干旱胁迫对冷地型草坪草生理特性影响的研究

研究了Fylking草地早熟禾(Poapratensis)、Target多年生黑麦草(Loliumperenne)、Cindy紫羊茅(Festucarubra)的幼茎和幼根在不同的干旱条件下超氧化物酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)的酶活性生理指标变化。试验结果发现,随着干旱程度的加剧,草坪草体内可溶性蛋白质含量呈现逐步增多的趋势;在同等干旱条件下,根系中的可溶性蛋白质增加量大于茎叶中可溶性蛋白质的增加量;可溶性蛋白质含量及SOD、POD在草坪草受干旱胁迫时,能清除体内过量的活性氧,维持代谢平衡从而使草坪草在一定程度上忍受、减缓或抵抗不良环境的胁迫;草坪草幼苗的不同器官对干旱胁迫的反应不同,幼茎的耐脱水能力大于幼根;通过试验发现,SOD和POD酶活性可作为鉴定草坪草品种抗旱性大小的重要生理指标之一。     

A review of oxalate poisoning in domestic animals: tolerance and performance aspects

Published data on oxalate poisoning in domestic animals are reviewed, with a focus on tolerance and performance. Oxalic acid is one of a number of anti‐nutrients found in forage. It can bind with dietary calcium (Ca) or magnesium (Mg) to form insoluble Ca or Mg oxalate, which then may lead to low serum Ca or Mg levels as well as to renal failure because of precipitation of these salts in the kidneys. Dietary oxalate plays an important role in the formation of Ca oxalate, and a high dietary intake of Ca may decrease oxalate absorption and its subsequent urinary excretion. Oxalate‐rich plants can be supplemented with other plants as forage for domestic animals, which may help to reduce the overall intake of oxalate‐rich plants. Non‐ruminants appear to be more sensitive to oxalate than ruminants because in the latter, rumen bacteria help to degrade oxalate. If ruminants are slowly exposed to a diet high in oxalate, the population of oxalate‐degrading bacteria in the rumen increases sufficiently to prevent oxalate poisoning. However, if large quantities of oxalate‐rich plants are eaten, the rumen is overwhelmed and unable to metabolize the oxalate and oxalate‐poisoning results. Based on published data, we consider that <2.0% soluble oxalate would be an appropriate level to avoid oxalate poisoning in ruminants, although blood Ca level may decrease. In the case of non‐ruminants, <0.5% soluble oxalate may be acceptable. However, these proposed safe levels of soluble oxalate should be regarded as preliminary. Further studies, especially long‐term studies, are needed to validate and improve the recommended safe levels in animals. This review will encourage further research on the relationships between dietary oxalate, other dietary factors and renal failure in domestic animals.     

果树行间生草对苹果园土壤肥力的影响

为了解长期生草对果园土壤肥力的影响,以苹果树（Malus pumila Mill.）行间种植白三叶（Trifolium repens L.）、高羊茅（Festuca arundinacea Schreb.）和自然生草的土壤为处理,以“清耕”的果树行间土壤为对照,研究生草6年后苹果园土壤肥力变化。结果表明：在0~20 cm土壤中,生草和“清耕”的土壤全氮、全磷、硝态氮、铵态氮含量均随土层加深呈下降的趋势。相比于对照,白三叶能显著（P<0.05）提高土壤全氮、速效氮、硝态氮、铵态氮和有机质的含量,而高羊茅对全磷、全钾和速效钾的含量有显著提高（P<0.05）,自然生草对提高速效磷含量的效果最好。说明生草可以提高果园土壤肥力,但不同草种对土壤氮、磷、钾的影响不一,应该合理配置草种,保证氮、磷、钾的均衡供应。     

青海高原早熟禾有益内生真菌营养生理特性的初步研究

禾草有益内生真菌是一种极具开发潜力的真菌,本实验从碳源、氮源、无机盐(Na Cl、Mg SO4·7H2O)、生长因子,单因子、正交这五个实验对禾草内生真菌进行摇床培养,p H均为自然。单因子实验培养选出最佳碳源为可溶性淀粉,其次为蔗糖、麦芽糖、山梨醇;最佳氮源为蛋白胨,其次为酵母膏、硝酸钾、硫酸铵;无机盐中Na Cl最佳浓度为2.5g/L,Mg SO4·7H2O最佳浓度为0.75g/L,最适生长因子是麸皮;通过正交实验研究了有益内生真菌营养生理特性液体培养基配方,筛选出适宜有益内生真菌菌丝体生长的最佳液体培养基配方为可溶性淀粉25 g/L,蛋白胨6g/L,Na Cl2.5 g/L,Mg SO4·7H2O0.5g/L。     

Factors affecting the voluntary feed intake of sheep grazing Pennisetum clandestinum (kikuyu) pastures: Observations from forage analysis

Abstract

Sheep were used in two investigations to study factors which could limit voluntary intake of Pennisetum clandestinum (kikuyu) pasture. Possible reasons for the low intakes were found in the high soluble nitrogen and nitrate content of the pasture, its high oxalate content, and its considerable potential for foaming, the latter suggesting the presence of sapbnins. The high fibre content of the material could also have limited intake in wilted, dry or stemmy kikuyu. The relative importance of these factors appears to change with growth stage, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied, stocking rate and moisture supply. The factors which are detrimental to forage quality such as oxalates and nitrates are higher in the young and actively growing material than in older material, while the in vitro production of foam seems unrelated to forage quality and remained high, despite changes in other factors which detrimentally affected forage quality.     

空心莲子草浸提液对苜蓿、菊苣和燕麦的潜在化感效应

空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)是全球难以根除的恶性杂草,遍布我国20多个省(市)的陆地和水域,造成巨大的生态灾难和经济损失,研究它对牧草的化感作用可为有效防除和选种牧草提供科学依据。本研究以苜蓿(Medicago sativa)、菊苣(Cichorium intybus)和燕麦(Avena sativa)为受体植物材料,采用培养和盆栽试验,研究了空心莲子草地上部(ESA)和根系浸提液(ERA)对牧草种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,用ESA和ERA浸种,抑制牧草胚乳蛋白质、淀粉和肌醇磷酸盐水解,降低种子游离氨基酸、可溶性糖和水溶性无机磷含量,破坏种子细胞膜结构,从而抑制牧草种子萌发,其发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数的最大降幅依次为95.66%、96.15%和98.63%。用ESA和ERA浇灌幼苗,会降低牧草根系活力、硝酸还原酶活性和叶绿素含量,减少植株氮、磷、钾吸收,抑制幼苗生长,生物量的最大降幅分别为52.27%(ESA)和63.74%(ERA)。此外,ESA和ERA对3种牧草的化感指数和化感综合效应均为负值,其绝对值随浸提液浓度增加而增大,且表现为ERA大于ESA,燕麦大于苜蓿和菊苣。因此,空心莲子草浸提液对3种牧草均有化感抑制作用,ERA的化感效应大于ESA,燕麦种子发芽和幼苗生长受到的抑制程度大于苜蓿和菊苣。在牧草栽培中,选种较不敏感的菊苣和苜蓿有益于减轻危害和减少损失。     

四川阿坝县秋季牧草钙磷等矿物元素特征及其与土壤钙磷含量的关系

采用常规方法测定了四川阿坝县4个不同牧场秋季(9月)牧草矿物元素含量及土壤中的钙磷含量,以期为该地区反刍动物的放牧饲养提供依据。结果表明:阿坝县4个地区秋季牧草矿物元素中钙、钠和锌的含量差异不显著,磷、铁、铜、钾、镁、锰和硒含量差异显著(P<0.05),其中磷、锌和硒的含量不能满足反刍家畜的营养需求,需要补饲;土壤中钙含量差异不显著,全磷和有效磷差异显著(P<0.05);牧草中的钙、磷含量与土壤中钙、磷含量之间没有显著的相关性。     

Effect of nitrogen on the oxalate and calcium content of Kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst)

The effect of the nitrogen content of Kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) on the oxalate and calcium content of leaf and stem material was investigated. The grass contained equal portions of soluble and insoluble oxalate. Leaf material contained more than three times as much total oxalate as stem tissue. A high nitrogen content was associated with a high insoluble oxalate content of the sward. The calcium content of both leaf and stem material was extremely low. Results suggested that approximately 95% of the calcium could be bound as calcium oxalate and would probably not be available to ruminants. The bio‐availability of calcium in the herbage tended to decrease with an increase in nitrogen content of the grass.     

10种禾草苗期抗旱性的比较研究

采用盆栽断水方式模拟土壤干旱胁迫,研究不同程度干旱胁迫对10种禾草苗期7种抗旱性特征的影响,结果表明,随着干旱胁迫程度增加,禾草叶片含水量及相对含水量降低,叶片相对电导率与可溶性糖含量升高,重度干旱胁迫时,草地雀麦、无芒雀麦、苇状羊茅、沙生冰草和草芦根冠比增加,其余草种均有所降低,重度干旱胁迫对禾草株高胁迫指数与干物质胁迫指数影响不大;通过聚类分析可以将10种禾草按苗期抗旱性大小分为3类,强抗旱性禾草有无芒雀麦、草地雀麦、苇状羊茅,中抗旱性禾草有沙生冰草、蓝茎冰草、长穗偃麦草、鸭茅,弱抗旱性禾草有紫羊茅、猫尾草、草芦;通过主成分分析进一步确定10种禾草苗期抗旱性由强到弱的顺序为无芒雀麦>苇状羊茅>草地雀麦>鸭茅>沙生冰草>长穗偃麦草>蓝茎冰草>草芦>猫尾草>紫羊茅.     

不同禾本科牧草在煤矿沉陷区的生长适应性与饲用价值比较

为充分利用采煤塌陷区发展草牧业,在山西省孝义市煤矿沉陷区测定老芒麦、狼尾草、披碱草和无芒雀麦四种禾本科牧草的产量、鲜干比及粗蛋白、粗脂肪、可溶性糖、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维含量,计算四种牧草的相对饲用价值并运用灰色关联度法对牧草的产量及品质进行综合评价,筛选适宜采煤塌陷区种植的禾本科牧草。结果表明:无芒雀麦鲜草产量和干草产量最高,中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量最低;综合评价表明,灰色关联度无芒雀麦>披碱草>老芒麦>狼尾草,无芒雀麦适宜作为采煤沉陷区种植的禾本科牧草。     

青蒿素对牧草的化感作用

试验以黑麦草、白三叶和光叶紫花苕为材料,采用盆栽试验,研究不同浓度(0,6,12,24,36 mg/kg)青蒿素处理对3种牧草生长、生理、抗氧化酶和养分指标的影响,为重庆市黄花蒿产区选择宜栽牧草提供科学参考。结果表明,青蒿素显著影响3种牧草生长,影响效应与青蒿素浓度和牧草种类显著相关。其中,6 mg/kg 青蒿素对3种牧草生长指标均有显著抑制作用,并随浓度的增加而增强。当浓度为36 mg/kg时,黑麦草、白三叶和光叶紫花苕的生物量分别减少76.83%,90.10%和65.09%;株高分别降低47.82%,38.76%和44.49%。青蒿素对3种牧草的化感综合效应均表现为负值,且绝对平均值光叶紫花苕最小,黑麦草次之,白三叶最大,说明光叶紫花苕对青蒿素相对不敏感。此外,青蒿素显著降低牧草叶绿素含量、根系活力和硝酸还原酶活性,不益于光合作用、养分吸收和氮素同化,故牧草氮、磷、钾吸收量显著降低,最大降幅均超过70%。青蒿素对抗氧化酶活性的影响各异,超氧化物歧化酶活性提高,过氧化物酶活性降低,过氧化氢酶活性无显著变化。但是,青蒿素大幅度提高丙二醛含量,表明在青蒿素胁迫下,牧草体内产生了较多的氧自由基或清除率降低,细胞膜受到损伤。因此,在重庆黄花蒿产区,比较适合种植对青蒿素相对不敏感的光叶紫花苕。     

