中国黄牛Y-STRs遗传多样性与起源研究

[目的]研究中国黄牛Y染色体STRs的遗传多样性及父系起源。[方法]利用非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,选择2个牛Y-STRs位点INRA189和BM861,分析16个中国地方黄牛品种284头公牛与4头缅甸黄牛公牛的Y染色体遗传多样性。[结果]在中国16个黄牛品种中,2个Y-STR位点可以区分中国黄牛中的普通牛和瘤牛类型,表明中国黄牛有普通牛和瘤牛两种父系起源。4头缅甸黄牛均为瘤牛类型。在中国16个黄牛品种中,普通牛和瘤牛分布频率分别为57.0%和43.0%,其中普通牛频率在北方黄牛中占优势(98.3%),瘤牛频率在南方黄牛中占优势(76.1%),中原黄牛中普通牛频率较高为63.8%,瘤牛频率为36.2%。[结论]中国黄牛存在普通牛和瘤牛两种父系起源;普通牛频率自北向南逐渐减少,瘤牛频率自北向南逐渐增加,中原地区为普通牛和瘤牛的交汇处。     

中国黄牛Y-SNPs遗传多样性与起源研究

为了研究中国黄牛Y染色体SNPs的遗传多样性及父系起源,本研究利用PCR-SSCP与测序方法,选择4个牛Y-SNPs位点DDX3Y-7、UTY-19、ZFY-9和ZFY-10,分析了16个中国地方黄牛品种284头公牛与缅甸黄牛4头公牛Y染色体的遗传多样性.结果表明,在中国16个黄牛品种中,仅发现普通牛Y2和瘤牛Y3单倍型,表明只有Y2和Y3两种父系起源,尚未发现中国黄牛存在普通牛Y1单倍型的分子证据.4头缅甸黄牛均为Y3单倍型.在中国16个黄牛品种中,Y2和Y3单倍型频率分别为57.0％和43.0％,其中Y2单倍型频率在北方黄牛中占优势(98.3％),Y3单倍型频率在南方黄牛中占优势(76.1％),中原黄牛中普通牛Y2的单倍型频率较高,为63.8％0,瘤牛Y3的单倍型频率为36.2％.本研究证明,中国黄牛存在普通牛Y2和瘤牛Y3单倍型两种父系起源,Y2单倍型频率自北向南逐渐减少,Y3单倍型频率自北向南逐渐增加,中原地区为普通牛Y2和瘤牛Y3单倍型的交汇处.     

早胜牛遗传多态性与母系遗传背景分析

[目的]为评价和挖掘早胜牛遗传资源及种质资源,开展了早胜牛母系遗传背景及分子遗传特性研究。[方法]以早胜牛mtDNA D-Loop区为标记位点,对基因组DNA进行了PCR扩增和测序;以8个中国地方黄牛品种和5个引进品种的mtDNA D-Loop区核苷酸序列为对照,分析了核苷酸多态位点、核苷酸多样性、单倍型数等遗传多态性指标,构建了系统发育树。[结果]早胜牛及其杂交类群mtDNA D-Loop区富含A和T,检测到80个核苷酸变异位点,存在转换、颠换、转换和颠换共存3种突变类型,且以转换为主;界定了59个单倍型,其中8个共享单倍型,51个特有单倍型;我国地方黄牛分为两大支系,多数与非洲瘤牛、欧洲普通牛聚为一类,少数与印度瘤牛聚为一类;与其他地方黄牛品种相比,早胜牛及其杂交类群与秦川牛的亲缘关系最近。[结论]早胜牛及其杂交类群mtDNA D-Loop区核苷酸变异丰富,群体变异程度较高,与秦川牛的亲缘关系最近。     

中国黄牛血液蛋白多态性与其遗传关系

本研究采用淀粉凝胶电泳法和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对我国7个黄牛品种的四个多态蛋白位点进行了检测,得出了Hb,Pa,Tf和Alp在各品种中的表现型频率和基因频率。通过标准遗传距离,进行了模糊聚类分析。本文选取λ=0.98为界,将7个黄牛品种按血液蛋白基因位点关系的远近分成四类:秦川牛、晋南牛和南阳牛为一类,郏县红牛和鲁西牛为一类,复州牛和延边牛各自成一类。     

中国黄牛mtDNA 16S rRNA基因遗传多样性与系统进化分析

采用PCR和DNA测序技术和生物信息学方法,测定分析了10个中国黄牛品种(群体)和2个外来牛品种共131个体的mtDNA 16SrRNA基因全序列的遗传变异,并分析了品种(群体)间的亲缘关系以及母系起源。结果表明,在12个群体131条16SrRNA基因序列中,共发现了78个变异位点,形成了40种单倍型,揭示了中国黄牛群体具有丰富的遗传多样性。总群体的平均单倍型多样性指数(Hd)为0.857±0.024,平均核苷酸多样性指数(Pi)为0.00582,Kimura双参数品种间遗传距离范围为0.001~0.009,10个中国黄牛品种(群体)核苷酸多样度高于2个外来牛品种。基于Kimura-2-parameter距离采用NJ法构建了10个中国黄牛品种(群体)分子系统树,111个体聚为2簇,即分别与瘤牛和普通牛聚在一起,说明中国黄牛存在两个母系起源,主要起源于瘤牛和普通牛。其中草原红牛和蒙古牛起源于普通牛,恩施牛主要起源于瘤牛,但是对于亲缘关系复杂的中原地区黄牛而言,瘤牛和普通牛对它们的影响力大小因品种而异。这些结果为我国黄牛的种质资源保护、杂交育种和品种改良奠定了分子遗传学基础。     

