猪育种目标性状边际效益的估算及影响因素研究

以差额法和系统分析法为基础建立模型,确定了优质猪目标性状的边际效益为:窝活产仔数8.06元、达100 kg体重日龄-0.87元、饲料效率-86.32元、胴体瘦肉率10.78元、肌内脂肪含量48.51元。讨论了市场形势变化和猪的配种方式对优质猪目标性状边际效益的影响。结论为:饲料价格的变化会改变窝活仔数和饲料效率的边际效益;猪场非饲料费用的改变可以影响窝活仔数和达100 kg体重日龄的边际效益;胴体基本价格变化和人工授精配种方式只改变窝活仔数的边际效益,而胴体瘦肉率和肌内脂肪含量引起的胴体价格差会影响胴体瘦肉率和肌内脂肪含量2个性状的边际效益。     

太行肉牛育种目标性状、边际效益与经济权重分析

本文从太行肉牛选育实践出发，研究确定了适应当前太行肉牛育种的目标性状和选择性状。采用差额法计算出各目标性状的边际效益，并通过各目标性状表型值的遗传标准差校正边际效益，得到相应育种目标性状的经济权重。结果表明，太行肉牛近期的育种目标性状主要包括生长发育性状（12月龄重、育肥期日增重、生长能力）、繁殖性状（初产年龄、产犊间隔和留群时间）及胴体性状（胴体品质）。在当前市场和生产条件下，上述育种目标性状的边际效益分别为：33.37元/kg、2.63元/g、24.59元/kg、12.43元/d、13.37元/d、338.10元/年和1 050元/级。生长发育性状、繁殖性状及胴体性状的经济权重之比为70.98%、22.56%、6.46%，近似于7:2:1。生长发育性状权重最高，其次为繁殖性状和胴体品质。在太行肉牛育种过程中，生长发育性状和繁殖性状权重较大，应加大选择力度。     

中国肉用西门塔尔牛育种目标性状的选择及其经济权重的测算

为了选育中国西门塔尔牛肉用品系,本研究从中国肉用西门塔尔牛育种实践出发,确定了适应当前中国肉用西门塔尔牛的育种目标性状和选择性状。采用差额法计算出各目标性状的边际效益,并通过各目标性状表型值的遗传标准差校正边际效益,得到相应育种目标性状的经济权重。结果表明,中国肉用西门塔尔牛近期的育种目标性状主要包括生长发育性状（断奶重、育肥期日增重、18月龄体重）、胴体性状（胴体品质、屠宰率、净肉率）及繁殖性状（初产年龄、产犊间隔和留群时间）。在现有市场和生产条件下,上述育种目标性状的边际效益分别为17.93元/kg、16.2元/kg、7.17元/kg、297.99元/级、497.82元/%、594.46元/%、-3.62元/d、-26.55元/d、232.75元/y,3类性状中生长发育性状、胴体性状及繁殖性状的经济权重之比为31.49%：15.86%：52.65%,约为2：1：3,繁殖性状占总经济权重最高,其次是生长发育性状和胴体性状。综上所述,在中国肉用西门塔尔牛育种过程中,繁殖性状具有最重要的地位,需加强繁殖性状的选择力度。     

优质猪育种目标的确定

以差额法和系统分析法为基础建立模型,确定了优质猪目标性状的经济加权值。结论为优质猪综合育种值应包括目标性状:窝活产仔数、达100 kg体重日龄、饲料效率、胴体瘦肉率和肌内脂肪含量,选择性状包括窝活产仔数、达100 kg体重日龄、活体背膘厚、活体眼肌面积和肌内脂肪含量。目标性状的边际效益为窝活产仔数8.06元、达100 kg体重日龄-0.87元、饲料效率-86.32元、胴体瘦肉率10.78元、肌内脂肪含量48.51元。父本父系目标性状不包括窝活产仔数,母本母系目标性状的边际效益除窝活产仔数外的所有性状都比母本父系小1/2。     

半胱胺盐酸盐对生长育肥猪生产性能及胴体性状的影响

为进一步研究半胱胺盐酸盐(CSH)对生长育肥猪生产性能和胴体性状的影响,选择日龄相近、体质量一致且健康的48头杜×长×大生长猪,平均体质量(34.2±1.79)kg,随机分为2个处理,每处理24头猪,阉公母各半,每处理4个重复,每重复6头猪.处理1(对照组)饲喂基础日粮;处理2基础日粮+CSH(前期400g/t,后期500g/t),试验期90 d.试验结果显示:1)在生长猪阶段,试验组平均采食量、增质量及料重比分别比对照组改善-0.6%(P=0.866)、3.8%(P=0.581)和-4.46%(P=0.21);在育肥猪阶段,试验组平均采食量、增质量及料重比分别比对照组改善-0.95%(P=0.831)、7.4%(P=0.131)和-7.77%(P=0.071);2)胴体性状测试结果显示,添加CSH试验组平均背膘厚、平均眼肌面积和平均瘦肉率分别比对照组改善-4.75%、3.4%和4.5%;3)经济效益分析结果显示,日粮中添加CSH,平均每头猪增收26.27元,可取得更佳的经济效益.     

