贵州草海耕地土壤与农作物中DDTs和HCHs残留及污染特征

采集草海流域周边成熟期整株农作物及土壤样品,分析测试其中DDTs和HCHs的含量,对比研究了土壤和作物中DDTs和HCHs污染水平及其在作物中富集能力。结果表明：研究区域土壤中HCHs和DDTs残留检出率均为100％,残留范围分别为0．06～16．66μg·kg^-1和0．08-39．77μg·kg^-1,土壤中HCHs和DDTs的残留量均小于国家土壤环境质量一级标准;三种农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）残留量差异显著,HCHs含量最高的是玉米,DDTs和（DDTs,HCHs）最高的是马铃薯;三种农作物中HCHs和DDTs残留的风险系数均为1．1,属于低度风险,农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）的安全指数IFSc均小于1,DDTs和HCHs残留量对三种农作物安全影响的风险是可以接受的。     

3种植物对红壤中镉的富集特性研究

重金属超富集植物是重金属污染土壤植物修复的基础,研究了3种重金属富集植物羽叶鬼针草、美洲商陆和紫叶芥菜对重金属Cd的吸收积累规律,为植物修复Cd污染的农田和生态环境建设提供科学依据。采用盆栽方法,在不同浓度（0、20、35、50、65、80mg·kg^-1）Cd处理下,分别测定3种植物地上部与根部Cd的含量,计算了地上部Cd迁移量、根系耐性指数、富集系数,研究了土壤中Cd添加量与植物富集Cd量的相关性。结果表明,随着土壤中Cd离子浓度的升高,3种植物地上部和根系中的Cd含量也在增加,相关系数都大于0．99;综合地上部与根部Cd含量,地上部Cd迁移量,根系耐性指数和富集系数,3种植物对Cd的富集能力的相对顺序为：羽叶鬼针草〉美洲商陆〉紫叶芥菜。羽叶鬼针草、美洲商陆种植在Cd处理浓度为65mg·kg^-1的土壤中和紫叶芥菜种植在Cd处理浓度为80mg·kg^-1的土壤中栽培时,3种植物地上部与根部的Cd含量均超过了100mg·kg^-1,达到了Cd超富集量的标准。羽叶鬼针草、美洲商陆和紫叶芥菜对Cd有很强的耐受性和富集性,可以作为先锋植物去修复被Cd污染的土壤。     

沈抚灌区土壤重金属污染健康风险初步评价

采用现场采样及室内测试方法对沈抚灌区农田土壤中Cu、Hg、Ni和Cd等重金属的含量进行了测定分析,利用污染指数法对灌区土壤环境质量进行了评价,并应用美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对灌区土壤重金属通过土壤摄食途径所引起的健康风险作了初步评价。结果表明,灌区土壤中重金属的平均浓度范围分别为Cu：22．1～40．8mg·kg^-1,Hg：0．036-0．310mg·kg^-1,Ni：29．8～44．4mg·kg^-1,Cd：0．145～0．956mg·kg^-1。4种重金属浓度平均值大小为Ni〉Cu〉Cd〉Hg;土壤中Cu、Hg、Ni和Cd所引起的成人和儿童的平均个人风险均低于可接受水平10^-6,且在这两类调查人群中,健康风险大小顺序均为Cd〉Ni〉Hg〉Cu;儿童比成人更易受到土壤重金属的影响,致癌风险是成年的3倍;灌区土壤环境质量环境评价结果显示,灌区土壤重金属污染处于轻微水平。     

煤矸石重金属释放活性及其污染土壤的生态风险评价

通过野外采样与室内实验分析煤矸石重金属的释放活性,并利用潜在生态风险评价法分析煤矸石山周边土壤污染及其潜在生态风险特征。结果表明,实验用煤矸石中重金属主要以残渣态存在,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr和Cd的残渣态分别占其总量的56.86%,53.27%,72.01%,68.61%和75.93%,不易发生释放迁移,但少量酸溶态和氧化物结合态重金属易被淋溶后在矸石山周围土壤中累积并造成重金属污染。煤矸石山周边土壤重金属含量随着距离的增加呈现减少趋势,表明周边土壤受到煤矸石重金属污染,并且在土壤表层重金属含量最高,加大了重金属进入食物链危害人体健康的风险。通过潜在生态风险评价研究,采样区属于重金属Cd和Pb风险突出区,煤矸石距离5～10 m处潜在生态风险指数为272.34和164.34,属于中等潜在生态风险,其他各点潜在生态风险指数范围为94.62～141.79,属于轻微生态风险。     

