中国滨海盐沼湿地碳收支与碳循环过程研究进展

滨海盐沼湿地由于其较高的初级生产力和较缓慢的有机质降解速率而成为缓解全球变暖的有效蓝色碳汇,近年来引起全球范围内的热切关注。我国滨海盐沼湿地分布较广,国内学者对滨海盐沼湿地碳循环及碳收支研究取得了一定进展,深入研究滨海盐沼湿地碳循环有助于对全球碳循环及全球变化的理解,并为利用滨海湿地进行碳的增汇减排提供科学依据。主要从我国滨海盐沼湿地碳循环主要观测方法、碳收支与碳循环过程及特点、碳库的组成与影响因素、气态碳的输入输出、潮汐作用对其碳收支的影响这5个方面出发,对国内的滨海盐沼湿地碳循环与碳收支的研究进展进行了归纳总结,并对今后的研究方向给出如下建议:(1)加强滨海盐沼湿地土壤碳库在深度上和广度上的研究;(2)标准化滨海盐沼湿地碳储量、碳通量的量化方法和观测技术;(3)在研究尺度上要宏观、微观并重,同时加强长期原位监测湿地碳通量的变化与室内模拟研究;(4)量化在潮汐影响下滨海盐沼湿地碳与邻近生态系统之间的横向交换通量。只有对我国滨海盐沼湿地碳库收支进行更准确的评估和长期的碳库动态变化监测,方可进一步认识我国盐沼湿地对全球气候变化的影响及其反馈作用,这对于预测全球变化及制定湿地碳储备功能的提升策略具有重要的意义。     

茶皂素对不同发育阶段福寿螺生长的影响

[目的]明确茶皂素胁迫对不同发育阶段福寿螺生长的影响,为研究茶皂素对福寿螺的作用机理奠定基础.[方法]在福寿螺的螺苗期、仔螺期和中螺期分别用茶皂素两种汰选浓度(LC25、LC50)进行处理,考查其存活率、体重增长率、体重抑制率.[结果]不同发育阶段的福寿螺在两种茶皂素汰选浓度处理后存活率较对照下降了6.2%~22.5%,最大体重抑制为11.69%~49.55%,对福寿螺体重抑制率达到最大值的时间为处理后10~40 d,其中存活率下降幅度、体重抑制率均以螺苗期处理的最大.[结论]茶皂素对福寿螺螺苗、仔螺、中螺的生长均有一定的抑制作用,其作用强度受茶皂素的汰选压力及福寿螺发育阶段的影响.     

湖北省荆州太湖港河滩感染性钉螺及水体感染性的调查

为了解荆州太湖港河滩感染性钉螺及其水体感染性情况,在湖北省荆州太湖港河滩于5-11月用棋盘式系统抽样法逐月采集钉螺,以压碎法鉴别捕获钉螺的感染性;以哨鼠法逐月测定滩内及周围水体的感染性.调查结果表明,太湖港河滩上5-11月感染性钉螺显著,但以6-8月钉螺阳性率最高.太湖港河水6-8月感染性显著.调查结果显示.在湖北省荆州太湖港感染性钉螺滩块附近接触疫水是感染血吸虫的最危险因素,其中以6-8月危险性最大.     

Multiple stable isotopes used to trace the flow of organic matter in estuarine food webs

The use of a combination of the stable isotopes of sulfur, carbon, and nitrogen allows the flow of organic matter and trophic relations in salt marshes and estuaries to be traced while eliminating many ambiguities that accompany the use of a single isotopic tracer. Salt-marsh grasses take up the isotopically light sulfides formed during sulfate reduction, and the transfer of this light sulfur through the marsh food web is illustrated with data on the ribbed mussel (Geukensia demissa) from various locations in a New England marsh. The multiple isotope approach shows that this filter feeder consumes both marsh grass ( Spartina) detritus and plankton, with the relative proportions of each determined by the location of the mussels in the marsh.     