内蒙古典型草原羊草和大针茅地下器官中碳水化合物含量的季节性变化

多年生牧草在地下器官中贮藏的碳水化合物是春季萌发生长和刈牧后再生的物质基础。羊草和大针茅是内蒙古典型草原地带性分布的优势种。为了研究草原植物碳水化合物贮藏特性,采用高效液相色谱技术对羊草和大针茅的贮藏性碳水化合物的种类组成及季节变化进行了测定。结果表明,羊草和大针茅地下器官的贮藏性碳水化合物的组分主要包括果聚糖、蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖、甘露醇和淀粉。其中甘露醇、淀粉和果聚糖在2种牧草地下器官中的含量均居前3位。羊草地下器官碳水化合物的含量显著高于大针茅,其果聚糖和淀粉含量分别是大针茅的3.2和3.6倍。5月20日-10月15日,羊草和大针茅地下器官中的碳水化合物总量、可溶性碳水化合物含量、淀粉含量、甘露醇含量和果聚糖含量均表现出“降低-升高-再降低-再升高”的特征。不同碳水化合物组分冬前积累和春季降解的起止时间也存在较大差异。     

生物技术在牧草品质改良中的应用

详细论述了模式植物基因组学的发展及其在克隆牧草品质性状重要功能基因上的可能作用,通过调节代谢过程中的相关酶以及其他关键反应物等来改良牧草品质,包括牧草的干物质可消化性(木质素和纤维素)、水溶性碳水化合物(果聚糖)、蛋白质(尤其是含硫蛋白)、维生素、单宁和类黄酮含量等品质性状。详细探讨了生物技术在牧草品质改良上的迫切性、现状、潜力与前景、现阶段存在的问题以及可能解决的方案。     

氮素形态及其配比对老芒麦生长及生理特性的影响

以采自高寒草甸野生老芒麦(Elymus. sibiricus)种子为材料,单一氮素添加为对照,采用营养液沙培方式研究硝态和铵态氮及其不同配比(NO₃^–-N∶NH₄⁺-N分别为0∶10、3∶7、5∶5、7∶3和10∶0)对老芒麦苗期生长特性的影响,旨在探索不同氮素形态对老芒麦的促生效应,以期找到最佳的氮素形态配比。结果表明:混合态氮素较单一氮素施入能够更好促进老芒麦的生长,硝态和铵态氮配比为7∶3时,老芒麦株高、叶片硝酸还原酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量较其他处理高,硝酸还原酶活性较单一NO₃^–-N和NH₄⁺-N处理分别提高了48.54%和74.71%,可溶性蛋白含量分别提高了10.16%和7.30%。硝态和铵态氮配比为5∶5时根系活力最高,该处理下老芒麦根系活力较单一NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^–-N处理分别提高了31.05%和8.08%,且...     

6种高寒牧区禾本科牧草抗旱性研究与评价

本研究选择在高寒地区种植多年的6种禾本科牧草,对其进行种子萌发期和苗期抗旱性试验。用PEG模拟水分胁迫及连续干旱法来研究干旱胁迫对种子发芽率及种子幼苗期生理指标的影响,以此来综合评价六种禾本科牧草的抗旱性强弱。种子萌发期研究结果表明,5%的PEG浓度有效促进种子萌发,高PEG浓度显著抑制种子发芽率。经连续干旱胁迫法处理的苗期牧草,测定其相对含水量、丙二醛含量、可溶性糖含量和叶绿素含量四项生理指标。对两个时期隶属值综合分析可知,六种牧草的抗旱性强弱为：草原看麦娘（Alopecurus pratensis） > 无芒雀麦（Bromus inermis） > 同德短芒披碱草（Elymus breviaristatus） > 同德贫花鹅观草（Roegneria pauciflora） > 大颖草（Roegneria grandiglumis） > 扁穗冰草（Agropyron cristatum）。     

