胆囊收缩素主动免疫对猪生产性能、胴体品质及肉质的影响

为了研究胆囊收缩素(CCK-8)主动免疫对猪生产性能、胴体品质、肉质的影响,将12头体重为23.2±0.3kg的长荣猪随机分为2个处理,试验组和对照组,每个处理3个重复,每个重复2头猪,其中试验组猪注射CCK-8 人血清白蛋白(HSA),对照组猪则只注射HSA,测定猪的日采食量、日增重、料重比、屠宰率、胴体斜长、背膘厚、眼肌面积、pH、肉色评分、大理石纹、失水率、肌间脂肪等指标。试验期78d。整个试验期,与对照组相比,试验组的日增重低5.53%(P>0.05),日采食量高0.6%,料重比高6.64%(P>0.05),这表明,500μgCCK-8主动免疫有降低猪整个试验期生产性能的趋势,CCK-8免疫对猪胴体品质和肉质无显著影响,但对肉质有改善的趋势。     

固体发酵复合酶在中猪饲料中的应用研究

将96 头34 kg 左右的中猪(杜×长×大)随机分为4 个处理组,每个处理4 个重复,每重复6 头猪。预试期5 d,试验期35 d。饲喂玉米豆粕型的基础日粮,分别添加固体发酵复合酶250 g/t、500 g/t 和单酶混合复合酶250 g/t,研究不同复合酶、不同添加量对育肥猪生产性能的影响。结果表明:饲料中添加固体发酵复合酶500 g/t 比对照组显著提高育肥猪末重3.11%、日增重4.43%,降低料肉比4.78%,其中日增重、料肉比差异显著(P<0.05);添加固体发酵复合酶250 g/t 和单酶混合复合酶250 g/t 能一定程度提高中猪生产性能,但单酶混合复合酶效果不如固体发酵复合酶的明显。     

宰前短期添加镁对PIC育肥猪肉色和pH值的影响

试验研究了宰前短期添加不同剂量镁对PIC育肥猪肉质的影响。试验以PIC育肥猪为研究对象,共分4个处理,每个处理4头。分别在限饲基础日粮基础上每日补饲0、2、4、6 g镁。结果表明:每头添加镁2 g/d有提高色素含量趋势(P>0.05),添加4 g/d可极显著提高肌肉色素含量7.41%(P<0.01),添加6 g/d显著提高肌肉色素含量(P<0.05);肉色评分随添加剂量的增加而提高,2 g/d可以显著提高肉色评分(P<0.05),4、6 g/d可极显著提高肉色评分(P<0.01);随镁添加量的增加,肌肉pH值显著提高(P<0.05),6 g/d添加组与对照组相比较差异极显著(P<0.01)。宰前5 d补镁可增加肉色,显著提高肌肉pH值,改善猪肉品质。     

日粮中添加天蚕素抗菌肽对断奶仔猪生产性能和血液生化指标的影响

为考察天蚕素抗菌肽对断奶仔猪生产性能和血清生化指标的影响,选用28日龄、体重相近、健康的北京原种黑猪断奶仔猪192头,采用单因子设计,按体重相近、遗传基础相似的原则,完全随机分为4个处理组:对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮基础上分别添加不同剂量的天蚕素抗菌肽(试验Ⅰ组:180 g/t,试验Ⅱ组:250 g/t,试验Ⅲ组:320 g/t)。每个处理组设三个重复,每个重复16头猪,试验期为32 d。试验结果表明:饲料中添加适量的天蚕素抗菌肽能够提高断奶仔猪平均日增重,但各组间差异不显著(P>0.05);显著降低料重比(P<0.05);提高血液中的免疫球蛋白含量。因此,在断奶仔猪基础日粮中添加适量天蚕素抗菌肽能提高断奶仔猪的生产性能和机体免疫性能,且本次试验中,天蚕素抗菌肽的最适添加量为320 g/t。     

枯草芽孢杆菌对肥育猪血浆生化和免疫指标及粪便菌群的影响

本试验旨在研究枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis,BS)对肥育猪血浆生化和免疫指标及粪便菌群的影响。选取120头平均体重为(62.90±2.37)kg的“杜×长×大”三元杂交肥育猪,随机分为3个组,每组5个重复,每个重复8头猪。对照组(A组)饲喂基础饲粮,试验组(B、C组)分别在基础饲粮中添加100和200mg/kgBS。预试期7d,正试期63d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,B、C组肥育猪血浆碱性磷酸酶活性极显著降低(P<0.01),B组血浆球蛋白含量显著降低(P<0.05),血浆白蛋白含量显著提高(P<0.05);2)C组肥育猪血浆免疫球蛋白A含量和猪圆环病毒抗体水平较对照组极显著提高(P<0.01);3)饲粮中添加BS对肥育猪血浆和肌肉中内毒素含量均无显著影响(P>0.05);4)与对照组相比,B、C组粪便中双歧杆菌相对含量显著提高(P<0.05),B组粪便中巨大芽孢杆菌相对含量显著提高(P<0.05),C组粪便中产气荚膜梭菌相对含量极显著降低(P<0.01)。由此可见,饲粮中添加BS可在一定程度上改善肥育猪机体代谢,增强机体免疫功能,优化肠道菌群。     