江苏滨海滩涂稻作改良研究进展及展望

滨海盐土稻作改良是江苏沿海滩涂开发利用的主要技术之一。本文概述了江苏省滨海盐土稻作改良方面的研究进展,在耐盐水稻鉴定方面,筛选出了‘盐稻10号’、‘盐稻12’、‘通粳981’、‘南粳5055’、‘南粳9108’、‘淮稻5号’等耐盐性较强的品种;在1.5 g/kg盐胁迫下,水稻产量为非胁迫的65%~85%,在3 g/kg的盐胁迫下产量为非胁迫的40%~45%;盐胁迫对稻米加工、外观、蒸煮和食味品质均存在一定程度的不利影响;定位观测表明微咸水灌溉条件下滩涂稻田土壤盐分最高点出现在抽穗前后。在此基础上对今后滩涂稻作改良研发工作提出了3个方面的建议：（1）耐盐水稻种质筛选与品种改良;（2）滩涂稻田地力提升技术研发;（3）滩涂水稻栽培关键技术研发。     

Predator-induced life-history shifts in a freshwater snail

The snail Physella virgata virgata, a widely distributed freshwater pulmonate, was observed to change its life-history characteristics in the presence of the crayfish Orconectes virilis in spring-fed Oklahoma streams. These changes were apparently initiated by a water-borne cue released when crayfish fed on conspecific snails. In the presence of the cue, snails exhibited rapid growth rates and little reproduction until they reached a size of about 10 mm after 8 months. In the absence of the cue, snails typically grew to about 4 mm (3.5 months) and then began reproduction. The chemically inducible shift indicates that the life histories of these snails are phenotypically plastic. By increasing the variance associated with size and age of maturity, prey may increase the likelihood of coexisting with seasonal predators.     

不同植被和水文条件下苏北盐沼土壤TN、TP和OM剖面特征

以盐城国家珍禽自然保护区盐沼湿地为例,分析了不同植被带土壤中全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)和有机质(OM)的剖面变化特征,探讨了盐沼植被和水文条件对TN、TP和OM剖面变化的影响。结果表明:不同植被带土壤中TN、TP和OM含量变化显著,其中,互花米草带中的TN和OM含量最高,分别为(0.96±0.09)g/kg和(17.26±0.80)g/kg;光滩中TN和OM含量最低,分别为(0.07±0.01)g/kg和(0.98±0.13)g/kg,而光滩中TP含量最高,为(0.98±0.03)g/kg。不同植被对土壤TN、TP和OM等养分的转化、吸收、累积过程具有不同程度的影响;另外,由人工围堰和淡水补给引起的水文条件变化通过影响土壤的盐分,进而影响植被的分布,最终对整个盐沼生态系统土壤中TN、TP和OM的剖面变化产生重要的影响。     

Sedimentary environments in a marine marsh

Several foraminiferal assemblages are recognized in Spartina-Salicornia marshes along the Pacific and Gulf of Mexico coasts. Continuous recordings in one Pacific marsh show considerable diurnal and seasonal variation in pH, oxygen, water temperature, and salinity. This is related to tidal flushing, air temperature variations, sunlight duration, and marsh plant metabolism.     

中国圆田螺壳在镉污染中的指示作用

采用室内水体直接暴露和微宇宙模拟暴露,研究了重金属镉(Cd2+)对中国圆田螺(CipangopaludinaChinensis)的毒性效应及其在田螺软、硬组织中的蓄积规律。结果表明,中国圆田螺的5d水体直接暴露半致死浓度(LC50)为6.15mg·L-1;壳长增长率可以作为Cd2+慢性污染胁迫的有效生物标志,浓度为0.15 mg·kg-1的Cd2+刺激田螺壳增长,而浓度为1.5 mg·kg-1的Cd2+抑制田螺壳增长。中国圆田螺的壳与软组织均能够蓄积镉,并且随着暴露时间和暴露浓度的增大,重金属Cd2+的蓄积量也增大,相比之下田螺壳的蓄积更为稳定;天津中心城区主要景观水体中国圆田螺镉污染现状调查也得到了同样的结果。这表明,中国圆田螺的壳可以作为淡水环境镉污染的生物监测的有效补充。     

