几种不同碳源对凡纳滨对虾生物絮团技术育苗效果的影响

为提高凡纳滨对虾种苗生产的生态化水平,分别以蔗糖、葡萄糖、淀粉为添加碳源,添加量为投饵量的50%,同时添加地衣芽孢杆菌,在1 000 L的水体中进行凡纳滨对虾生物絮团技术育苗实验。结果表明添加碳源组絮团含量明显高于对照组(不添加碳源和芽孢杆菌),且蔗糖组絮团的形成比淀粉组和葡萄糖组早;蔗糖组和葡萄糖组的氨氮、亚硝酸盐含量均显著低于对照组和淀粉组,其亚硝酸盐峰值浓度分别比对照组降低25.4%和31.4%,且未换水即自行下降;添加碳源各组絮团的粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量均显著高于对照组,粗蛋白含量最高的蔗糖组达到32.6%。仔虾幼体P14时,葡萄糖组和蔗糖组的仔虾体长分别比对照组增长22.8%和19.2%(P0.01),差异极显著。表明在凡纳滨对虾生物絮团技术育苗中,蔗糖和葡萄糖作为添加碳源是合适的。     

不同碳源对凡纳滨对虾育苗标粗水体生物絮团的结构、营养成分、细菌群落及其水质的影响

为研究凡纳滨对虾育苗标粗阶段生物絮团形成所需要的适合碳源,设计3种不同碳源添加组(葡萄糖组、淀粉组和蔗糖组),每个处理组设置3个重复,实验期20 d,以分析不同碳源添加后对水体生物絮团的形成、营养成分、细菌群落结构及水质指标的影响。结果显示,在碳源添加量均为投喂量的80%时,形成的生物絮团可有效调节水质,降低水体中的氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮水平。3个碳源添加组水样中氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮浓度显著低于对照组,淀粉组水样中氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮浓度显著高于葡萄糖组和蔗糖组;最终对虾存活率统计结果显示,葡萄糖组、淀粉组、蔗糖组和对照组分别为72.9%、54.2%、69.8%和44.3%;淀粉组的生物絮团沉降体积(BFV)显著低于葡萄糖组,蔗糖组BFV最高,在13～15 d后3组均趋于稳定;葡萄糖组和蔗糖组的粗蛋白含量均显著高于淀粉组,葡萄糖组和蔗糖组则差异不显著;葡萄糖组和蔗糖组生物絮团中组氨酸、精氨酸、蛋氨酸等必需氨基酸和天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、丙氨酸等非必需氨基酸含量都显著高于淀粉组;葡萄糖组、淀粉组和蔗糖组的必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)值分别为0.93、0.89和0.92。3种类型生物絮团在门级水平的细菌群落共有18余种,其中变形菌门和拟杆菌门在各组占有比例均最高,淀粉组拟杆菌门含量显著高于其他2组,蔗糖组浮霉菌门和放线菌门含量显著高于葡萄糖组和淀粉组。研究表明,添加不同碳源可影响水体生物絮团的形成、营养成分、细菌群落结构和多样性,不同程度地改善水质。以必须氨基酸指数及存活率为评价指标,则葡萄糖和蔗糖都是凡纳滨对虾育苗标粗水体中适宜的碳源选择。     

生物絮团对仿刺参幼参消化与免疫酶活性的影响

水温18.2-21.9 ℃和盐度30-32下,在室内200 L塑料水槽中添加不同的碳源（葡萄糖、蔗糖、玉米淀粉、地瓜粉等）形成生物絮团,养殖体重（0.9±0.1 ）g/只的仿刺参（Apostichopus japonicus ）幼参2个月,探讨水体中的生物絮团对其体内主要消化酶和免疫性酶活性的影响。结果表明,养殖水体中添加淀粉、蔗糖有利于提高幼参体内消化酶（淀粉酶、蛋白酶）的活性。复合碳源组（葡萄糖：果糖：蔗糖：玉米淀粉：地瓜粉=0:3:4:2:1）幼参胃蛋白酶活性（10.63 U/mg prot）显著高于其它组,复合碳源更利于提高幼参胃蛋白酶活性。复合碳源组（葡萄糖：果糖：蔗糖：玉米淀粉：地瓜粉=1:2:4:1:2）,幼参体壁中ALP活性最高,为2.66 U/mg;而玉米淀粉组中,幼参体液中SOD活性（204.66 U/mg ）显著高于其他各试验组（P < 0.05）。添加碳源后制得的生物絮团可以提高幼参机体的免疫功能。     