中国瘦肉型猪育种目标性状经济权重的测算

为了加快我国瘦肉型猪育种的研究进展,制定出符合我国瘦肉型猪育种现状的经济权重。本研究依据中国杜长大三元杂交猪育种现状,选择了适合中国当前杜长大三元杂交体系的目标性状;以生物经济模型为基础模拟猪的生产流程,计算生产周期各阶段成本和收入;先采用差额法计算目标性状的边际效益,再通过各性状的遗传标准差校正得到各育种目标性状的经济权重。结果表明,目前中国瘦肉型猪育种的繁殖、生长和胴体品质性状主要包括窝产活仔数、母猪断配间隔、饲料转化率、达100 kg体重日龄、达100 kg体重背膘厚。在我国现有生产水平和市场条件下,上述各性状的边际效益分别为：19.52、-1.07、-286.95、-8.41、-13.20元。通过计算不同品种的经济权重,得到杜洛克的饲料转化率、达100 kg体重日龄、达100 kg体重背膘厚相对经济权重分别为：50.42%、34.50%、15.08%;长白和大白群体窝产活仔数、母猪断配间隔、饲料转化率、达100 kg体重日龄、达100 kg体重背膘厚的相对经济权重分别为：16.82%、0.22%、39.56%、31.42%、11.98%和32.77%、0.41%、33.22%、24.43%、9.17%。结果显示,目前,在中国瘦肉型猪育种过程中,饲料利用效率应作为育种的主要目标性状,对于不同品种应选择最适合的性状进行育种。     

蜀宣花牛新品种育种目标性状的选择及经济权重的计算

为了定向选育乳肉兼用牛蜀宣花牛,确定其育种目标性状,计算各目标性状的边际效益,经表型值的遗传标准差校后,确定了各育种目标性状的经济权重。结果表明:蜀宣花牛的各个育种目标性状的边际效益分别为产奶量(kg)3.00元、乳脂率(%)35.00元、乳蛋白率(%)38.05元、初生重(kg)1.46元、育肥期日增重(g)1.58元、屠宰率(%)60.69元、首次产犊日龄(d)-1.80元、产犊间隔(d)-1.79元、使用寿命(d)0.27元。乳用性状、肉用性状、功能性状3类相对经济权重比例分别为70.17%∶14.56%∶15.29%,近乎于3∶1∶1。说明蜀宣花牛的产奶量占的经济权重最大,且改善乳品质和提高屠宰性能所获得的经济效益最大,需加强乳用性状的选择力度。     

优质猪选育目标性状边际效益的估算

本文以差额法和系统分析法为基础建立模型．确定了优质猪目标性状的边际效益为：窝活产仔数8．06元、达100kg体重日龄-0．87元、饲料效率-86．32元、胴体瘦肉率10．78元、肌内脂肪含量48．51元。     

优质猪选育目标性状边际效益的估算

本文以差额法和系统分析法为基础建立模型，确定了优质猪目标性状的边际效益为：窝活产仔数8．06元、达100kg体重日龄-0．87元、饲料效率-86．32元、胴体瘦肉率10．78元、肌内脂肪含量48．51元。     

不同铜源对生长肥育猪生产性能的影响

研究不同铜源对生长肥育猪前期生产性能的影响.试验分为2个部分.试验1:选择60头约27 kg(杜×长×大)三元猪,随机分为4个处理,每处理3个重复,每重复5头猪.试验2:选择48头约47 kg(杜×长×大)三元猪,随机分为4个处理,每处理3个重复,每重复4头猪.2个试验的4个处理分别饲喂添加硫酸铜(铜,200 mg/kg,对照组)、碱式氯化铜(铜,150 mg/kg)、甘氨酸铜(铜,100 mg/kg)和羟基蛋氨酸铜(铜,100 mg/kg)的日粮,试验持续28 d.试验1结果表明:在生长猪肥育猪前期,与对照组相比,3个试验组都能提高生长猪前期的日增质量.其中,羟基蛋氨酸铜显著提高该阶段生长肥育猪的日增质量.与对照组相比,碱式氯化铜、甘氨酸铜及羟基蛋氨酸铜都显著改善生长肥育猪前期的皮肤外观.试验2结果表明:生长肥育猪后期,与对照组相比,碱式氯化铜、甘氨酸铜及羟基蛋氨酸铜对生长猪后期的生长性能有改善的趋势,但差异不显著.     