山东花生主产区花生镉含量与土壤交换性钙含量的关系及其健康风险评价

选择山东花生主产区58个田块进行土壤样品和花生样品的随机采集,测定并分析了土壤镉含量、土壤交换性钙含量、花生镉含量及其相互关系,在此基础上进行了健康风险评价。结果表明：土壤样品中镉的含量为0.03～0.18mg·kg^-1,平均为0.069mg·kg^-1;所有样品均未超过农业部绿色食品产地土壤环境的质量标准;交换性钙的含量平均为4368mg·kg^-1;花生样品中镉的含量为0.019～0.46mg·kg^-1,平均为0.14mg·kg^-1,按照FAO/WHO规定的无公害食品镉含量标准0.1mg·kg^-1,有60.3%的花生样品镉超标;全钙的含量平均为0.528mg·g-1,并且随着土壤中交换性钙含量的升高,花生镉含量有降低的趋势,但相关性较低。花生样品中有12个超出%AD（I100）,占取样总数的20.7%,即食用镉含量超过0.2mg·kg^-1的花生会对人体膳食健康有一定的风险,并且镉含量越高风险性越大。     

煤矿区周边农田土壤重金属积累特征及生态风险评价

为揭示开采活动对周边农田土壤重金属性质的影响,以贵州省织金县煤矿区废弃地周边农田土壤为研究对象,分别对距离矿区50 m、100 m、400 m的农田区A1、A2、A3表层土壤进行取样调查,分析了土样重金属含量及其分布特征,利用因子分析法对土壤重金属污染来源进行分析,分别采用内梅罗综合指数法、潜在生态危害指数法对其污染程度和生态风险进行评价。结果表明,农田区A1、A2、A3样点重金属含量均高于对照点,且距离矿区越近,农田土壤重金属积累越严重。因子分析结果表明,Cd、Cu、Ni、Zn主要来源于煤炭开采过程中的三废排放,Cr和Pb可能来源于成土母质,Hg、As可能来源于采矿产生的粉尘和当地煤炭燃烧产生的降尘。内梅罗综合指数评价结果表明,Hg、Cd、Cu、Cr是土壤重金属污染的主要因子,农田区A1、A2、A3的综合污染程度达到重污染水平的样点比例分别为66.7%、52.6%、6.2%;潜在生态危害指数评价结果表明,Cd、Hg是土壤重金属最主要的潜在生态风险因子,农田区A1、A2分别有50%、21.1%的样点处于强生态危害水平,内梅罗综合污染指数和潜在生态风险指数均表现为距离矿区越近,土壤重金属污染越严重,潜在生态风险越强。     

基于环境地球化学基线的农用地重金属累积特征及其潜在生态危害风险研究

为探明浙江东部某市周边农用地土壤重金属累积特征及潜在生态危害风险,系统采集研究区表土样品,测定重金属元素(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn)和惰性元素(Li、Eu、Sc、Sm)含量。通过元素相关性分析,筛选出合适的标准因子,按标准化方法建立了研究区土壤重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn环境地球化学基线,获得基线值分别为11.13、0.38、57.48、43.86、0.30、21.55、51.91和132.7mg·kg~(-1)。在应用单因子方法评价土壤重金属污染程度基础上,以环境地球化学基线值作为标准因子,采用富集因子方法判别因受人类活动影响的重金属污染点位,并对土壤重金属累积潜在的生态环境风险进行了评价。结果表明,研究区表层土壤普遍存在不同程度的重金属污染,以轻微至轻度污染级别为主,其中Cd和As存在少量重度污染点位,比例分别为3.00%和0.19%。研究区重金属富集主要受工矿企业活动影响,浓集中心集中在金属矿山和印染企业周边,具有沿水系向低地势平原区迁移趋势。研究区范围Cd和Hg具有潜在的较高生态风险。利用GIS系统,将各样点重金属土壤污染程度、富集因子(EF)和潜在生态危害评价结果,在研究区农用地土地利用现状图斑上进行空间叠加,可实现从地理空间上的土壤重金属污染范围界定、重金属人为成因污染判别和潜在生态危害风险空间预警。     

