对二甲苯的饱和吸油倍率达2 3 5 g/g。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.