From sequence to chromosome: the tip of the X chromosome of D. melanogaster

One of the rewards of having a Drosophila melanogaster whole-genome sequence will be the potential to understand the molecular bases for structural features of chromosomes that have been a long-standing puzzle. Analysis of 2.6 megabases of sequence from the tip of the X chromosome of Drosophila identifies 273 genes. Cloned DNAs from the characteristic bulbous structure at the tip of the X chromosome in the region of the broad complex display an unusual pattern of in situ hybridization. Sequence analysis revealed that this region comprises 154 kilobases of DNA flanked by 1.2-kilobases of inverted repeats, each composed of a 350-base pair satellite related element. Thus, some aspects of chromosome structure appear to be revealed directly within the DNA sequence itself.     

玉米Dof转录因子家族的全基因组鉴定与分析

【目的】全基因组水平鉴定并解析玉米Dof（DNA binding with one finger）基因家族。【方法】基于玉米V3基因组数据鉴定玉米Dof基因家族,并从基因的结构、系统发育关系、染色体的位置分布、玉米不同组织和不同生理发育阶段基因的表达谱以及在充足氮（sufficient nitrogen,SN）和低氮（limiting nitrogen,LN）条件下V3期叶组织基因的差异表达5个方面分析玉米Dof基因家族。【结果】玉米参考基因组中存在46个Dof结构域基因,命名为ZmV3Dof1-ZmV3Dof46。通过系统发育关系和序列相似性将该基因家族分为8个亚类（Subgroup）S1-S8,每个亚类有3-8个Dof基因。通过分析该家族染色体分布,发现玉米10条染色体,除Chr.9外,均有Dof基因的分布,其中,在Chr.1上分布最为密集,有12个ZmV3Dofs;在Chr.5和Chr.3上分布次之,分别为8和7个ZmV3Dofs;在其他染色体上则分布较少,此外,Dofs在Chr.1的底部、Chr.5的顶部和底部分布密度相对较高。表达谱分析结果表明,Dof基因家族成员在不同组织及不同发育阶段均有差异表达,预示不同Dof基因功能的多样性以及在植物发育过程中扮演着不同角色,且同一亚类Dof基因表达模式存在一定程度的相似性。此外,玉米Dof基因家族对氮响应较为敏感,充足氮（SN）和低氮（LN）条件下,V3期叶组织基因的RNAseq表达结果显示35个Dof基因在2种氮处理下表达量存在差异,其中13个基因表达量差异较大。值得注意的是21个Dof基因在低氮处理下表达量上调,其中8个基因只在低氮条件下表达。【结论】基于最新版基因组数据鉴定玉米在自交系B73基因组中存在46个Dof基因,Dof基因家族成员参与玉米不同生理发育过程中,部分基因可能在氮代谢调控中发挥积极作用。     

核桃早实性相关SCAR标记(1-1500)基因末端序列的克隆

[目的]克隆SCAR标记的核桃早实性相关基因片段[1](AFLP早实分子标记转化成的SCAR标记)的末端序列,为验证其功能和早实核桃分子育种奠定基础.[方法]采用RACE技术对SCARE标记的核桃早实性相关基因片段设计特异性PCR引物,并扩增其末端序列.[结果]分别获得了长度为453 bp和463 bp的片段,通过与NCBI核酸数据库中已经发表的序列进行比对分析,发现该基因3'末端含有358个核苷酸非编码序列.其核酸序列与葡萄假定蛋白相应部位同源性为55.26;,与葡萄重叠群相应部位同源性为38.38;,与线虫枯粒Y38F2AR基因全序列相应部位相似性为40.86;,和野猪免疫球蛋白超家族成员相应部位的相似性为39.75;,具有poly(A)尾.5'末端含有248个核苷酸非编码序列,其核酸序列与葡萄重叠群基因组鸟枪全序列相应部位同源性为39.07;,与拟南芥基因组DNA 3号染色体相应部位的同源性为42.22;,与嗜热四膜虫假定蛋白基因序列相应部位相似性为44.53;,和斑马鱼DNA序列DKEY-120E17克隆2号连锁群全序列相应部位相似性为42.30;.[结论]试验采用的3'和5'末端快速扩增技术(3'RACE和5'RACE技术)能很好地扩增核桃早实性相关基因的末端序列.     