桂林市菜地土壤和蔬菜铜含量及其健康风险

在桂林地区蔬菜和菜地土壤铜含量进行大规模调查基础上,评价其污染程度,并用THQ评估经食用蔬菜摄入铜的健康风险。结果显示,桂林地区菜地土壤铜含量范围、中值、算术均值和几何均值分别为11.69～348.8mg·kg-1和27.41、34.62、29.43mg·kg-1,与桂林市土壤背景值相比,桂林市菜地土壤铜没有明显的积累;桂林地区蔬菜铜含量范围和平均值分别为0.032～3.530mg·kg-1和0.324mg·kg-1,与其他城市蔬菜铜含量相比,桂林地区蔬菜铜含量处于较低水平,通过蔬菜摄入铜的健康风险小。蔬菜对铜的富集能力以辣椒最高,因而其抗污染能力较差,白菜、包菜和萝卜对铜的富集能力最低。     

黔西煤矿区周边土壤重金属形态特征、污染评价及富集植物筛选

[目的]研究黔西某煤矿区周边土壤重金属污染情况、重金属形态潜在风险及其周边重金属富集植物,为当地的重金属污染防治提供科学依据。[方法]采用潜在生态风险评价及模糊数学法的两种评价方法(单因素决定模型和加权平均模型)对煤矿区及非煤矿区土壤进行重金属生态风险评价,对影响土壤肥力的土壤理化指标进行检测,利用风险评估编码法对重金属形态进行分析,并采用生物富集系数法对煤矿区周边富集重金属植物进行筛选。[结果]煤矿区Hg,Cd,As,Zn,Cr及Ni平均值含量分别是背景值的2.47,3.65,2.00,1.23,1.74,1.69倍。煤矿区潜在生态危害趋势为:CdHgAsNiCrPbZn。模糊数学法单因素决定模型评价显示,非煤矿区污染大于煤矿区,加权平均模型则反之。煤矿区Cd,Cr,Cu,Mn,Ni,Pb及Zn潜在风险指数分别为69.17%,7.97%,8.24%,40.10%,45.29%,53.70%及29.90%。蜈蚣草对As富集系数大于1.00,火棘、构树、盐肤木、马桑、凤尾蕨及金丝梅等对Cd富集系数大于1.00,马桑及白蒿对Pb富集系数大于1.00。[结论]煤矿区存在重金属污染,以Cd,As,Hg较为严重。煤矿区周边土壤中重金属对环境构成的潜在风险顺序为:CdPbNiMnZnCuCr。对当地而言,蜈蚣草可作为煤矿区周边修复As污染的先行植物,凤尾蕨可作为修复Cd污染的先行植物,马桑可作为修复Pb污染的先行植物。     

云南会泽铅锌冶炼厂周边土壤重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

为进一步探讨云南会泽铅锌冶炼厂历史遗留的环境问题,掌握新址所在区域土壤环境质量状况,以会泽铅锌冶炼厂新、旧场址周边土壤作为研究对象,随机布设14个采样点,采集42个土壤样品,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪和原子荧光光谱仪测定土壤样品中的Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn、Cd、As、Hg。采用综合污染指数法、地积累指数法、潜在生态危害指数法和健康风险评价方法对土壤中重金属污染特征及其健康风险进行评价。结果表明,云南会泽铅锌冶炼厂周边土壤中Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn、Cd、As和Hg的平均含量水平分别为92.25、226.81、1 567.45、65.16、394.66、1 451.63、11.16、43.81、0.47 mg·kg-1,除Cr、Hg外,其他重金属含量均超过《国家土壤环境质量标准》二级标准值,其中Cd的最高超标倍数为274倍。地积累指数评价结果表明,该区域土壤中Cd污染最为严重,处于偏重-极重污染范畴;潜在生态危害综合指数评价结果显示:该区域重金属污染处于强-很强的生态风险程度;健康风险评价结果表明:旧场址周边土壤中Pb、Cd对儿童均具有显著的潜在健康风险。     