生物絮团对团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)生长、消化酶和免疫相关酶活性的影响

为了研究零换水条件下团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)养殖水体生物絮团形成所需的适合的碳氮比(C/N),以及不同C/N形成的生物絮团对团头鲂生长、消化酶活性和非特异性免疫力的影响,本实验设计4个不同C/N实验组,包括投喂基础饲料(C/N=8∶1)的对照组,在基础饲料上添加葡萄糖的处理组,其中将处理组的C/N分别调整为12∶1(C/N12)、16∶1(C/N16)和20∶1(C/N20)。结果显示,C/N16和C/N20处理组中团头鲂的增重率和特定生长率显著高于对照组(P0.05),而饲料系数显著低于对照组(P0.05);C/N16和C/N20处理组中团头鲂肠道的蛋白酶活性和淀粉酶活性显著高于对照组(P0.05);而各实验组中团头鲂肠道的脂肪酶活性没有显著性差异;C/N16和C/N20处理组中团头鲂肝脏超氧化物歧化酶、碱性磷酸酶和溶菌酶活性显著高于对照组(P0.05)。研究表明,生物絮团技术应用于团头鲂养殖适宜的C/N应不低于16,该条件下形成的生物絮团能有效提高团头鲂生长、消化酶和免疫相关酶活性。     

生物絮团对团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)生长、消化酶和免疫相关酶活性的影响

为了研究零换水条件下团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)养殖水体生物絮团形成所需的适合的碳氮比(C/N),以及不同C/N形成的生物絮团对团头鲂生长、消化酶活性和非特异性免疫力的影响,本实验设计4个不同C/N实验组,包括投喂基础饲料(C/N=8∶1)的对照组,在基础饲料上添加葡萄糖的处理组,其中将处理组的C/N分别调整为12∶1(C/N12)、16∶1(C/N16)和20∶1(C/N20).结果显示,C/N16和C/N20处理组中团头鲂的增重率和特定生长率显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),而饲料系数显著低于对照组(P＜0.05);C/N16和C/N20处理组中团头鲂肠道的蛋白酶活性和淀粉酶活性显著高于对照组(P＜0.05);而各实验组中团头鲂肠道的脂肪酶活性没有显著性差异;C/N16和C/N20处理组中团头鲂肝脏超氧化物歧化酶、碱性磷酸酶和溶菌酶活性显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).研究表明,生物絮团技术应用于团头鲂养殖适宜的C/N应不低于16,该条件下形成的生物絮团能有效提高团头鲂生长、消化酶和免疫相关酶活性.     

生物絮团对水质的调控作用及仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)幼参生长的影响

采用模拟实验与现场实验相结合的方法,通过添加3种微生态制剂及碳水化合物作为碳源,研究了其在生物絮团形成与水质调节中的作用,并分析了其对水中无机氮含量、悬浮物、细菌总数及幼参生长的影响,为阐明生物絮团在刺参工厂化苗种培育中的生态环境调控作用提供依据。结果表明,亚硝态氮易于在培育池水体中累积,可高达0.25 mg/L;添加芽孢杆菌后,水中总悬浮物含量和细菌总数均为最高值,且未检测到弧菌和大肠菌群;第20天,仅添加蔗糖组幼参增重与特定生长率均明显高于其他复合碳源组和对照组(P0.05),分别为44.34 g和2.19%/d;而添加蔗糖和芽孢杆菌组增重与特定生长率均明显高于其他处理组和对照组(P0.05),分别为66.60 g和3.01%/d;复合碳源组幼参增重与特定生长率随着玉米淀粉含量增加而逐渐降低,但与对照差异均不显著(P0.05)。结果显示,以蔗糖为碳源,添加芽孢杆菌形成的生物絮团不仅可以改善水体水质和微生态结构,还可以明显促进幼参的生长。     