利用全基因组高通量SNP标记定位二花脸×沙子岭家系中的断奶体重QTL

 【目的】利用二花脸×沙子岭家系定位影响仔猪45日龄断奶体重的数量性状位点（quantitative trait loci,QTL）并搜寻QTL区间内与表型相关的位置候选基因,为最终鉴别因果基因奠定前期工作基础。【方法】构建二花脸×沙子岭猪F2资源家系,利用Illumina porcine 60k DNA芯片判定F2个体的基因型,对45日龄断奶体重表型进行全基因组连锁分析,定位影响二花脸×沙子岭家系F2家系仔猪45日龄断奶体重的QTL。在Ensemble（EMBL-EBI）和NCBI（National Center for Biotechnology Information）网站基因组数据库中搜寻相应的位置候选基因。【结果】在猪的2号染色体（sus scrofa chromosome 2,SSC2）上定位到了1个5%基因组水平显著的QTL,在猪的5号染色体（sus scrofa chromosome 5,SSC5）和猪的14号染色体（sus scrofa chromosome 14,SSC14）上分别定位到了1个1%基因组水平显著的QTL。在上述3个QTL区域内搜寻到了5个与仔猪45日龄断奶体重相关的候选基因,分别是SSC2上的CYP2R1、COPB1、PDE3B基因和SSC5上的NOP2、GDF3基因。【结论】本研究将影响二花脸×沙子岭家系仔猪45日龄断奶体重的QTL定位于SSC2、SSC5和SSC14,并揭示出5个与仔猪45日龄断奶体重相关的候选基因。     

Cloning of human androgen receptor complementary DNA and localization to the X chromosome

The androgen receptor (AR) mediates the actions of male sex steroids. Human AR genomic DNA was cloned from a flow-sorted human X chromosome library by using a consensus nucleotide sequence from the DNA-binding domain of the family of nuclear receptors. The AR gene was localized on the human X chromosome between the centromere and q13. Cloned complementary DNA, selected with an AR-specific oligonucleotide probe, was expressed in monkey kidney (COS) cells and yielded a high-affinity androgen-binding protein with steroid-binding specificity corresponding to that of native AR. A predominant messenger RNA species of 9.6 kilobases was identified in human, rat, and mouse tissues known to contain AR and was undetectable in tissues lacking AR androgen-binding activity, including kidney and liver from androgen-insensitive mice. The deduced amino acid sequence of AR within the DNA-binding domain has highest sequence identity with the progesterone receptor.     

Absence of duplication of chromosome 21 genes in familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease

The possibility that Alzheimer's disease (AD) is caused by overexpression or duplication of one or more genes on chromosome 21 has been raised by the observation of AD-like neuropathologic changes in individuals with Down syndrome and by the mapping of both the defect for familial AD and the amyloid beta protein gene to this autosome. Possible duplication on chromosome 21 was investigated in both familial and sporadic AD by means of restriction fragment length polymorphisms for the amyloid and SODI loci, as well as for DNA markers in the vicinity of the familial AD defect and in the critical Down syndrome region of chromosome 21. No evidence of increased DNA dosage was observed in either brain or leukocytes of patients with inherited or sporadic forms of AD. Duplication of these regions is therefore not a frequent event in either form of AD. Furthermore, no significant allelic association was detected between AD and any of the loci, including the amyloid and SODI genes, providing no support for the hypothesis that defects in these specific genes are the primary cause of AD.     

基于比较基因组学分析的方法定位及注释双峰驼MHC基因

【目的】定位并注释双峰驼主要组织相容性复合体(major histocompatibility complex,MHC)基因序列,为进一步研究双峰驼MHC基因提供科学依据。【方法】运用比较基因组学方法,提取人类MHC(HLA)基因编码序列和牛MHC(BoLA)基因编码序列并分别与双峰驼转录本进行blastn基因序列比对,识别出相似度较高的scaffolds,通过分析HLA、BoLA基因序列比对在这些scaffolds上的位置顺序,对多条scaffolds进行拼接,得到双峰驼MHC的Pseudo chromosome;再分别提取HLA、BoLA全基因组序列与双峰驼已拼接的scaffolds进行基因组共线性分析,利用lastz建立起的Pseudo chromosome与HLA、BoLA全基因组序列的线性关系判断筛选出的scaffolds是否准确;然后通过分析MHC基因在两物种间的线性关系,在双峰驼参考基因组中提取出MHC基因序列,并对这些序列进行基因注释;最后根据得到的双峰驼MHC基因绘制系统进化树,研究其基因间的进化关系。【结果】通过对HLA、BoLA基因编码序列与双峰驼转录本用blastn进行序列比对,识别出了相似度较高的3条scaffolds,即NW_011511766.1(全长4.1M)、NW_011515227.1(全长1.2M)和NW_011514613.1(全长15K),对其拼接得到双峰驼MHC的Pseudo chromosome;利用lastz共线性分析,识别出HLA基因序列和BoLA基因序列并比对出其在双峰驼MHC基因的共线性区域。该区域与拼接得到的Pseudo chromosome一致,证明筛选出的scaffolds是准确的。并且发现Class-Ⅰ类和Class-Ⅲ类基因集中分布在NW_011515227.1上,而Class-Ⅱ类基因集中分布在NW_011511766.1和NW_011514613.1上,进一步分析得知Class-Ⅱ类基因主要分布在NW_011511766.1的3.5—4.1M的位置;将存在共线性区域的序列提取出来,与比对到双峰驼上的MHC基因的编码序列进行blat分析,结果在双峰驼基因组中共识别出24个与牛BoLA基因高度相似的基因,其中Ⅰ类基因1个,Ⅱ类10个,Ⅲ类基因13个。对双峰驼这24个MHC基因进行信息注释并绘制系统进化树,结果显示注释的Class-Ⅰ类和Class-Ⅱ类基因在同一分支。【结论】通过比较基因组学方法定位并注释了双峰驼的MHC基因,将双峰驼MHC基因序列定位到了3条scaffolds上,找到并注释了24个MHC基因,绘制了双峰驼MHC的Pseudo chromosome,为进一步研究双峰驼MHC基因奠定了理论基础。     

