花叶性状的遗传及其在杂交油菜育种中的应用

以花叶油菜宁RS1和CMS恢复系TD7、宁R1为亲本材料配制杂交组合，研究花叶性状的遗传表现，选育花叶恢复系。结果表明，宁RS1的花叶性状为显性性状，由1对基因控制，可以作为苗期标记性状，通过苗床间苗、定苗和移栽时甄别能有效提高杂交油菜的种植纯度。在产量比较试验中，花叶杂交组合（宁A6×T102）产量3195kg/hm2，比对照宁油10号增产10.94%，有生产应用价值。     

甘蓝型油菜的抗耐病性及其遗传效应研究

以一批甘蓝型普通油菜和单、双低油菜品种(系)及其组配的不同杂交组合为材料,进行田间自然鉴定和室内人工接种相结合的系统鉴定与研究,结果表明,与育种实践所获得的结果一致.现有甘蓝型油菜(包括双高和单、双低油莱)品种(系)间存在着抗耐菌核病性的显著差异,用强耐病性亲本组配的杂交和回交1代2代,均具有明显的偏亲本的强耐病特性,并表现强耐病性为部分显性,表明基因型间存在耐病性差异.这种耐病性具有较高的遗传力(56%~64.8%).在今后育种中选用强耐病亲本杂交或回交,并加强早期世代的分离、鉴定与选择,就可能选育出耐病性强的单、双低优质油菜新品种.现已获得一批耐菌核病性强的单、双低甘蓝型油菜品种和系选材料,并为优质抗耐病高产育种提供了有益的分离鉴定和选择方法.     

2009-2012年全国区域试验冬油菜品种菌核病抗性评价

2009-2012年,利用菌核病田间人工病圃对当年参加全国油菜新品种区域试验(区试)的品种(系、组合)进行了菌核病抗性鉴定,以中油821为抗病对照,将参加区试的品种分为抗、感病两种类型,高、中、低抗和高、中、低感六个等级.本文对其中91份综合性状较好、连续两年参加了区试的材料(建议报审的材料)进行了菌核病抗性分析,结果表明:91份材料中抗(耐)性品种仅有31份,并且全部表现为低抗;按参试区域,长江上、中、下游及黄淮组和早熟组的参试品种中抗(耐)性品种所占比例分别为22.73％、37.5％、50％、28.57％和0;按类型,参试的10份常规双低类型材料中抗(耐)病品种有4份;81份杂交双低油菜品种中抗性品种所占比例仅为33.33％.以上研究结果说明,我国亟需加快油菜抗病育种的进程,培育更多适应性广、抗性强的新品种.     

甘蓝型油菜菌核病抗(耐)性的遗传研究Ⅰ. 抗性遗传属性与配合力分析

以来自欧洲和中国的 6个抗 (耐 )、感病品种 (系 )为材料 ,用双列杂交和火柴棒接种法研究油菜菌核病抗性的遗传属性与配合力。结果表明 ,油菜菌核病抗性主要受核基因控制 ,但存在一定的母性效应 ,核基因作用方式表现为显性和加性基因作用。油菜菌核病抗性表现为部分显性 ,不同抗 (耐 )病品种的抗性显性程度存在差异。抗病品系 0 2 0的抗性相对显性率较高 ( 2 2 .0 8% ) ,Norin9的抗性相对显性率较低 ( 6.0 1 % )。亲本0 1 8的一般配合力效应值较高 ( 4.4 6) ,Cobra较低 ( -1 0 .54) ,Cobra× 0 1 8组合的特殊配合力较高并具有良好经济性状 ,为试验最优组合。     