生物絮团对水质的调控作用及仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)幼参生长的影响

采用模拟实验与现场实验相结合的方法,通过添加3种微生态制剂及碳水化合物作为碳源,研究了其在生物絮团形成与水质调节中的作用,并分析了其对水中无机氮含量、悬浮物、细菌总数及幼参生长的影响,为阐明生物絮团在刺参工厂化苗种培育中的生态环境调控作用提供依据。结果表明,亚硝态氮易于在培育池水体中累积,可高达0.25 mg/L;添加芽孢杆菌后,水中总悬浮物含量和细菌总数均为最高值,且未检测到弧菌和大肠菌群;第20天,仅添加蔗糖组幼参增重与特定生长率均明显高于其他复合碳源组和对照组(P0.05),分别为44.34 g和2.19%/d;而添加蔗糖和芽孢杆菌组增重与特定生长率均明显高于其他处理组和对照组(P0.05),分别为66.60 g和3.01%/d;复合碳源组幼参增重与特定生长率随着玉米淀粉含量增加而逐渐降低,但与对照差异均不显著(P0.05)。结果显示,以蔗糖为碳源,添加芽孢杆菌形成的生物絮团不仅可以改善水体水质和微生态结构,还可以明显促进幼参的生长。     

无机碳源对生物絮团降氮及沉降性能的影响

利用异位生物絮团反应器,分别在有机碳源存在(第Ⅰ阶段,持续21 d)和有机碳源缺失(第Ⅱ阶段,持续21 d)阶段,比较研究了无机碳源(NaHCO_3)浓度为0.0 (对照组),0.5,1.0和1.5 g/L的模拟养殖废水对反应器生物絮团降氮及沉降性能的影响。结果显示,第Ⅰ阶段对照组出水氨氮浓度显著高于其他处理组,但总体上呈先下降后稳定的趋势,各组亚硝态氮和硝态氮均有少量积累;生物絮团生物量及沉降速度对照组显著低于处理组,处理组之间差异不显著。第Ⅱ阶段各组出水的氨氮、亚硝态氮浓度无显著差异,对照组硝态氮浓度高于各处理组,氨氮浓度迅速下降;此阶段生物絮团的生物量、沉降速度有所下降,NaHCO_3浓度为1.0 g/L处理组表现出较好的沉降效果;粒径分布也趋向均匀。整个实验阶段,不同浓度无机碳源处理条件下,氨氮的去除效率均达到97.8%以上,亚硝态氮无显著积累,处理组生物絮团沉降速度和生物量显著高于对照组。研究表明,添加无机碳源可提高生物絮团降氮性能,增强其沉降速度;移除有机碳源后,生物絮团反应器可维持氨氮去除能力,但引起硝态氮积累,生物絮团生物量减少;有机碳源缺失时,无机碳源(≥0.5 g/L)有助于生物絮团反应器保持其氨氮去除能力。     

零换水条件下饲料蛋白水平对团头鲂幼鱼生长、消化酶活力和血清生化指标的影响

为探究零换水养殖水体中饲料蛋白水平对团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)幼鱼生长、消化酶活力和血清生化指标的影响,实验设计投喂4个不同蛋白水平的生物絮团试验组(BF-20%、BF-25%、BF-30%、BF-35%)以及1个投喂35%蛋白的循环水对照组,每个处理组设置3重复,每个养殖桶放养初始体重为(6.06±0.01)g团头鲂幼鱼25尾,养殖周期为6周。结果表明:(1)形成的生物絮团可以有效地调节水质,降低水体中的氨氮、硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮水平;(2)BF-30%和BF-35%组和对照组的终末体重、增重率和饲料系数差异不显著(P0.05),但其显著高于BF-20%组(P0.05),各处理组间的存活率没有显著性差异(P0.05);(3)BF-25%组、BF-30%组和BF-35%组的肠道、肝脏超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性显著高于对照组和BF-20%组(P0.05),而BF-20%组的肝脏丙二醛含量显著高于其他处理组(P0.05);BF-25%组、BF-30%组和BF-35%组的血清碱性磷酸酶和溶菌酶活性显著高于对照组和BF-20%组(P0.05),而其血清中总蛋白含量、白蛋白含量、谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活力差异不显著(P0.05)。研究表明,零换水条件下饲料中35%蛋白水平减少至25%并不影响团头鲂幼鱼的生长和非特异性免疫力。     