Genetic correlations between reproduction and production traits in swine

Genetic correlations between reproduction and production traits were estimated in swine. Reproduction traits investigated were age at first service (AFS), number of live-born piglets in the first litter (NBA1), interval from weaning to first service after first litter (WTS1), number of live-born piglets in the second litter (NBA2), and interval from weaning to first service after the second litter (WTS2). Females generating the data were Norwegian Landrace born in nucleus herds between 1990 and 2000, and the number of records ranged from 13,792 to 56,932. Genetic correlations were estimated among the main production traits in the breeding goal: adjusted age at 100 kg live weight (A100), percentage of lean meat content (LMC), individual feed consumption from 25 to 100 kg (FC), and bacon side quality (BSQ). Average adjusted backfat thickness (BF) was included as a production trait. The A100 and BF traits were recorded on gilts on-farm with 190,454 records, whereas LMC, BSQ, and FC were recorded on-station with the number of records ranging from 12,487 to 12,992. Analyses were carried out with a multivariate animal model using average information restricted maximum likelihood procedures by first running each reproduction trait with A100 and BF, followed by each reproduction trait with LMC, BSQ, and FC. Average heritabilities for reproduction traits were as follows: AFS (0.38), NBA1 (0.11), WTS1 (0.06), NBA2 (0.12), and WTS2 (0.03); and for production traits: A100 (0.30), BF (0.44), FC (0.22), LMC (0.58), and BSQ (0.23). The highest genetic correlation was estimated between A100 and AFS (r(g)= 0.68), also resulting in a positive genetic correlation between FC and AFS. Growth (A100) was negatively (i.e., unfavorably) genetically correlated to NBA1 and NBA2 (r(g) = 0.60 and rg = 0.42 respectively), and so the genetic correlation to FC also became unfavorable (r(g)= 0.23 and r(g) = 0.20). Single-trait selection for enhanced LMC would also affect NBA1 and NBA2 unfavorably (r(g)= -0.12 and r(g)= -0.24). Correlations between BF at 100 kg live weight and reproduction traits were close to zero; however, a low genetic correlation between BF and WTS1 was obtained (r(g)= -0.12), indicating that selection toward reduced BF at 100 kg live weight may have an unfavorable impact on WTS1.     

商品猪场确定种猪及精液配种价值的生物经济学方法

商品猪场选购种猪或精液时 ,需要考虑其配种的综合效果 ,这些包括配种后母猪受胎率、窝产活仔数及商品猪的日增重、饲料转化率及瘦肉率等。本文通过建立生物经济学模型模拟商品猪群生产过程 ,利用差额法计算这些指标对出栏猪利润的影响 ,确定其边际效益 ,在此基础上提出“相对配种价值”指数的概念 ,用来估计种猪及精液的综合利用价值 ,为商品猪场选择适当的种猪、精液及配种方法提供参考     

Responses to 19 generations of litter size selection in the Nebraska Index line. I. Reproductive responses estimated in pure line and crossbred litters

Our objective was to estimate responses in reproductive traits in the Nebraska Index line (I) after 19 generations of selection for increased litter size. Responses were estimated in dams producing pure line, F1, and three-way cross litters. A total of 850 litters were produced over six year-seasons, including 224 pure line litters, 393 F1 litters produced from I and C females mated with Danbred NA Landrace (L) or Duroc-Hampshire (T) boars, and 233 litters by F1 L x I and L x C females mated with T boars. Contrasts of means were used to estimate the genetic difference between I and C and interactions of line differences with mating type. Farrowing rates of lines I (u = 91.0%) and C (u = 92.8%) did not differ. Averaged across all genetic groups, mean number born alive per litter was 10.1 pigs, and number and weight of pigs weaned per litter, both adjusted for number nursed and weaning age of 12 d, were 9.7 pigs and 34.4 kg, respectively. Averaged across mating types, direct genetic effects of I were greater than C (P < 0.05) for total born (3.53 pigs), number born alive (2.53 pigs), number of mummified pigs (0.22 pig), and litter birth weight (2.14 kg). The direct genetic effect of line I was less than C (P < 0.05) for litter weaning weight (-1.88 kg). Interactions of line effects with crossing system were significant (P < 0.05) for total number born, number of stillborn pigs, number weaned, and litter weaning weight. In pure line litters, I exceeded C by 4.18 total pigs and 1.76 stillborn pigs per litter, whereas the estimate of I-C in F1 litters was 2.74 total pigs and 0.78 stillborn pig per litter. The contrast between I and C for number weaned and litter weaning weight in pure litters was 0.32 pig and -0.28 kg, respectively, compared with 0.25 pig and -2.14 kg in F1 litters. Crossbreeding is an effective way to use the enhanced reproductive efficiency of the Index line.     

