表油菜素内酯对镉胁迫下番茄幼苗生长及镉累积的影响

采用盆栽试验研究不同浓度(0、0.02、0.1、0.5、2.5 mg/L)的表油菜素内酯(EBR)对镉胁迫下番茄幼苗生长及镉累积的影响。结果表明,镉处理后番茄幼苗的生物量、叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶(POD和CAT)活性均下降,丙二醛(MDA)含量、相对电导率和渗透调节物质含量均升高;喷施一定浓度的EBR(0.5 mg/L)后,番茄幼苗的生物量、叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶(POD和CAT)活性及脯氨酸含量均显著增加,可溶性蛋白、MDA含量和相对电导率有所下降,番茄幼苗根系和地上部分的镉含量分别上升了50.0%和93.4%,镉转运系数最低,为0.45。综上,喷施EBR能够增强番茄幼苗对镉胁迫的耐受性,促进幼苗生长,降低镉的转运系数,其中,EBR浓度为0.5 mg/L时效果最好。     

蔬菜幼苗生长及氧化酶同工酶对镉害的响应

１０ｍｇ／Ｌ镉溶液使幼苗生长明显受抑，同时白菜、水萝卜、甘蓝ＰＯＤ同工酶和ＣＯＤ同工酶也于１０ｍｇ／Ｌ开始各增加了一条新酶带。这种幼苗生长受抑与酶变化的相关性，可为选择抗镉作物品种及含镉污水排放提供依据。     

外源褪黑素对镉胁迫下豌豆种子萌发、幼苗抗性生理及镉含量的影响

为探究外源褪黑素(MT)对镉胁迫下豌豆种子萌发和幼苗生长影响的生理机制,以豌豆品种中豌6号为试验材料,采用培养皿滤纸法,研究不同浓度外源褪黑素(0、50、100、200、400 μmol·L^-1)对镉胁迫(0、10、100 μmol·L^-1)下豌豆种子萌发、幼苗生长及生理指标的影响。结果表明,镉胁迫显著抑制了豌豆种子萌发及幼苗生长;施用外源褪黑素能够显著提高镉胁迫下豌豆种子的发芽势和发芽率,促进豌豆幼芽和幼根的生长,提高豌豆幼芽的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,并降低丙二醛(MDA)和镉含量。当Cd²⁺浓度为10 μmol·L^-1时,施用100 μmol·L^-1 MT较未添加MT豌豆的发芽势、发芽率、芽长、根长、芽鲜重和根鲜重分别增加90.47%、82.94%、127.27%、129.47%、131.71%和83.33%,SOD、POD和CAT活性分别提高24.17%、40.50%和76.91%,MDA含量下降57.64%,镉含量下降57.62%。结果表明,适宜浓度的外源褪黑素能够通过提高抗氧化酶活性,降低活性氧的积累,抑制豌豆幼苗对镉的吸收,从而缓解镉胁迫对豌豆幼苗的毒害作用,促进种子萌发及幼苗生长。本研究结果为进一步探索外源褪黑素缓解豌豆镉胁迫的机理提供了一定的理论依据。     

氮肥对镉污染土壤上小油菜生长及镉吸收特征的影响

利用盆栽试验,研究了氮肥种类和尿素用量对小油菜(Brassica chinensis Linn)产量和镉含量以及土壤有效态镉含量变化的影响。结果表明,硝酸钙显著提高产量,硫酸铵的增产效果最差。硝酸钙能提高土壤pH值,钙离子可使土壤中有效态镉含量增加。相对于普通尿素,包膜尿素对土壤pH值影响不大,但能明显降低土壤有效态镉含量;其他肥料使土壤pH值降低,土壤有效态镉含量升高,施用硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)效果更明显。相对于硝酸钙,施用尿素和硫酸铵能显著降低小油菜根系和地上部镉含量,但小油菜对镉的转移系数与氮肥种类及用量无关。高量尿素显著降低土壤pH值,但尿素用量对其他指标无影响。     

镉胁迫对玉米幼苗抗氧化系统及光合作用的影响

采用水培方法,在玉米幼苗进入三叶期后向培养液中加入不同浓度氯化镉（0、10^-6、10^-5、10^-4 mol·L^-1）,胁迫不同时间（5、10、15 d）后对幼苗进行各项指标检测。结果表明,低浓度（10^-6 mol·L^-1）及中浓度（10^-5 mol·L^-1）镉胁迫对幼苗生长均有较强刺激作用,而中浓度胁迫对地上部分作用更明显;低浓度镉胁迫对根部及叶片抗氧化酶（SOD、POD、CAT及ASA－POD）活性影响较小,只是根部POD、ASA－POD活性明显升高,而中浓度胁迫对除SOD外其他抗氧化酶活性均有显著促进作用;MDA含量均未有显著升高,可见根部及叶片未受到氧化损伤;两种浓度胁迫下,Fv′/Fm′虽下降,净光合速率有所升高。高浓度镉（10-4 mol·L^-1）胁迫下幼苗生长几乎停止;根部SOD及CAT活性升高,而POD和ASA－POD被明显抑制,叶片中CAT、POD及ASA－POD活性显著升高;根部受到显著氧化损伤;各项光合参数（Fv/Fm、Fv′/Fm′和净光合速率）均显著降低。     