中国部分黄牛血液蛋白多态性与遗传关系研究

本研究采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直板电泳法对我国3个黄牛品种早胜牛、无棣牛、蒙山牛共185头牛的4个多态蛋白质位点进行检测,得出了Hb、Pa、Tf、Akp在各品种中的表现型和基因频率。引用了中国5大黄牛品种4个多态蛋白质位点(Hb、Pa、Tf、Akp)的基因频率资料,计算标准遗传距离,进行聚类分析,在8个品种分为4类时,早胜牛、秦川牛、无棣牛为一类,蒙山牛、南阳牛为一类,鲁西牛与晋南牛为一类,延边牛单独为一类。     

隆林牛与郏县红牛线粒体DNA全基因组遗传多样性比较研究

摘　要：［目的］本研究旨在从基因组水平探究隆林牛和郏县红牛的线粒体DNA（mtDNA）全基因组遗传多样性与母系起源,并对2个黄牛品种的mtDNA全基因组遗传多样性进行比较分析。［方法］采用全基因组重测序及生物信息学方法。［结果］在15头隆林牛和28头郏县红牛mtDNA全基因组序列中,共检测到36种单倍型,其中郏县红牛有26种单倍型,隆林牛仅有8种单倍型,2个黄牛品种共享2种单倍型。郏县红牛和隆林牛的平均单倍型多样度（Hd）分别为1.000和0.943,平均核苷酸多样度（Pi）分别为0.0080和0.0053,表明其遗传多样性丰富。构建的系统发育树表明,隆林牛和郏县红牛具有瘤牛和普通牛两个母系支系。［结论］隆林牛以瘤牛起源为主,郏县红牛为普通牛与瘤牛的混合起源,这2个地方黄牛品种具有独特的母系遗传信息,表现出明显的母系遗传差异。     

广西3个地方黄牛品种mtDNA D-loop区序列多态性及起源分析

【目的】探究广西3个地方黄牛品种线粒体DNA控制区（mtDNA D-loop区）序列的多态性及其母系起源,为广西地方黄牛品种的选育、系统分类和开发利用提供科学依据。【方法】利用PCR扩增、测序和生物信息学方法对广西3个地方黄牛品种（南丹黄牛、隆林黄牛和涠洲黄牛）mtDNA D-loop序列进行多态性分析与系统发育进化树构建。【结果】从广西3个地方黄牛品种127个个体mtDNA D-loop区序列中检测到27种单倍型,其核苷酸多态位点65个,多态位点占所测核苷酸总长（908~912 bp）的7.143%,其中有61个转换、3个颠换和1个转换/颠换共存。广西3个地方黄牛品种mtDNA D-loop区单倍型多样度（H）为0.339~0.795,核苷酸多样度（π）为 0.31%~2.54%,表明广西3个地方黄牛品种mtDNA D-loop区的遗传多样性存在较大差异,其中,南丹黄牛具有更丰富的遗传多样性,隆林黄牛次之,涠洲黄牛的遗传多样性较贫乏。聚类分析结果表明,广西3个地方黄牛品种具有普通牛和瘤牛2大母系起源,受瘤牛起源影响更明显。【结论】广西3个地方黄牛品种具有瘤牛和普通牛两大母系起源,但受瘤牛影响更明显。隆林黄牛与南丹黄牛为瘤牛和普通牛的混合母系起源,而涠洲黄牛为纯正的瘤牛母系起源,因此,应加强对广西地方黄牛品种资源,尤其是对涠洲黄牛品种资源的保护力度。     

云南文山黄牛和迪庆黄牛的遗传多样性比较研究

本文通过细胞遗传学、mtDNARFLP（线粒体DNA、限制性片段长度多态性）和血液蛋白及同工酶3个方面的研究，分析了云南文山黄牛和迪庆黄牛的遗传多样性和遗传分化关系。结果：（1）细胞遗传学云南两个地方黄牛品种的Y染色体形态及其C一带具有显著多态性。文山黄牛和迪庆黄牛分别为一小的近端部和亚申部（或中部）着丝位Y染色体，并分别在Y染色体的臂端部和短臂的臂端部显示弱阳性C一带，说明文山黄牛的父系起源可能是瘤牛（Bosindicus），而迪庆黄牛是普遍牛（Bostaurus）。推测两种Y染色体可能是臂问倒位的结果。（2）mtD－NARFLP两个黄牛品种的111个个体的mtDNA经8种限制性内切酶酶切后，有个酶表现出多态，共检测到17种限制性态型。归结出的3种基因单倍型，分别是A－A－A－A－A－A－A型（瘤斗）、B－B－B－B－B—B－B型（普通型）和A－C－B－B－C－A－A型（耗半Bosgrunniens）。从基因单倍型在群体中的表现可看出，文山黄牛和迪庆黄牛都具有瘤牛和普通牛两种母系起源。但文山黄牛以瘤牛血统为主，迪庆黄牛以普通牛血统为主，而且还可能含有部价耗牛的血统。（3）血液蛋白及同工酶分析了两个黄牛品种的33种血液蛋白及同工酶共计37个遗传座位，其中ALB、TF、HB一β、CAR、NP、6PGD6个座位检测到多态性。     

湘西黄牛mtDNA D-loop区遗传多样性研究

[目的]为了探究湘西黄牛的遗传多样性与母系起源。[方法]采用PCR扩增、测序及生物信息学方法。[结果]在33头湘西黄牛mtDNA D-loop区共检测到55个变异位点,界定了15个mtDNA单倍型,单倍型多样度为0.8750,核苷酸多样度为0.0144,表明湘西黄牛的遗传多样性较低。构建的系统发育树表明湘西黄牛具有普通牛和瘤牛两大母系起源。[结论]湘西黄牛的遗传多样性较低,属于中国南方黄牛,有瘤牛和普通牛两个母系起源,受瘤牛的影响更大。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -