Elasticity of agr-Cristobalite: A Silicon Dioxide with a Negative Poisson's Ratio

Laser Brillouin spectroscopy was used to determine the adiabatic single-crystal elastic stiffness coefficients of silicon dioxide (SiO(2)) in the alpha-cristobalite structure. This SiO(2) polymorph, unlike other silicas and silicates, exhibits a negative Poisson's ratio; alpha-cristobalite contracts laterally when compressed and expands laterally when stretched. Tensorial analysis of the elastic coefficients shows that Poisson's ratio reaches a maximum value of -0.5 in some directions, whereas averaged values for the single-phased aggregate yield a Poisson's ratio of -0.16.     

Stretchable and foldable silicon integrated circuits

We have developed a simple approach to high-performance, stretchable, and foldable integrated circuits. The systems integrate inorganic electronic materials, including aligned arrays of nanoribbons of single crystalline silicon, with ultrathin plastic and elastomeric substrates. The designs combine multilayer neutral mechanical plane layouts and "wavy" structural configurations in silicon complementary logic gates, ring oscillators, and differential amplifiers. We performed three-dimensional analytical and computational modeling of the mechanics and the electronic behaviors of these integrated circuits. Collectively, the results represent routes to devices, such as personal health monitors and other biomedical devices, that require extreme mechanical deformations during installation/use and electronic properties approaching those of conventional systems built on brittle semiconductor wafers.     

Sign Change of Poisson's Ratio for Carbon Nanotube Sheets

Most materials shrink laterally like a rubber band when stretched, so their Poisson's ratios are positive. Likewise, most materials contract in all directions when hydrostatically compressed and decrease density when stretched, so they have positive linear compressibilities. We found that the in-plane Poisson's ratio of carbon nanotube sheets (buckypaper) can be tuned from positive to negative by mixing single-walled and multiwalled nanotubes. Density-normalized sheet toughness, strength, and modulus were substantially increased by this mixing. A simple model predicts the sign and magnitude of Poisson's ratio for buckypaper from the relative ease of nanofiber bending and stretch, and explains why the Poisson's ratios of ordinary writing paper are positive and much larger. Theory also explains why the negative in-plane Poisson's ratio is associated with a large positive Poisson's ratio for the sheet thickness, and predicts that hydrostatic compression can produce biaxial sheet expansion. This tunability of Poisson's ratio can be exploited in the design of sheet-derived composites, artificial muscles, gaskets, and chemical and mechanical sensors.     

Materials with negative compressibilities in one or more dimensions

Rare crystal phases that expand in one or more dimensions when hydrostatically compressed are identified and shown to have negative Poisson's ratios. Some of these crystals (i) decrease volume and expand in two dimensions when stretched in a particular direction and (ii) increase surface area when hydrostatically compressed. Possible mechanisms for achieving such negative linear and area compressibilities are described for single crystals and composites, and sensor applications are proposed. Materials with these properties may be used to fabricate porous solids that either expand in all directions when hydrostatically compressed with a penetrating fluid or behave as if they are incompressible.     

蔽果金腰叶内寄生链格孢属真菌特性研究(英文)

[目的]了解虎耳草科植物蔽果金腰内生菌的生物学特性。[方法]利用 PDA 培养基分离蔽果金腰叶内的真菌,利用 PDA 培养基、察氏培养基、改良型 KB 培养基分别对分离得到的菌株进行培养。[结果]菌株在 PDA 培养基、KB 培养基和察氏培养基上均为菌落舒展,白色毡帽状,等径生长,边缘整齐,呈波状,菌落到后期变为青褐色;孢子黑色,在 PDA 培养基上生长在菌落表面,基质呈黑色;而在 KB 培养基和察氏培养基上生长在菌落边缘,基质呈黑色。孢子形态多样,多数为倒棒状,也有球形和椭圆形的,具有纵、横或斜的真隔膜,呈砖格状分隔,喙为短柱状假喙。[结论]分离得到的菌株属于半知菌亚门丝孢纲丝孢目暗色孢科链格胞属真菌的一种。     

寒地水稻硅、镁、锌和硼肥平衡施用对产量和品质的影响

在寒地采用水稻生长需要大量吸收的元素硅、中量元素镁和微量元素锌和硼合理配合施用于水稻田,达到增产和提高米质的作用.通过硅、镁、锌和硼的四因素四水平的正交试验,优化获得最高产时四个因素的最佳配比为九水硅酸钠135.19 ks·hm-2、七水硫酸镁270.00 kg·hm-2、七水硫酸锌157.50 kg·hm-2、十水硼...     

A molecular shift register based on electron transfer

An electronic shift-register memory at the molecular level is described. The memory elements are based on a chain of electron-transfer molecules and the information is shifted by photoinduced electron-transfer reactions. This device integrates designed electronic molecules onto a very large scale integrated (silicon microelectronic) substrate, providing an example of a "molecular electronic device" that could actually be made. The design requirements for such a device and possible synthetic strategies are discussed. Devices along these lines should have lower energy usage and enhanced storage density.     

植物的硅吸收及其对病虫害的防御作用*

 硅是地壳中含量最丰富的元素之一，但是绝大部分不能被植物直接吸收利用。土壤有效硅含量受多种环境因素的影响，然而在植物吸收硅后土壤仍能保持土壤溶液中硅浓度在一恒定水平。硅主要以二氧化硅胶（SiO₂·nH₂O）的无机物形态存在于植物表皮细胞和细胞壁上。植物体内硅的含量在不同物种间差异很大。植物主要以单硅酸形式吸收硅，不同植物吸硅的能力不同。水稻具有主动吸硅能力，大多数植物以被动形态吸收硅。施用硅肥能提高植物对病虫害的抗性，从而降低病虫害的发生。     

Covalent Group IV Atomic Clusters

Atomic clusters containing from two to several hundred atoms offer the possibility of studying the transition from molecules to crystalline solids. The covalent group IV elements carbon, silicon, and germanium are now being examined with this long-range objective. These elements are particularly interesting because of the very different character of their crystalline solids and because they are intermediate between metals and insulators in the nature of their bonding. Small mass-selected atom cluster ions are formed by pulsed laser techniques and identified by time-of-flight methods. Laser photoexcitation is used to study the relative stability of these clusters and their modes of fragmentation. These modes for C(n)(+) clusters, which tend to fragment with a characteristic loss of a neutral C(3), are found to be different from the modes for Si(n)(+) and Ge(n)(+) clusters, which tend to fragment to "magic" clusters such as Si(4)(+), Si(6)(+) and Si(10)(+). These experimental results can be accounted for by recent theoretical calculations of the ground-state structure and stability of small silicon and carbon clusters. Several theoretical approaches give consistent results, showing that small silicon clusters are compact and different from small fragments of the bulk crystal. Calculations show that carbon clusters change from linear structures toward cyclic structures as the cluster size increases, but with significant odd-even differences.     

广西红壤特征及其环境影响分析

概述了广西红壤的类型、分布及其环境化学特征。分析认为 ,从红壤向赤红壤、砖红壤演化的受控环境条件是pH值降低、雨量增加及气温增高。由于酸雨和温室效应影响 ,可以预测广西区内红壤类型的分界线会逐渐北移。红壤区应防止被淋溶有害重金属对附近水体的污染 ;铁和铝在红壤中的大量富集是否对人群有影响值得进一步研究。红壤区有用微量元素和养分的大量流失 ,必然导致其地力下降 ,适当施用微肥和加强保肥是红壤区土壤保护的主攻方向。     

中华根瘤菌NL的筛选与鉴定

从吉林某菜园土样中筛选到菌株NL,用该菌对伊利石进行浸矿脱硅试验,测得接种NL的溶液中的可溶性硅的浓度比对照液中的增67.83%,说明该菌能促进伊利石中硅的溶解.从菌株NL的培养特征、形态大小、生理生化测试和16S rDNA序列的比对分析等方面进行了鉴定,其16S rDNA序列与GenBank中的中华根瘤菌属Sinorhizobium sp.S1-5(AY505134)的相似性达99.62%.试验结果表明菌株NL属于中华根瘤菌(Sinorhizobium).     

Synthesis of buried oxide and silicide layers with ion beams

Ion implantation, because it is inherently a strongly nonequilibrium process, can add a new dimension to materials studies. A large variety of chemical elements may be readily introduced into a target substrate by ion bombardment at concentrations considerably greater than the normal solid solubilities. In addition, the interaction of the accelerated ions with the target produces lattice defects. Both effects have been studied extensively in experiments directed at understanding the mechanisms of formation of buried oxide and silicide layers in silicon with high-dose ion implantation. These layers have properties that are difficult to attain with conventional techniques.     

苎麻茎秆的力学性能研究

对成熟苎麻茎秆进行横观各向同性假设,参照塑料拉伸、压缩和金属扭转试验以及夹层结构弯曲性能试验的要求和标准,分别对苎麻茎秆、木质部进行拉伸、压缩、弯曲和扭转试验,对韧皮层进行拉伸、压缩试验,测定苎麻茎秆的基本力学参数。结果表明:苎麻茎秆拉伸弹性模量为1 013.19 MPa,压缩弹性模量为14.63 MPa,剪切模量为87.15 MPa,同性面泊松比为0.38,异性面泊松比小于0.016 6;木质部拉伸弹性模量为1 021.85 MPa,压缩弹性模量为16.99 MPa,剪切模量为99.05 MPa,同性面泊松比为0.33,异性面泊松比小于0.020 5;韧皮纤维层拉伸弹性模量为2 004.18 MPa,压缩弹性模量为4.01 MPa,剪切模量为38.76 MPa,同性面泊松比为0.58,异性面泊松比小于0.001 9。     

Functional nanoscale electronic devices assembled using silicon nanowire building blocks

Because semiconductor nanowires can transport electrons and holes, they could function as building blocks for nanoscale electronics assembled without the need for complex and costly fabrication facilities. Boron- and phosphorous-doped silicon nanowires were used as building blocks to assemble three types of semiconductor nanodevices. Passive diode structures consisting of crossed p- and n-type nanowires exhibit rectifying transport similar to planar p-n junctions. Active bipolar transistors, consisting of heavily and lightly n-doped nanowires crossing a common p-type wire base, exhibit common base and emitter current gains as large as 0.94 and 16, respectively. In addition, p- and n-type nanowires have been used to assemble complementary inverter-like structures. The facile assembly of key electronic device elements from well-defined nanoscale building blocks may represent a step toward a "bottom-up" paradigm for electronics manufacturing.     

Mechanism of the body-centered cubic--hexagonal close-packed phase transition in iron

The transition from body-centered cubic to hexagonal close-packed phase in iron has been studied in a diamond anvil cell with synchrotron radiation. The hexagonal close-packed phase, when it first appears, has a ratio of lattice parameters that is significantly larger than normal. This is attributed to a displacive mechanism that causes a distortion of the hexagonal close-packed structure in a body-centered cubic matrix. The hexagonal close-packed phase adjacent to a boundary with the body-centered cubic phase is stretched in the c direction and compressed in the a direction when it first forms.     

嗜水管单胞菌超微结构的研究

嗜水气单胞菌的代表株Ｊ－Ｉ负染显示它具有一端生单鞭毛及周身菌毛,菌毛有两种形态：一种是短而硬（Ｂ菌毛）,数量多;另一种是细而长（Ｗ菌毛）,易弯曲,数量少。超薄切片可见在细胞外膜外有一层结构即Ｓ层,将提取的Ｓ层负染,可见晶格状规则排列的蛋白亚单位。不同的培养条件影响菌毛、Ｓ蛋白的表达。     

不同硅肥处理对苹果树硅及其他中微量元素吸收的影响

在铜川黄土高原区研究2种硅肥（有机、无机）在苹果树上的施用效果及其对中微量元素吸收的影响。结果表明，施用硅肥可以提高苹果树叶片和果皮中硅的含量，施用有机硅肥比无机硅肥叶片和果皮中硅含量平均提高8.1%和6.67%；同时，施用硅肥促进苹果叶片中锌、钙的吸收；施用有机硅肥促进果肉中铁、锌含量增加，特别是有利于铁、锌向果肉中转移。无论是无机硅肥和无机中微量元素配合、还是有机硅肥和有机中微量元素配合，均能提高苹果产量，在硅肥低用量下，有机硅肥相对增产更大。     

Netschaevo: a new class of chondritic meteorite

The ratios of refractory elements to silicon and of zinc to silicon indicate that the silicate portion of the Netscha?vo meteorite is an ordinary chondrite. The scarcity of chondrules, the large dimensions (about 100 micrometers) of plagioclase grains, and the low indium content (0.09 nanogram per gram) indicate that Netscha?vo belongs to petrologic type 6. On a diagram of reduced iron versus oxidized iron, Netscha?vo lies along an extrapolation of the LL-L-H ordinary chondrite fractionation trend. The abundances of siderophile elements (nickel, germanium, iridium, and gold) are about 1.6 to 2.0 times greater than in H-group chondrites, and siderophile/nickel ratios are, with one exception, those expected from LL-L-H trends. This evidence indicates that Netscha?vo is an extremely iron-rich member of the ordinary chondrite sequence, and that plausible models to account for the ordinary chondrite sequence must produce materials having iron/silicon ratios 25 percent greater than those in CI carbonaceous chondrites. The existence of Netscha?vo emphasizes that the chondritic meteorites in terrestrial collections are a biased and incomplete selection of primitive solar system materials.     

寒地水稻高产施肥技术概述

寒地水稻高产施肥技术应以"前重、中轻、后补"为原则,根据叶龄进程及叶色变化施肥.今后要增施硅肥,由三元(氮磷钾)施肥逐渐向四元(氮磷钾硅)转变.在计划施肥量不变的情况下,施肥后移.     

中国水牛利文住肉孢子虫包囊的超微结构

利用透射电镜对采自湖南水牛的利文住肉孢子虫包囊的超微结构进行了研究。原囊壁向表面皱折形成倾斜的长绒毛状突起,突起壁呈波浪形起伏,突起内含有弥散的致密颗粒和纤丝,该纤丝是由8个亚单位构成的管状物;基质层衬在原囊壁之下,并向内伸入形成隔,将囊腔分隔成若干小室。包囊内缓殖子的微线有400左右,核位于身体的后部,包囊的体积为2.4mm×0.2mm,大于原作者的描述。