基于GIS的广东地区福寿螺的潜在时空分布及对稻田的危害风险

利用GIS技术,结合福寿螺生长发育的特点和广东地区水稻的种植分布情况,预测福寿螺在广东地区的潜在时空分布及其危害风险.结果表明:广东地区存在5种福寿螺潜在生境,分别是:螺和卵都能存活且卵能孵化螺能发育;螺卵存活、螺能发育但卵不孵化;螺存活但不发育、卵不孵化;螺冬眠且不产卵;螺、卵均不能存活.5种生境从南到北依次排列,并且分布范围随着季节的变化而变化.福寿螺适宜生境夏季分布广、冬季分布窄,夏季向北扩展,冬季向南收缩.冬季粤北山区小部分地区福寿螺不能存活,5—10月全省均适宜螺及其卵的生长发育.就潜在分布区而言,全省16.68%地区处于高度发生区,中度发生区也占54.25%.以稻田的危害风险为例,结合水稻分布区的状况评价了福寿螺可能带来的危害风险等级,其中重度风险区占全省面积的21.75%,主要集中于湛江、茂名、阳江等地的稻区;中度风险区集中在广东中部的水稻区,占63.16%;轻度风险区只占14.47%.     

Reduced competition and altered feeding behavior among marine snails after a mass extinction

Extinction may alter competitive interactions among surviving species, affecting their subsequent recovery and evolution, but these processes remain poorly understood. Analysis of predation traces produced by shell-drilling muricid snails on bivalve prey reveals that species interactions were substantially different before and after a Plio-Pleistocene mass extinction in the western Atlantic. Muricids edge- and wall-drilled their prey in the Pliocene, but Pleistocene and Recent snails attacked prey only through the shell wall. Experiments with living animals suggest that intense competition induces muricid snails to attack shell edges. Pliocene predators, therefore, probably competed for resources more intensely than their post-extinction counterparts.     

Vertical distribution of an estuarine snail altered by a parasite

Estuarine snails Ilyanassa obsoleta bearing larvae of the trematode Gynaecotyla adunca behave singularly in comparison with conspecifics lacking this parasite. Following high tides, and especially at night, infected snails were found stranded high on beaches and sandbars. Semiterrestrial crustaceans living well up on the shore serve as the next host, and the modified (induced) snail behavior is apparently a parasite adaptation facilitating cercarial transmission to these crustaceans. The altered behavior is unusual because of its apparent enhancement of host-to-host transmission by cercariae rather than predation, the process commonly recognized as being enhanced by parasitic modification of host behavior.     

Polymorphism and Population Density in the African Land Snail, Limicolaria martensiana

In natural populations of the African land snail, Limicolaria martensiana, the degree of polymorphism in color and pattern may vary with the density of the population. This could occur because predators eat the snails selectively and use past experience as a guide in finding further prey. Hence contrasting color forms may be at an advantage in dense populations where predators would have ample opportunity to learn to recognize prey.     

盐城海岸带生态系统服务价值时空分异

为了解盐城海岸带生态系统服务价值（ESV）的时空变异规律,基于格网尺度对盐城海岸带1997,2007和2014年3个时期的ESV进行了估算,并结合空间自相关分析探讨研究区ESV时空分异规律。结果表明:近20 a来盐城海岸带生态系统服务价值总量呈不断减少的趋势,由1997年的134.33亿元减少至2014年的97.13亿元,自然湿地芦苇Phragmites australis沼泽、碱蓬Suaeda salsa沼泽、河流面积的减少是引起生态系统服务价值变化的主要原因。研究期间ESV在空间上发生了显著变化。ESV高区（ESV指数V_ESK > 7 463.04万元）的面积和空间分布显著减少,ESV较低区（796.67万元 ESK≤3 014.78万元）的面积和空间分布表现出逐渐扩大的格局。自相关分析表明:ESV具有显著的正相关关系,呈集聚分布特征且总体上呈不断下降趋势。研究区1997-2014年敏感性指数均小于1,表明研究结果具有可信性。在未来生态系统修复和管理中要权衡与协同不同生态系统类型之间的相互关系,加大对芦苇沼泽、碱蓬沼泽、河流等天然湿地的保护,合理规划滩涂湿地的利用方式,实现沿海湿地系统的可持续发展与利用。     