生长期内三种结缕草对盐胁迫的响应

试验以大穗结缕草、沟叶结缕草和日本结缕草为试材,研究了不同盐浓度(0,0.2%,0.4%,0.6%,0.8%)对生长期内3种结缕草叶片膜脂过氧化及生长的影响。结果表明,3种结缕草的生物量均随着盐浓度的增加逐渐减小;随着盐浓度的提高及处理时间的延长,3种结缕草的可溶性蛋白含量逐渐降低;相对电导率和丙二醛含量增加,在低盐浓度(0.2%~0.4%)下,两者增加幅度较小,当盐浓度为0.8%时,3种结缕草的相对电导率均达最大值,分别是38.71%,41.32%,40.97%,可溶性蛋白含量均达到最小值,分别为2.08,1.15和1.33 mg/g FW。Pro含量在处理后第10天达最大值,之后逐渐下降,后期变化比较平稳。在低盐浓度(0.2%~0.4%)下,CAT和SOD活性逐渐降低,而高盐浓度(0.6%~0.8%)下,两种酶活性呈上升-下降-上升的趋势。3种结缕草相比,大穗结缕草在高盐浓度胁迫下的相对电导率和丙二醛含量最低,而保护酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量最高。试验证明大穗结缕草抗盐能力最强,沟叶结缕草次之,日本结缕草较差。     

光氮互作对草地早熟禾碳氮代谢的影响

以草地早熟禾的3个品种为试验材料,研究了高低光照下不同的施氮水平对植株体内碳氮代谢的影响。对可溶性糖和硝酸还原酶的含量测定结果显示:高低光强下早熟禾的氮素同化能力均随着氮水平的升高呈现先升高后降低的趋势,碳代谢的中间产物可溶性糖随着氮水平的升高呈现先降低后升高的趋势,高低光下糖的含量随着氮水平的升高其品种间差异逐渐减小;在低氮条件下,植物的氮素同化能力较弱,光合碳代谢相对较强,糖含量较高,随着氮水平的增大,光合产物逐渐流向氮素代谢,硝酸还原酶含量升高。     

光氮互作对草地早熟禾碳氮代谢的影响

以草地早熟禾的3个品种为试验材料,研究了高低光照下不同的施氮水平对植株体内碳氮代谢的影响.对可溶性糖和硝酸还原酶的含量测定结果显示：高低光强下早熟禾的氮素同化能力均随着氮水平的升高呈现先升高后降低的趋势,碳代谢的中间产物可溶性糖随着氮水平的升高呈现先降低后升高的趋势,高低光下糖的含量随着氮水平的升高其品种间差异逐渐减小;在低氮条件下,植物的氮素同化能力较弱,光合碳代谢相对较强,糖含量较高,随着氮水平的增大,光合产物逐渐流向氮素代谢,硝酸还原酶含量升高.     

几种暖季型草坪草对低温的生理反应

在佛山市对低温下台湾草(Zoysia tenuifolia Willd. ex Trin.)、地毯草(Axonopus compressus (Swartz) Beauv.)、夏威夷草(Paspalum vaginatum Sw.)、假俭草(Eremochloa ophiuroides(Munro)Hack.)、结缕草(Zoysia japonica Steud.)和钝叶草(Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze)等6个暖季型草种的生理反应进行了比较研究。田间种植的草坪草材料在受到2004年12月份的寒潮袭击后,假俭草5号未受到伤害,地毯草和兰引3号受到的伤害较严重;台湾草、兰引3号和钝叶草的光合速率大大降低,而夏威夷和假俭草5号的光合速率变化不大;地毯草和兰引3号的叶片可溶性糖含量变化不大,而其它几种暖季型草坪草的叶片可溶性糖含量升高,各草种的根系可溶性糖含量降低。结果表明,耐寒的假俭草5号在低温下光合速率受抑制较小与叶片可溶性糖含量积累较多有关,而对低温敏感草种的叶片可溶性糖积累较少。     

Amounts and Variation of Soluble Collagen in Mink Skin During Growth from Kits to Adult Animals

The soluble collagen from mink skin was extracted from 2-week to 6-month-old animals. A total of 14 different age groups, each containing three animals, was studied by using two different buffers for collagen extraction. The amount of soluble collagen was measured. The various collagen species were characterized using capillary zone electrophoresis, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and protein blotting followed by antibody analysis for type I collagen. The data showed that the amount of soluble collagen declines with age. Using capillary electrophoresis it was also found that the distribution of soluble collagen differs in very young kits' skin compared with older animals' skin, whereas the skin from animals more than 2 weeks old was found to contain the same proportions of various collagen species. Antibody analysis of type I collagen found no difference in the relative amount between different age groups, and only the acetic acid-containing buffer extracted type I collagen from the mink skin.