Responses to 19 generations of litter size selection in the NE Index line. II. Growth and carcass responses estimated in pure line and crossbred litters

Our objective was to estimate responses in growth and carcass traits in the NE Index line (I) that was selected for 19 generations for increased litter size. Differences between Line I and the randomly selected control line (C) were estimated in pure line litters and in F1 and three-way cross litters produced by mating I and C females with males of unrelated lines. Contrasts of means were used to estimate the genetic difference between I and C and interactions of line differences with mating type. In Exp 1, 694 gilts that were retained for breeding, including 538 I and C and 156 F1 gilts from I and C dams mated with Danbred NA Landrace (L) sires, were evaluated. Direct genetic effects of I and C did not differ for backfat (BF) at 88.2 kg or days to 88.2 kg; however, I pigs had 1.58 cm2 smaller LM area than did C pigs (P < 0.05). Averaged over crosses, F1 gilts had 0.34 cm less BF, 4.29 cm2 greater LM area, and 31 d less to 88.2 kg than did pure line gilts (P < 0.05). In Exp 2, barrows and gilts were individually penned for feed intake recording from 27 to 113 kg and slaughtered. A total of 43 I and C pigs, 77 F1 pigs produced from pure line females mated with either L or Danbred NA 3/4 Duroc, 1/4 Hampshire boars (T), and 76 three-way cross pigs produced from F1 females mated with T boars were used. Direct genetic effects of I and C did not differ for ADFI, ADG, G:F, days to 113 kg, BF, LM area, ultimate pH of the LM, LM Minolta L* score, or percentage of carcass lean. Interactions of line effects with crossing system were significant only for days to 113 kg. Pure line I pigs took 4.58+/-4.00 d more to reach 113 kg than did C pigs, whereas I cross F1 pigs reached 113 kg in 6.70+/-3.95 d less than C cross F1 pigs. Three-way cross and F1 pigs did not differ significantly for most traits, but the average crossbred pig consumed more feed (0.23+/-0.04 kg/d), gained more BW per unit of feed consumed (0.052+/-0.005 kg/kg), grew faster (0.20+/-0.016 kg/d), had less BF (-0.89+/-0.089 cm), greater LM area (5.74+/-0.926 cm2), more lean (6.21+/-0.90%), and higher L* score (5.27+/-1.377) than the average pure line pig did (P < 0.05). Nineteen generations of selection for increased litter size produced few correlated responses in growth and carcass traits, indicating these traits are largely genetically independent of litter size, ovulation rate, and embryonic survival.     

Heterosis and recombination effects in Hampshire and Landrace swine: I. Maternal traits.

Hampshire and Landrace sows and crossbreds of the two breeds were used to determine heterosis and recombination effects for milk production, milk composition, and litter traits at birth and d 21. Twelve mating types were represented in this study: two purebred, two F1, two F2, two F3, and four backcross. Information was gathered on a total of 358 litters over four farrowing seasons. Milk production was measured at d 10 and 20 of litter age according to the weigh-suckle-weigh procedure. Milk samples were collected at d 10 and 20 of litter age and evaluated for percentages of fat (PCFA), protein (PCPR), lactose (PCLA), and solids-not-fat (PCSN). The model used to evaluate litter traits at birth included main effects of mating type, parity, and farrowing season. The model used for milk production and milk composition traits included these main effects and number of pigs nursed as a covariate. Estimates of maternal genetic effects showed that Landrace females were superior to Hampshire females for number born (NB), number born alive (NBA), litter birth weight (LBW), adjusted 21-d litter weight (ALW), and milk production at d 10 of litter age (WT10). Hampshires were superior to Landrace for PCPR at d 10 of litter age and PCSN at d 10 and 20 of litter age. Heterosis effects were significant (P less than .05) for NBA (.97) and LBW (1.46 kg). Maternal heterosis effects were significant for LBW (3.94 kg; P less than .01). Epistatic recombination losses in the offspring were significant for LBW (6.80 kg; P less than .05). Differences in maternal performance of reciprocal F1 dams were generally not significant. Heterosis and recombination effects were not significant for milk production or milk composition.     