生物絮团养殖模式下益生菌添加对异育银鲫生长、消化酶活性及肠道组织结构的影响

前期研究表明,生物絮团技术(biofloc technology,BFT)适于异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)养殖。为进一步优化BFT养殖模式,本研究设置3个实验组:BFT模式下EM菌添加组(BB组)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)添加组(BI组)和BFT对照组(B组),以均体重(1.60±0.50)g的异育银鲫为研究对象,探讨BFT模式下外源添加益生菌对养殖动物生长、消化酶活性及肠道组织结构的影响。结果表明:(1)益生菌添加组异育银鲫增重率和特定生长率显著高于对照组(P0.05),BB和BI组的增重率分别提高了216.70%和184.04%,特定生长率分别提高了141.18%和125.49%,BB和BI组间差异不显著(P0.05);(2)益生菌添加组(BB组和BI组)的消化酶(淀粉酶、脂肪酶和胃蛋白酶)活性均显著高于对照组(B组)(P0.05)。益生菌添加组间,BB组淀粉酶活性显著高于BI组(P0.05),脂肪酶和胃蛋白酶活性亦高于BI组,但差异不显著(P0.05);(3)益生菌添加组肠道肌层厚度和黏膜下层厚度显著高于对照组(B组)(P0.05),BB组异育银鲫肠道黏膜皱襞高度和皱襞间质宽度与BI和对照组相比,均无显著差异(P0.05)。研究表明,BFT养殖模式下外源添加益生菌可以更好地促进异育银鲫生长。     

肌醇对氨氮应激下团头鲂幼鱼免疫的影响

为了研究氨氮应激下肌醇对团头鲂幼鱼免疫的影响,实验选择初均重为(3.40±0.07)g的健康团头鲂幼鱼450尾,随机分为6组,每组3个重复,分别投喂含肌醇0、101.2、202.3、404.8、809.1和1 616.4 mg/kg的精制饲料,实验期为90 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,氨氮应激前,404.8 mg/kg肌醇添加组显著提高了团头鲂幼鱼淋巴细胞百分比、补体3、补体4和血液呼吸爆发活性(P0.05);氨氮应激12 h,404.8和809.1 mg/kg肌醇添加组的血液白细胞、红细胞、淋巴细胞百分比、血红蛋白和血清补体3、补体4水平显著升高(P0.05),皮质醇水平显著降低(P0.05),202.3和404.8 mg/kg肌醇添加组的血细胞呼吸爆发活性显著提高(P0.05);氨氮应激72 h,404.8 mg/kg肌醇添加组的血液白细胞、红细胞、淋巴细胞百分比、血红蛋白、血清补体3和血细胞呼吸爆发活性显著升高(P0.05),皮质醇水平显著下降(P0.05),809.1 mg/kg肌醇添加组的血清补体4水平显著升高(P0.05)。研究表明,饲料中添加适量的肌醇(404.8 mg/kg)即可增强团头鲂幼鱼的免疫力,对团头鲂幼鱼抗氨氮应激起到了一定的保护作用。     