胍基乙酸对育肥猪生长性能、胴体品质及肉品质的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮添加胍基乙酸对育肥猪的生长性能、胴体品质及肉品质的影响。试验选用72头初始体重(75.10±0.75)kg的健康三元杂交(杜×长×大)育肥猪,按体重一致、公母各半的原则,随机分为2个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复6头猪,试验期45 d。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加500 mg/kg胍基乙酸。结果表明:日粮添加胍基乙酸显著提高了育肥猪平均日增重(P0.05),显著降低其耗料增重比(P0.05),对平均日采食量无显著影响(P0.05);日粮添加胍基乙酸提高了育肥猪胴体重、屠宰率和标准无脂瘦肉率(P0.05),显著降低其第10肋背膘厚度(P0.05),但对其眼肌面积无显著影响(P0.05);日粮添加胍基乙酸提高了育肥猪背最长肌肉红度(a*)、pH_(45 min)和pH_(24 h),显著降低了其滴水损失(P0.05)。综上所述,日粮添加500μg/kg胍基乙酸改善了育肥猪生长性能、胴体品质和肉品质。     

日粮中添加天蚕素抗菌肽对仔猪健康及生产性能的影响

试验旨在研究天蚕素抗菌肽对断奶仔猪生长性能、抗病力及经济效益的影响。试验选用32日龄健康断奶仔猪504头,随机分为4个处理,每个处理3个重复,每个重复42头猪。对照组饲喂基础日粮,抗生素在基础日粮中添加100 mg/kg吉他霉素(50%),处理1和2组在基础日粮中分别添加200、300 mg/kg天蚕素抗菌肽,整个试验期为32 d。结果表明:试验2组平均日增重和平均日采食量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);日粮中添加天蚕素抗菌肽显著改善仔猪腹泻(P<0.05);在试验前期(15、25 d)添加抗菌肽可以显著提高猪瘟抗体阳性率(P<0.05);试验组的整体经济效益好于对照组。其中试验2组每头断奶仔猪收入和获利相对于对照组分别提高31元和22元,且差异显著(P<0.05)。     

天然植物饲料对育肥猪生长性能、血液指标及肉质的影响

为研究天然植物饲料对育肥猪生长性能、血液生化指标、抗氧化指标及肉质的影响,试验选取25kg左右的生长育肥猪152头,随机分为2组,每组4个重复,每个重复19头猪。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组饲喂添加500g/t天然植物饲料的日粮,试验期110d。结果表明:天然植物饲料可促进育肥猪的生长发育;试验组育肥猪血清中白蛋白(ALB)和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)水平显著高于对照组(P<0.05);与对照组相比,试验组血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)提高了3.19%(P<0.05),血清丙二醛(MDA)降低了6.43%(P<0.05);与对照组相比,试验组育肥猪肉pH24、肉色红度值和熟肉率分别提高了3.30%、10.99%和4.16%(P<0.05)。试验结果表明,天然植物饲料可促进育肥猪的生长,提高血清生化指标及抗氧化能力,显著改善肉质。     

日粮中添加天蚕素抗菌肽对断奶仔猪生产性能和血液生化指标的影响

为考察天蚕素抗菌肽对断奶仔猪生产性能和血清生化指标的影响,选择28日龄、体重相近、健康的北京原种黑猪断奶仔猪192头,采用单因子设计,按体重相近、遗传基础相似的原则,完全随机分为4个处理组:对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮基础上分别添加不同剂量的天蚕素抗菌肽(试验Ⅰ组:180g/t;试验Ⅱ组:250g/t;试验Ⅲ组:320g/t)。每个处理组设3个重复,每个重复16头猪,试验期为32d。试验结果表明:饲料中添加适量的天蚕素抗菌肽能够提高断奶仔猪平均日增重,但各组间差异不显著(P>0.05);显著降低料重比(P<0.05);提高血液中的免疫球蛋白含量。因此,在断奶仔猪基础日粮中添加适量天蚕素抗菌肽能提高断奶仔猪的生产性能和机体免疫力,且试验中测得天蚕素抗菌肽的最适添加量为320g/t。     

葡萄籽原花青素对生长育肥猪屠宰性能、肉品质的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加葡萄籽原花青素(GSPs)对生长育肥猪屠宰性能和肉品质的影响。选取48头、3月龄、体重相近的“杜×长×大”三元杂交生长育肥猪，随机分为4组，每组3个重复，每个重复4头生长育肥猪。对照组为基础日粮，3个试验组分别在基础日粮中添加150、200、250 mg/kg GSPs。预试期7 d，正式试验期90 d。结果表明，与对照组相比，200 mg/kg组生长育肥猪背膘厚度显著降低(P<0.05),150 mg/kg组生长育肥猪心脏指数显著高于对照组(P<0.05),250 mg/kg组生长育肥猪背最长肌pH_{24 h}值显著提高(P<0.05)；各试验组生长育肥猪肌肉的蒸煮损失均显著降低(P<0.05)，半腱肌的pH_{45 min}值显著提高(P<0.05);250 mg/kg组生长育肥猪半腱肌的pH_{24 h}值显著提高(P<0.05)，各试验组生长育肥猪半腱肌的24 h肉色红度(a*值)显著提高(P<0.05),200 mg/kg组、250 mg/kg组生长育肥猪半腱肌的...     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.