基于抗病评价解析西南区油菜主要病害抗病育种现状

为明确油菜抗菌核病、根肿病育种和抗病品种利用现状，采用人工接种辅以自然病圃诱发方式，连续7年对西南区（云、贵、川、渝）油菜新品种/育种材料和主栽品种进行抗病性评价。结果表明近7年共获得OM109、华油杂706R、南油1958R、川农油2251和川农油2252共5份高抗根肿病新品种。其中，2023年获得3份高抗根肿病新品种和16份育种材料，抗根肿病育种进展最为显著。油菜菌核病抗病新品种选育尚无明显突破，抗病类型主要以低抗菌核病为主，达到43.69%，中高抗菌核病品种抗性不稳定，连续两年鉴定显示无高抗菌核病品种。主栽品种根肿病、菌核病跟踪监测发现，抗病品种应用少，无兼抗根肿病、菌核病品种。本研究结果直观解析了油菜抗病育种成效，将为油菜抗病育种及抗病品种利用、推广提供理论参考。     

双低油菜湘油15号对菌核病抗性研究简报

菌核病 ( Sclerotinia sclerotiorum )是危害油菜的主要病害 ,既严重影响产量 ,又降低品质。当前生产上主要采取农业防治和药物防治 ,但效果欠佳。至于抗病育种 ,由于没有找到抗源 ,至今尚未开展。笔者在湘油 1 5号选育过程中 ,经多年观察和鉴定 ,发现该品种对菌核病有较好的抗性 ,为此近年来对湘油1 5号的抗菌核病性作了一些研究 ,其主要结果简报如下。1　湘油 15号是一个高抗品种笔者在承担国家“九五”项目“油菜抗病育种亲本材料的研究”(编号 96 - 0 0 2 - 0 2 - 1 3-2 )期间 ,曾对湘油 1 5号抗性作过多次鉴定 ,均表现高抗 ,明显优于…     

文摘

芥菜型油菜抗白锈病遗传 用一个抗性品种和两个感病品种杂交研究芥菜型油菜抗白锈病小种2号遗传。温室条件下进行接种试验,F_1对该病的反应与亲本相同表明,抗性呈显性,由核基因控制。F_1植株同抗性亲本回交,对该病的反应与抗性亲本相同,F_1植株同感病亲本回交,抗病与感病的分离比率为1:1。F_2植株的分离比率为3:1。本研究结果揭示,芥菜型油菜对白锈病小种2号的抗性为单基因遗传,可通过早期世代回交将抗性转     

高含油量油菜显性核不育恢复系4061R选育

为选育携带标记性状的高含油量双低油菜显性核不育恢复系，本研究以携带花叶、高含油量、显性核不育恢复基因等不同性状的油菜种质为亲本，通过复合杂交技术结合定向筛选，获得花叶、高含油量且早熟的双低甘蓝型油菜显性核不育恢复系4061R。田间调查和品质分析表明：恢复系4061R叶型为花叶，生育期为210 d，株高156.2 cm，每角粒数20.1粒，单株角果数300.2个，千粒重4.3 g。在上海种植密度为18.5×104株/hm2的条件下，4061R实际产量为2219.7 kg/hm2；利用近红外反射光谱法检测其种子含油量为50.6%、芥酸含量为0.7%，硫代葡萄糖苷含量为19.6 μmol/g，该恢复系综合性状较为理想。     

高含油量双低甘蓝型油菜新品种浙双72

选用高产品种宁油七号为母本，双低品种马努为父本，杂交育成高产、高含油量、油用和菜用双低油菜新品种浙双72。浙江省油菜区试平均产量2059.4kg/hm^2，比对照九二58系和浙优油2号增产12％以上。原种芥酸含量0.67%，硫甙含量22.73μmol/g，含油量43.52%。     

甘蓝型油菜黄籽双低自交不亲和系的选育

以甘蓝型油菜黄籽自交不亲和系184和黄籽双低常规油菜品系878－8－1、737、3231、408等为材料，经过5年8代连续定向培育，育成了黄籽高油分双低自交不亲和系SI975002、SI975113、SI975218和SI975230等，具有自交不亲和性基本稳定，黄籽率90％以上，芥酸＜1％、硫甙＜25.0μmol/g，含油量44％左右等特点，并作为重要的基础材料用于黄籽双低杂交汪菜新组合的组配及筛选。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.