The fragile X site in somatic cell hybrids: an approach for molecular cloning of fragile sites

Fragile X syndrome is a common form of mental retardation associated with a fragile site on the human X chromosome. Although fragility at this site is usually evident as a nonstaining chromatid gap, it remains unclear whether or not actual chromosomal breakage occurs. By means of somatic cell hybrids containing either a normal human X or a fragile X chromosome and utilizing two genes that flank the fragile site as markers of chromosome integrity, segregation of these markers was shown to be more frequent if they encompass the fragile site under appropriate culture conditions. Hybrid cells that reveal marker segregation were found to contain rearranged X chromosomes involving the region at or near the fragile site, thus demonstrating true chromosomal breakage within this area. Two independent translocation chromosomes were identified involving a rodent chromosome joined to the human X at the location of the fragile site. DNA analysis of closely linked, flanking loci was consistent with the position of the breakpoint being at or very near the fragile X site. Fragility at the translocation junctions was observed in both hybrids, but at significantly lower frequencies than that seen in the intact X of the parental hybrid. This observation suggests that the human portion of the junctional DNA may contain part of a repeated fragility sequence. Since the translocation junctions join heterologous DNA, the molecular cloning of the fragile X sequence should now be possible.     

Clustering of leukocyte and fibroblast interferon genes of human chromosome 9

At least ten leukocyte interferon genes and the single known fibroblast interferon gene have been localized on the pter leads to q12 region of human chromosome 9. Gene mapping was accomplished by blot hybridization of cloned interferon complementary DNA to DNA from human-mouse cell hybrids with a translocation involving human chromosome 9. Supporting evidence suggests these genes are clustered.     

Salivary proline-rich protein genes on chromosome 8 of mouse

Endonuclease restriction (Hind III) fragments of DNA from Chinese hamster X mouse somatic cell hybrids hybridized with proline-rich protein complementary DNA clones only when the DNA was isolated from cells containing mouse chromosome 8, or a fragment of chromosome 8. The evidence suggests that proline-rich protein genes are located at the proximal portion of chromosome 8 toward the centromere.     

Genetic definition and sequence analysis of Arabidopsis centromeres

High-precision genetic mapping was used to define the regions that contain centromere functions on each natural chromosome in Arabidopsis thaliana. These regions exhibited dramatic recombinational repression and contained complex DNA surrounding large arrays of 180-base pair repeats. Unexpectedly, the DNA within the centromeres was not merely structural but also encoded several expressed genes. The regions flanking the centromeres were densely populated by repetitive elements yet experienced normal levels of recombination. The genetically defined centromeres were well conserved among Arabidopsis ecotypes but displayed limited sequence homology between different chromosomes, excluding repetitive DNA. This investigation provides a platform for dissecting the role of individual sequences in centromeres in higher eukaryotes.     

Interferon and c-ets-1 genes in the translocation (9;11)(p22;q23) in human acute monocytic leukemia

Gene probes for interferons alpha and beta 1 and v-ets were hybridized to metaphase chromosomes from three patients with acute monocytic leukemia who had a chromosomal translocation, t(9;11)(p22;q23). The break in the short arm of chromosome 9 split the interferon genes, and the interferon-beta 1 gene was translocated to chromosome 11. The c-ets-1 gene was translocated from chromosome 11 to the short arm of chromosome 9 adjacent to the interferon genes. No DNA rearrangement was observed when these probes were hybridized to genomic DNA from leukemic cells of two of the patients. The results suggest that the juxtaposition of the interferon and c-ets-1 genes may be involved in the pathogenesis of human monocytic leukemia.     