Coastal ecosystem-based management with nonlinear ecological functions and values

A common assumption is that ecosystem services respond linearly to changes in habitat size. This assumption leads frequently to an "all or none" choice of either preserving coastal habitats or converting them to human use. However, our survey of wave attenuation data from field studies of mangroves, salt marshes, seagrass beds, nearshore coral reefs, and sand dunes reveals that these relationships are rarely linear. By incorporating nonlinear wave attenuation in estimating coastal protection values of mangroves in Thailand, we show that the optimal land use option may instead be the integration of development and conservation consistent with ecosystem-based management goals. This result suggests that reconciling competing demands on coastal habitats should not always result in stark preservation-versus-conversion choices.     

有螺滩地林农复合生态系统的建立及其效果分析

对有螺滩地林农复合生态系统的作用及其应用效果作了分析,结果表明：应用林农间种、窄株宽行、低坝高拦发展水产等技术建立的林农渔复合生态系统,不利于钉螺孳生,灭螺防病效果明显,经济效益显著。     

南京蔬菜地蜗牛的发生和防治

蜗牛为间隙性暴发、杂食性软体动物，同型巴蜗牛在南京1年发生1代，2次危害高峰：6～7月；9～10月。春季取食茄果类、瓜类嫩叶，夏秋季取食十字花科蔬菜。转移到沟边时，以取食杂草为生。蜗牛发生和危害轻重受温湿度、食料等环境因素影响很大，高峰期虫口密度可达43．2头／m2，1棵大白菜上最多有45头，受害严重的蔬菜不能上市。防治以综合防治为好。衣业防治措施是清沟铲草、清洁田园；药剂防治可用6％密达颗粒剂，2％灭旱螺颗粒剂和8％灭蜗灵颗粒剂等。     

Late quaternary environmental history of lake valencia, Venezuela

Chemical, paleontological, and mineralogical analyses of a 7.5-meter core from the middle of Lake Valencia, Venezuela, have provided information on the paleoclimatic history of this low-elevation, low-latitude site for the last 13,000 years. The data show that dry climates existed in this region from 13,000 years before present (B.P.) until about 10,000 years B.P. The Lake Valencia Basin was occupied by intermittent saline marshes at that time. About 10,000 years B.P., a permanent lake of fluctuating salinity formed and arboreal plant communities replaced the earlier dominant xeric herbaceous vegetation and marsh plants. By 8500 years B.P., Lake Valencia reached moderate to low salinities and discharged water; the modern vegetation became established at that time. After 8500 years B.P., the lake twice ceased discharging as a result of reduced watershed moisture. The second of these drying episodes is still in progress and has been aggravated by human activities in the watershed.     

Uptake of Dissolved Sulfide by Spartina alterniflora: Evidence from Natural Sulfur Isotope Abundance Ratios

The difference in the stable sulfur isotope ratios of sulfate and sulfide in marsh pore water was used to verify the uptake of hydrogen sulfide by the salt marsh cordgrass Spartina alterniflora in a North Carolina salt marsh. Most of the plant sulfur derived from pore-water sulfide was recovered as sulfate, an indication that the sulfide had been oxidized within the plant. The analysis of the sulfur isotope ratios of other coastal halophytes may be a useful technique for determining whether sulfide is taken up by plants in saline wetlands.     

陆生蜗牛Arianta arbustorm的生殖生态学研究

研究表明,Arianta arbustorum 性成熟后隔离一定时期,在无交配机会的情况下,某些个体可以进行自体授精而繁殖,但繁殖量远远小于交配过的个体.每个繁殖季节交配一次,即能够达到正常繁殖量.交配次数多、繁殖量大的蜗牛,寿命较短.同胞之间的交配导致严重的近交衰退,主要表现在卵的孵化率(0.37)及后代存活率(0.30)上.进化理论认为,近交衰退是雌雄同体的生物进行异体授精的主要选择力.对 A.arbustorum 实验种群的研究支持了这种学说.