甘草次酸对团头鲂生长、脂肪沉积与抗氧化功能的影响

为探讨甘草次酸对团头鲂生长、脂肪沉积和抗氧化功能的影响,选取均体质量为(15.63±0.04)g的团头鲂幼鱼420尾,随机分在15个网箱中,分别以甘草次酸水平为0、0.15、0.30、0.45和0.60 g/kg的5种饲料投喂8周。结果发现,饲料添加甘草次酸对团头鲂增重率、特定生长率、饵料系数没有显著影响(P0.05)。甘草次酸可以显著降低实验鱼脏体比、肝体比、腹脂率及肝脏脂肪含量(P0.05),但对全鱼体组成和肌肉脂肪含量无显著影响(P0.05)。比对血浆脂肪代谢酶可见,0.30~0.60 g/kg甘草次酸添加组血浆总胆固醇含量较对照组显著下降(P0.05);而甘油三酯、游离脂肪酸和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量无显著变化(P0.05)。肝脏中脂蛋白酯酶、肝酯酶和总酯酶活性在添加甘草次酸后显著降低(P0.05);0.30~0.60 g/kg甘草次酸添加组脂肪酶活性显著高于其他各组(P0.05)。饲料添加甘草次酸可以显著提高肝脏超氧化物歧化酶活性和还原型谷胱甘肽含量,降低丙二醛含量(P0.05)。研究表明,饲料中添加0.30~0.45 g/kg甘草次酸时,显著降低了团头鲂内脏团的脂肪沉积,改善了鱼体脂肪分布,这可能是由于甘草次酸加强脂解作用,提高脂肪代谢酶活性导致的;饲料中添加甘草次酸也可显著提高团头鲂的抗氧化能力。     

饲料中糖/脂肪比对暗纹东方鲀幼鱼生长、血液指标、肝代谢酶活性及PEPCK基因表达的影响

配制6种不同糖/脂肪比例（CHO∶L分别为4.29、2.79、1.86、1.19、0.73和0.41）的等氮等能饲料,饲养暗纹东方鲀幼鱼[初始体重为(11.2 ± 0.5) g] 60 d,探讨饲料中糖与脂肪比例对其生长、饲料利用、生理生化指标和PEPCK基因表达的影响。试验结果表明：随饲料中CHO∶L降低,暗纹东方鲀特定生长率（SGR）、蛋白质效率（PER）和饲料效率（FE）先升高后降低,且均在CHO∶L为1.86时达最大,显著高于CHO∶L为0.41、0.73和4.29时的值(P<0.05)。血浆甘油三酯和肝脏脂肪含量随CHO∶L降低而显著增加(P<0.05),而血糖和肝糖原含量随CHO∶L降低而显著降低(P<0.05)。随饲料中CHO∶L降低,肝脏脂肪酶和脂肪合成酶活性先增加后降低,分别在CHO∶L为1.19和1.86时活性最高。CHO∶L为1.86-4.29时PK活性显著高于其他饲料组(P<0.05)。CHO：L为0.41和0.73时,AMS活性显著低于其他饲料组(P<0.05),而PEPCK活性和mRNA相对表达量显著高于其他饲料组(P<0.05)。饲料中CHO∶L对暗纹东方鲀存活率和血浆总胆固醇含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。分别用二次多项回归模型拟合SGR、PER、FE和CHO∶L的关系,得到暗纹东方鲀幼鱼饲料中CHO∶L的适宜范围为2.01~2.16,且其对碳水化合物的利用能力要高于脂肪。     

Effect of different biofloc levels on microbial activity,water quality and performance of Litopenaeus vannamei in a tank system operated with no water exchange

In zero-exchange superintensive culture systems, flocculated particles (bioflocs) accumulate in the water column. Consequently, some control over the concentration of these particles must be performed. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of three concentrations of bioflocs on microbial activity, selected water quality indicators and performance of Litopenaeus vannamei in a tank system operated with no water exchange. A 44-day study was conducted with juvenile (6.8 g) shrimp stocked in twelve 850 L tanks at a stocking density of 459 shrimp m⁻³. Biofloc levels were expressed as three presets of total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations, as follows: 200 mg L⁻¹ (T200), 400–600 mg L⁻¹ (T400–600), and 800–1000 mg L⁻¹ (T800–1000). TSS levels were controlled by attaching a 40 L settling tank to each culture tank. Reduction of TSS to concentrations close to 200 mg L⁻¹ decreased the time of bacterial cell residence and significantly reduced the nitrification rates in the water (P < 0.05). The tanks in the T200 treatment had a greater variability of ammonia and nitrite (P < 0.05), which led to the need to increase the C:N ratio of the organic substrate to control ammonia through its assimilation into heterotrophic bacterial biomass. But the higher production of heterotrophic bacteria in T200 (P < 0.05) increased the dissolved oxygen demand. Nitrification rates were higher (P < 0.05) in tanks with TSS concentrations above 400 mg L⁻¹, and ammonia and nitrite were significantly lower than in the T200 tanks. We suggest that ammonia and nitrite in the T400–600 and T800–1000 tanks were controlled primarily by nitrifying bacteria, which provided higher stability of these parameters and of dissolved oxygen. Regarding shrimp performance, the reduction of TSS to levels close to 200 mg L⁻¹ was associated with better nutritional quality of bioflocs. Nevertheless, differences in biofloc levels and nutritional quality were not sufficient to affect the weight gain by shrimp. The rate of shrimp survival and the final shrimp biomass were lower (P < 0.05) when the TSS concentrations were higher than 800 mg L⁻¹. Analysis of the shrimps’ gills showed a higher degree of occlusion in the T800–1000 treatment (P < 0.05), which suggests that the shrimp have an intolerance to environments with a solids concentration above 800 mg L⁻¹. Our results show that intermediate levels of bioflocs (TSS between 400 and 600 mg L⁻¹) appear to be more suitable to superintensive culture of L. vannamei since they create factors propitious for maintaining the system’s productivity and stability     

Effects of different carbon sources addition on nutrition composition and extracellular enzymes activity of bioflocs,and digestive enzymes activity and growth performance of Litopenaeus vannamei in zero‐exchange culture tanks

A 35‐day feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different carbon sources addition on nutritional composition and extracellular enzymes activity of bioflocs, and digestive enzymes activity and growth performance of Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles (average 5.52 ± 0.21 g) in zero‐water exchange culture tanks. Molasses, corn flour and wheat bran were used as carbon sources and added into the tanks to promote the development of bioflocs during the experiment. During the entire experiment, good water quality and biofloc development were achieved under the addition of different carbon sources. At the end of the experiment, the proximate composition and extracellular enzymes activities of the collected bioflocs from seven biofloc groups were influenced by the addition of the different carbon sources. Meanwhile, the specific activities of protease, amylase, lipase and cellulase in the hepatopancreas, stomach and intestine of the shrimp showed differences among the seven biofloc groups, and most of them were significantly higher than those obtained in the control group (P < 0.05). There were differences in the performance (growth and FCR) of the shrimp among the seven biofloc groups, and all of them were significantly better than those obtained in the control group (P < 0.05). Based on the results of this study, 60% molasses + 20% corn flour + 20% wheat bran could be an appropriate formula of the addition of carbon sources for intensive culture of L. vannamei (mainly in terms of growth and FCR) in zero‐water exchange culture tanks.     

Effects of exogenous enzyme supplementation in diets on growth and feed utilization in tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus

A 12‐week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of supplemental exogenous enzyme on growth performance in juvenile hybrid tilapia Oreochromis niloticus×O. aureus (18 g, average initial weight). A commercial enzyme complex (neutral protease, β‐glucanase and xylanase) was included at the level of 0.0 (control group), 1.0 and 1.5 g kg⁻¹ diet in three test diets. Each diet was fed to triplicate tanks of the juvenile three times a day at 4–6% of wet body weight, and each tank was stocked with 50 fish. The results showed that specific growth rate and feed efficiency ratio significantly increased (P<0.05) with increasing dietary enzyme levels. The highest feed intake was recorded in the group fed the control diet (P<0.05). The highest apparent protein retention was observed in fish fed the diet containing the 1.5 g kg⁻¹diet (P<0.05). No significant differences were observed in the apparent digestibilities (ADC) of protein, lipid and gross energy among dietary treatments (P>0.05). However, the ADC of dry matter in fish fed high supplementation (1.5 g kg⁻¹) was significantly higher than the control and low supplementation (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in condition factor, whole body moisture, protein, lipid and ash among dietary treatments. Viscera ratio, hepatosomatic index and the liver lipid decreased significantly with increasing enzyme (P<0.05). Both protease and amylase activities in the intestine and the hepatopancreas of juvenile hybrid tilapia significantly increased (P<0.05) with increasing dietary enzyme levels. The results suggested that enzyme supplementation can significantly improve growth performance and feed utilization in juvenile hybrid tilapia.     

Effect of feeding ratio on growth and body composition of juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus fed extruded pellets during the summer season

The effect of feeding ratio on growth and body composition of juvenile olive flounder fed extruded pellets was determined during the summer season. Thirty juvenile olive flounder (initial body weight of 17 g) per tank were distributed into 21, 180-l flow-through tanks. Seven treatments that included triplicate groups of feeding ratio in 5% decrement were prepared for this study: 100% (satiation), 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75% and 70% of satiation. Fish in the control group were hand-fed to apparent satiation twice a day. Then feed allowance in the rest of the six groups was determined based on average feed consumption in the control group. The feeding trial lasted for 7 weeks. Survival was over 97% and was not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by the feeding ratios. Weight gain and SGR of fish fed to 100% of satiation were not significantly different from those fed to 95% of satiation but significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of fish fed to 90%, 85%, 80%, 75% and 70% of satiation. Weight gain, SGR and feed consumption of flounder linearly (P < 0.001) decreased with a decrease in feeding ratio. However, feed efficiency ratio, protein efficiency ratio and protein retention in fish body were not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by the feeding ratio. The crude protein levels of the whole body without liver or liver were significantly affected by the feeding ratio. Hepatosomatic index and condition factor of fish were not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by the feeding ratio. It can be concluded that optimum feeding ratio for growth of juvenile olive flounder could be lowered to 95% of satiation without growth suppression.     

养殖密度对流水养殖系统中俄罗斯鲟幼鱼生长的影响

为研究流水养殖系统中不同养殖密度对俄罗斯鲟幼鱼生长的影响,实验将初始体质量为(29.70±1.32)g的俄罗斯鲟幼鱼分置于2.5(SD1)、3.6(SD2)和4.7 kg/m3(SD3)3个养殖密度进行流水池塘(4.4 m×4.4 m×0.45 m)养殖,每个密度设3个重复,实验周期为90 d。结果显示:低密度组(SD1)幼鱼增重率(WG)、体长增长率(LG)、特定生长率(SGR)和饵料转化率(FCR)分别为362.01%±15.87%、55.88%±4.77%、(1.79±0.03)%d、114.95%±4.52%,显著高于高密度组(SD3)的272.30%±2.74%、46.34%±6.22%、(1.53±0.02)%/d、94.49%±1.96%,而SD3组幼鱼生长离散程度和死亡率显著高于SD1组幼鱼;随养殖密度增加,幼鱼体内蛋白和脂肪含量降低,水分和灰分含量升高,但是不存在显著性差异。研究表明,较高的养殖密度对俄罗斯鲟幼鱼的生长造成了显著的负面影响。     

不同种类碳水化合物对吉富罗非鱼生长性能、体组成和血清生化指标的影响

为了解罗非鱼对不同种类碳水化合物(CBH)的利用效果,研究了6种碳水化合物对罗非鱼生长性能、体组成和血清生化指标的影响。实验选用720尾初重为(3.0±0.3)g的健康吉富罗非鱼,随机分为6组,每组4个重复,每个重复30尾,分别投喂设计含30%南方糙米、次粉、玉米淀粉、马铃薯淀粉、甘薯淀粉和木薯淀粉的6种不同CBH的等氮、等能饲料,实验周期为8周。结果显示,南方糙米、玉米淀粉组的终末均重、增重率、特定生长率和蛋白效率显著高于其他组,而饲料系数明显最低(P0.05)。CBH种类明显影响全鱼、肌肉的组成(P0.05)。玉米淀粉组肝糖原含量明显高于马铃薯淀粉、甘薯淀粉和木薯淀粉组(P0.05),而马铃薯淀粉和甘薯淀粉组的血糖明显低于木薯淀粉、玉米淀粉和次粉组(P0.05)。CBH种类对血清CHO、TG影响明显(P0.05),但对TP、SOD、T-AOC和MDA的影响不明显(P0.05)。研究表明,不同种类CBH对罗非鱼生长性能的影响明显(P0.05),以特定生长率为指标,罗非鱼对南方糙米和玉米淀粉的利用效果较好。