Accumulation of lead and arsenic in Malabar spinach (Basella alba L.) and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) leaves grown on urban and orchard soils

Ethnic vegetable crops are increasingly being grown in the United States and may accumulate heavy metals when grown on urban soils. This study evaluated accumulation of lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) in tissues of Malabar spinach (Basella alba L.) and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) grown on an urban and an orchard soil with Pb concentrations of 1,120 and 272 mg kg^?1, respectively, and As concentrations of 6.92 and 90 mg kg^?1, respectively. Tissue Pb was higher in both crops grown on both contaminated soils compared with an uncontaminated soil, while tissue As was higher on the orchard soil only. Malabar spinach did not accumulate Pb or As in its shoot, but concentrations of both metals were higher in sweet potato stems compared to leaves or tubers. Consumption of sweet potato stems should be avoided when sweet potato leaves are grown as a vegetable on soils with elevated levels of Pb and As.     

Influence of landuse on soil erosion risk in the Cuyaguateje watershed (Cuba)

Landuse changes may dramatically enhance erosion risk. Besides deforestation, also arable landuse may have an important influence on soil loss. We investigated the erosion risk in a 151 km² subwatershed of the Cuyaguateje watershed (Cuba) using the RUSLE model. It was found that the valleys used for agriculture have the highest erosion risk, with actual erosion surpassing soil loss tolerance. Over the period 1985–2000, about 14 km² of forest has been converted into arable land. As a result, the area with a very high erosion risk increased with 12%. On arable land it was found that the crop management factor C of a “tobacco/maize” rotation was 0.478, compared to 0.245 for a rotation of various crops (sweet potato, beans, maize, cassava and fallow). When maize in the “tobacco/maize” rotation was intercropped with a leguminous crop (hyacinth bean) the C factor decreased to a value of 0.369. Also contouring may halve soil loss on moderate slopes (< 10%) when high ridges are applied, which is in Cuba generally the case for maize, cassava and sweet potato.     

Evaluation of environmental impact of the raised-bed-dike (Rong Chin) system along the Tha Chin river in Suphan Buri-Nakhon Pathom Provinces,Thailand

Vegetable cultivation on an embankment surrounded by water (raised-bed-dike system, Thai name rong chin) along the Tha Chin (Suphan Buri) river in the Suphan Buri and Nakhon Pathom Provinces was surveyed. The system was introduced by Chinese immigrants to produce vegetables in the river delta. The rong chin system in this area produced mainly Chinese kale, chili, bitter gourd, yard-long bean, taro, and sweet potato, while fruit trees and flowers were seldom cultivated, because of the flooding of the river in the rainy season. The amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus applied into field soils as fertilizers were far higher than those recovered in the harvested vegetables, indicating that only a limited portion of the nutrients was taken up by the crops and that part of the nutrients remained in the soils and in the dike water. Periodical flooding promoted leaching of the accumulated nutrients in the fields. Analyses of the soils and river waters revealed that phosphorus had started to accumulate in the environment, whereas only a small amount of nitrogen was detected in the river, canal, and dike waters, presumably because of the active uptake of nitrogen by biomass and denitrification.     

甜菜与牧草间作对多环芳烃污染土壤的修复作用

通过盆栽试验方法,选择经济作物甜菜和牧草类黑麦草、苏丹草、香根草为供试植物,研究了甜菜与3种牧草分别间作及各自单作对多环芳烃（PAHs）菲、荧蒽、芘和苯并[a]芘污染土壤修复作用。结果显示：经6个月连续两茬种植试验后,所有种植植物的处理中土壤PAHs的去除率均高于无植物种植组,间作种植土壤PAHs的去除率高于单作,黑麦草、苏丹草、香根草与甜菜间作对土壤PAHs的去除率分别达到84.85%、79.96%、84.11%;在土壤污染条件下,间作模式更有利于甜菜生长;种植植物增强了土壤中多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶的活性,间作模式下二者活性高于单作4.37%~43.07%,过氧化氢酶较多酚氧化酶对PAHs土壤污染更敏感,可作为关键酶用于评价土壤PAHs污染状况。在不影响农业生产的前提下,修复植物牧草和经济作物甜菜间作种植模式显著提高了土壤PAHs的降解率。     

Fluorine and copper accumulation in lettuce grown on fluoride and copper contaminated soils

ABSTRACT

Presence of copper (Cu) and fluorine (F) in soils pose a risk of food web contamination when crops are grown on such soils. Greenhouse experiments involving 34 soil samples were carried out to explore the uptake of F and Cu by lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Each soil sample was divided into two parts. One set was irrigated with tap-water and another set was irrigated with F-contaminated water. Lettuce plants were grown for 60 days then harvested. Data were analyzed using stepwise regression analysis, t- or F-tests. Soils contained elevated concentrations of F and low to high concentrations of Cu. Soluble fractions of F were higher than reported values from other studies. It was observed that the soluble F or Cu contents in F-contaminated irrigated soils were significantly higher than the F or Cu contents in tap-water irrigated soils. Concentrations of F in lettuce were higher than normal F concentrations in plants. Soil EC was negatively related with the concentration of Cu in lettuce. A negative relationship occurred between the concentrations of F and Cu in the lettuce plants, signifying that the two pollutants have antagonistic relationships. The lettuce irrigated with F^? contaminated water, accumulated higher concentrations of F than the lettuce irrigated with tap water, indicating that the F-contaminated water irrigated lettuce was more contaminated than the tap-water irrigated lettuce.     

Hairy Vetch Incorporated as Green Manure Inhibits Sulfathiazole Uptake by Lettuce in Soil

Veterinary antibiotics like sulfonamides are frequently detected in arable lands and they can potentially contaminate food crops. It is thus of great importance to identify strategies to reduce food crops’ uptake of antibiotics. For the first time, using a pot culture experiment, sulfathiazole (STZ) uptake by lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) grown in antibiotic-contaminated soils (10 and 100 mg STZ kg^?1 soil) and treated with (in)organic amendments, namely chemical fertilizer (NPK), compost, and hairy vetch, was investigated. Subsequent enhanced plant growth was witnessed when using hairy vetch treatment. The amount of antibiotic uptake was significantly reduced to 5 and 33% with hairy vetch application compared to compost or NPK application at 10 and 100 mg kg^?1 STZ, respectively. The total amounts of accumulated STZ in plant parts increased as the levels of STZ contaminated in soils were increased. STZ was much more abundant in the roots than the leaves. Within 30 days, the extractable STZ in the treated soils—especially with hairy vetch—diminished considerably to concentrations that are frequently detected in arable soils. We conclude that utilization of green manure (cover crop—hairy vetch) is a viable strategy for safer crop production in antibiotic-contaminated soils.     

磷改良剂对中度和高度含碳酸盐的菜园土壤中Cd和Pb环境有效性和植物有效性的影响

The behaviour of metals mainly depends on soil p H, carbonate contents and contamination level, which should be considered for the management of contaminated soils. In this study, kitchen garden topsoils(0–25 cm) were sampled from the area around three smelters in France, with different Cd and Pb contamination levels. Effect of a phosphate amendment(a mixture of diammonium phosphate and hydroxyapatite) on the environmental availability and phytoavailability of Cd and Pb was evaluated by different chemical extractions and cultivating lettuce(Lactuca sativa L.), respectively. Changes in the distribution of Cd and Pb were found in most contaminated soils after phosphate amendment. An increase of Cd and Pb in the residual phase was highlighted in almost all carbonated contaminated soils, whereas a decrease of Pb in the exchangeable, water and acid-soluble phase was observed in most contaminated soils with the lowest carbonate contents. The concentrations of extractable Cd and Pb using calcium chloride and acetic and citric acids generally decreased after the soil amendment. Lettuces grown on amended soils were acceptable for human consumption as regard to Pb concentration. In contrast, some lettuces were unacceptable for human consumption, since the concentrations of Cd in the leaves were higher than the European legislation limit. Surprisingly, in carbonated soils with very low concentration of Cd, the Cd concentrations in lettuce reached up to the European legislation limit, making the lettuce unacceptable for human consumption.Our study highlighted the fact that the total metal concentration in soils does not always allow to predict the metal accumulation in the edible parts of vegetables in order to make a judgement about their acceptability or unacceptability for human consumption.     