苏太猪FUT1基因多态性及其与生产性能的关联分析

采用PCR-RFLP方法对苏太猪FUT1基因多态性进行分析。结果表明:苏太猪FUT1基因开放阅读框307位点经Hin6Ⅰ酶切后,产生GG型和AG型,不存在抗性纯合子AA型。分析这两种基因型与苏太猪生产性能间的相关性,结果表明:AG型个体平均生产性能均高于GG型个体,且AG型个体的1胎断奶窝重、2胎断奶窝重、3胎总产仔数和6胎断奶窝重显著(P<0.05)高于GG型个体,对一些生产性状而言,AG型是有益基因型。     

四川省外种猪ESR基因对繁殖及生长性状的影响

试验以四川省外种母猪的 3个品种 (大约克、长白、杜洛克 )为研究对象 ,采用PCR -RFLps的方法测其ESR基因的PvuⅡ多态性 ,分析了该产仔数及生长性状之间的关系。结果表明 :初产胎次中 ,ESR基因型间总产仔数 (TNB)和产活仔数 (NBA)差异极显著 (P <0 0 1 ) ,BB和AA纯合子间TNB和NBA分别相差 5 97和 3 72头 ,基因加性效应分别应为每个B基因 2 98和 1 86头。对于经产胎次 ,总产仔数在AA ,AB基因与BB基因型的差异达到极显著水平 (P <0 0 1 ) ,产活仔数在AA基因型与BB基因型间差异显著 (P <0 0 5 ) ,TNB和NBA母猪每窝BB纯合子比AA纯合子分别多 3 6 8和 2 89头 ,基因的加性效应为每个B基因分别为 1 83和 1 4 4头。头胎和经产胎次ESR基因型在初生窝重、2 0日龄头数和窝重、30或 4 5日龄头数和窝重以及 70日龄窝重之间的差异不显著 (P >0 0 5 ) ;但是以上 6个性状在ESR基因的 3种基因型间存在BB >AB >AA的趋势     

杂谈猪的遗传改良——冻精与批次分娩对大白猪繁殖性状遗传参数估计或繁殖性能的影响

本研究旨在分析影响大白猪繁殖性能因素(批次管理体系和精液类型)与遗传参数估计,为目标群体的遗传评估及生产管理奠定理论基础。利用DMU和ASREML软件分析2 026头大白母猪共4 512窝繁殖记录,涉及4个繁殖性状(总产仔数、产活仔数、21日龄窝重和断奶仔猪数)。结果表明:大白猪4个繁殖性状的遗传力估计值均在0.10左右,各性状间均成强正遗传相关(0.54以上)。精液类型(鲜精和冻精)效应对断奶仔猪数和21日龄窝重影响不显著(P>0.05),对总产仔数和产活仔数影响显著(P<0.05),其中冻精在总产仔数和产活仔数上较鲜精均少1头左右(P<0.05)。批次管理体系研究表明,由单周批次管理体系转变为4周批次管理体系后,母猪繁殖性能有所下降,产活仔数、断奶仔数猪和21日龄窝重分别下降0.51头、0.61头和10.13 kg。     

撒坝猪专门化母系繁殖性状的相关与通径分析

利用撒坝猪专门化母系 7个世代共 576头母猪的繁殖性能数据 ,对总产仔数 (x1 )、活产仔数 (x2 )、初生窝重 (x3)、 2 0日龄窝重 (x4 )、断奶窝重 (x5)、育成率 (x6 )和断奶仔数 (y) 7个繁殖性状进行了相关和通径分析 ,并在此基础上建立了估计断奶仔数的最优回归方程。结果表明 ,撒坝猪专门化母系的繁殖性能在经过 7个世代的选育后 ,获得了明显提高。各繁殖性状间在表型值上都存在不同程度的相关 ,其中以总产仔数与活产仔数的相关程度最高 (r=0 92 0 1 ) ,其次为 2 0日龄窝重与断奶仔数 (r=0 82 88) ,而初生窝重与育成率间的相关系数最低 (r=0 0 381 )。在所分析的 7个性状中 ,除了总产仔数和活产仔数与育成率间为负相关外 ,其余性状间均为正相关。所建立的估计断奶仔数的多元回归方程为 :y=- 6 1 1 90 +0 6986x2 +0 0 33 7x4 +0 0 0 4 8x5+0 0 71 8x6 。