荧光原位杂交在作物遗传育种研究中的应用

荧光原位杂交是一种原位杂交新技术，具有快速，灵敏，准确和有效等特点，它采用生物示记探针，能够将特定的ＤＮＡ或ＲＮＡ序列直接定位于染色体上，该文就荧光原位杂交技术在作物遗传育种研究中的应用进行综述，主要包括以下方面：１）检测重复ＤＮＡ序列及多拷贝基因家族；２）鉴定异源多倍体物种中的异源染色体或染色体片段；（３）检测和定位低拷贝或单拷贝ＤＮＡ序列。随着一些新技术的发展，ＦＩＳＨ技术将会在作物育种的更多     

重金属胁迫对生物DNA影响的研究进展

对重金属胁迫对植物、动物、微生物的DNA(包括碱基、基因、染色体等)的影响进行综述。指出,重金属胁迫能够诱导生物体产生碱基改变、DNA单双链断裂、染色体改变等DNA损伤。介绍一些检测重金属的方法及重金属胁迫对生物的DNA影响的研究方法,有助于进一步防御改善重金属污染,更好地了解重金属胁迫对生物体造成DNA损伤的机理。     

一种基于聚合酶链式反应检测SNP的方法

SNP是具有广泛利用潜力的第3代分子标记,本文旨在开发一种利用PCR技术快速检测SNP的方法。设计思路是:根据已知SNP位点设计2条特异正向引物,其最后一个碱基分别与已知SNP的2个碱基相同,同时在1条引物的5′端添加1段20 bp左右的其他物种的特异序列(如细菌DNA序列),然后选择1条合适的反向引物;最后同时加入3条引物,通过梯度PCR选择合适的退火温度进行PCR反应。利用这一方法成功将玉米的ZDS基因定位在玉米第7染色体短臂7.02 Bin。这种检测SNP的方法设计简单,费用低廉,尤其适合SNP标记的分子标记连锁图构建或者基因定位。     

小麦LMW-GS基因PCR初步研究

用CTAB法提取小麦材料基因组DNA,根据基因库中公布的已知LMW-GS基因序列,设计并合成染色体位点特异的PCR引物1～7;探索出优化的PCR反应体系,即20μL反应体积中,Mg2+浓度为2.5mmol/L,dNTP浓度为200μmol/L,模板DNA30～60ng,每种引物50ng,Taq酶0.5U。利用特殊小麦材料——六倍体普通小麦(染色体组为AABBDD)、四倍体小麦(AABB)及二倍体一粒小麦(AA)和节节麦(DD)等的基因组DNA为模版,在优化的PCR反应体系下进行特异性扩增和引物验证。结果表明,引物3和引物4为小麦谷蛋白Glu-D3位点LMW-GS基因的特异引物,用其进行扩增时,循环反应条件为94℃变性1min,62℃退火1min,72℃延伸2min;扩增产物大小约为1.63kb,包括启动子和整个编码区。引物5和7为小麦谷蛋白Glu-B3位点LMW-GS基因的特异引物,用其进行扩增时,循环反应条件为94℃变性1min,64℃退火1min,72℃延伸2min;扩增产物大小约为1.45kb,包括启动子和整个编码区。     

Characterization of the supernumerary chromosome in cat eye syndrome

Most individuals with cat eye syndrome (CES) have a supernumerary bisatellited chromosome which, on the basis of cytogenetic evidence, has been reported to originate from either chromosome 13 or 22. To resolve this question, a single-copy DNA probe, D22S9, was isolated and localized to 22q11 by in situ hybridization to metaphase chromosomes. The number of copies of this sequence was determined in CES patients by means of Southern blots and densitometry analysis of autoradiographs. In patients with the supernumerary chromosome, four copies were found, whereas in one patient with a duplication of part of chromosome 22, there were three copies. Therefore, the syndrome results from the presence of either three or four copies of DNA sequences from 22q11; there is no evidence that sequences from other chromosomes are involved. This work demonstrates how DNA sequence dosage analysis can be used to study genetic disorders that are not readily amenable to standard cytogenetic analysis.     

In-depth view of structure,activity, and evolution of rice chromosome 10

Rice is the world's most important food crop and a model for cereal research. At 430 megabases in size, its genome is the most compact of the cereals. We report the sequence of chromosome 10, the smallest of the 12 rice chromosomes (22.4 megabases), which contains 3471 genes. Chromosome 10 contains considerable heterochromatin with an enrichment of repetitive elements on 10S and an enrichment of expressed genes on 10L. Multiple insertions from organellar genomes were detected. Collinearity was apparent between rice chromosome 10 and sorghum and maize. Comparison between the draft and finished sequence demonstrates the importance of finished sequence.