Influence of farm yard manure,poultry manure and forest litter on copper solubility in soil and uptake by Phaseolus vulgaris

Long term and intensive use of copper‐based fungicides on coffee farms may contaminate soils with copper. The legacy of copper pollution may pose the risk of contaminating food crops cultivated on these soils. A randomized block design field experiment at Kilimanjaro, Tanzania was designed to investigate the effects of different application rates of cattle manure, poultry manure and forest litter on aqua regia, EDTA and CaCl₂ extractable copper in soils and copper uptake by bean plants grown on this long‐term copper‐contaminated soil (more than 50 yr of copper application). It was important to examine the potential of the organic amendments in mobilizing or immobilizing copper and assess the risks of contaminating bean crops at a farm, where the application of organic amendments was common practice. At harvest, rhizosphere soils were collected and analysed. The soils were found to have large concentrations of copper, greatly exceeding international standard levels. Poultry manure applied at 40 tons/ha significantly increased CaCl₂ extractable copper compared with the control treatment. Organic carbon, cation exchange capacity, EDTA extractable copper, aqua regia extractable copper and copper concentrations in bean seeds or leaves were not significantly changed by the organic matter treatments. The concentration of copper was significantly less in bean seeds than in bean leaves (P < 0.01). The bean plants did not take up excessive quantities of copper, and therefore, the risk of copper contamination of bean crops in this farm appears to be small.     

广州市郊区蔬菜中铅的含量特征及其健康风险评估

对广州市郊区某蔬菜生产基地的蔬菜样品铅元素的含量进行分析测定,评价其污染程度,并评估人群经食用蔬菜摄入铅的健康风险。结果表明,蔬菜铅的平均含量为0.08mg·kg-1,超过《农产品安全质量无公害蔬菜安全要求》所规定铅的限量值（0.2mg·kg-1）的比率为12.9%。蔬菜铅的单项评价指数均小于1,辣椒除外（2.05）,这表明除个别蔬菜品种外,广州市郊区蔬菜铅的等级为安全。蔬菜铅含量表现为叶菜类〉瓜果类,与其他种类相比,叶菜类蔬菜对珠江三角洲地区人体健康造成的风险较大。据广东省不同地区、家庭经济收入水平每标准人经食用蔬菜日均铅摄入量（Daily intake,DI）均未超过FAO/WHO人均日摄入可允许限量标准（Provisional tolerable daily intake,PTDI）,铅的THQ（Target hazard quotients）靶标危害系数均小于1,表现为THQ城市=THQ高〉THQ中〉THQ低=THQ农村,这说明城市人群经蔬菜暴露途径摄入铅的潜在健康风险较高。     

安徽省典型城市周边土壤-蔬菜中PAHs的污染特征

研究了安徽省合肥、芜湖和亳州市周边蔬菜地土壤和蔬菜中PAHs的含量及其污染特征。结果表明：安徽省典型蔬菜地土壤中15种PAHs（除萘外）的残留总量在58.2～437.8μg·kg-1之间,三环和四环PAHs占PAHs残留总量的70%以上。胡萝卜、菠菜和茄子体内15种PAHs的含量在23.4～209.1μg·kg-1之间,均值为120.7μg·kg-1,三环和四环PAHs占蔬菜中PAHs富集总量的92.8%～94.4%。不同蔬菜体内8种可疑性致癌PAHs的含量在11.5～17.4μg·kg-1之间,分别占蔬菜中PAHs残留总量的9.80%～13.8%,其中BaP含量在1.69～2.03μg·kg-1之间,低于国家对食品中污染物（BaP）的限量标准（5μg·kg-1）。不同类型PAHs在蔬菜体内的富集系数在0.10～9.20之间,极差达10倍以上,低分子量PAHs在蔬菜体内的富集系数要大于高分子量PAHs。不同PAHs在蔬菜体内的富集系数表现为胡萝卜〉菠菜〉茄子,其中芴在蔬菜体内的富集系数最高。