外源钙对镉胁迫下芥菜型油菜幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

通过水培试验研究5、10mmol·L^-1Ca^2＋对不同水平镉处理下的油菜幼苗生物量、根长、丙二醛（MDA）和H2O2含量以及抗氧化酶活性的影响,利用HPLC分析外源钙对油菜幼苗镉胁迫下还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量的变化情况。结果表明,镉处理浓度为150、300、450μmol·L-^1时,5和10mmol·L-1Ca^2＋均能有效增加植株的生物量和根长,5mmol·L^-1Ca^2＋能显著减少油菜幼苗中MDA和过氧化氢（H2O2）含量,增强超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPX）和谷胱甘肽转移酶（GST）的活性及GSH的含量。镉胁迫浓度为600μmol·L-1时,施钙后油菜幼苗出现生物量低、MDA含量高、抗氧化酶活性和GSH含量均下降,与CK相比差异不显著（P〉0.05）。镉处理浓度≤450μmol·L-1时,5mmol·L^-1Ca^2＋能明显缓解芥菜型油菜生长和生理所受胁迫,外源钙可作为减轻镉胁迫对油菜毒害的保护剂。     

镉胁迫下硅对高粱生长的影响及其作用机制

尽管硅提高植物的抗镉毒害已经被广泛的报道,但是其作用机理还不明确。该试验研究在镉胁迫的条件下,硅对高粱生长的影响及作用机制。结果发现:外源施加硅能显著地缓解镉对高粱无论地上部分还是地下部分鲜重及干重的抑制作用。抗氧化酶结果表明:在正常条件下,硅对抗氧化酶的活性没有显著的影响。在镉毒害的条件下,硅显著增强CAT和POD的活性,SOD的活性不受影响。与此相对应:硅显著地降低MDA的含量。对有机酸的分析发现:在镉胁迫的条件下,叶片中有3种有机酸能够检测到:草酸,丙二酸,丁二酸,并且其含量都在硅的调节下增加。而在根系中所检测的4种有机酸中,草酸和丙二酸的含量受到硅的调节而增加,柠檬酸的含量不受影响,而苹果酸的含量却有下降的趋势。上述结果表明:硅增强高粱幼苗的抗镉胁迫与其增强高粱抗氧化酶活性及增加高粱体内有机酸的含量相关。     

镉对黄瓜幼苗光合作用、抗氧化酶和氮代谢的影响

采用营养液培养的方法,研究了不同浓度镉（Cd）处理对黄瓜幼苗植株生长、光合作用、抗氧化酶以及氮代谢相关酶活性的影响。结果表明,随着Cd处理浓度的增加,黄瓜植株生长受到明显抑制,叶绿素a、b、类萝卜素含量显著降低;Cd处理使净光合速率（Pn）和气孔导度（Gs）下降,而细胞间CO2（Ci）升高。高浓度Cd处理显著降低了黄瓜的原初光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)。10和100 mol/L的Cd处理使抗氧化酶过氧化氢酶（CAT、）愈创木酚过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）活性均有不同程度的提高,而当Cd浓度达到200 mol/L,抗氧化酶的活性均受到显著抑制。随着Cd处理浓度的增加,硝酸还原酶（NR）、谷氨酰氨合成酶（GS）、谷氨酸合成酶（GOGAT）活性均受到明显抑制。     

土壤调理剂对小油菜镉吸收的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了镉(Cd)污染土壤中添加不同水平(0.25%、1%)牡蛎壳(OS)、钾长石(PF)、白云石(DM)和有机源(OM)4种土壤调理剂对小油菜吸收、转运镉的影响,同时对土壤中镉的形态进行测定,以期为轻度镉污染土壤的修复提供参考依据。结果表明,与对照相比,牡蛎壳、钾长石、白云石施用量为1%时土壤pH值分别从4.1提高到了7.5、7.1、7.1,CEC分别提高了55.9%、26.3%、15.0%;同时使土壤中交换态镉(Exch-Cd)的含量分别降低了81.1%、65.1%、63.6%,EDTA-Cd的含量分别提高了121.6%、132.0%、106.3%。另外,这3种调理剂还显著提高了小油菜的耐受指数,使小油菜镉含量分别降低了83.9%、78.9%、82.3%,生物量分别增加了9.9、6.9、8.0倍。综上,OS、DM、PF都能降低镉的有效性,降低小油菜镉吸收,其中OS效果最好。     

不同水稻降镉技术对微量元素含量影响研究

探讨水稻降镉技术对微量元素含量的影响机理,是实现耕地污染治理与稻米安全的重要途经。以重金属污染耕地修复试点区的湘潭市雨湖区为试验区,分别选取镉低积累水稻品种（V）、淹水管理（I）、施用石灰（P）及其组合技术（VP、IP、VIP）等6种降镉技术,通过田间试验,对比分析不同水稻降镉技术对土壤、秸秆和稻米中微量元素含量的影响机理。结果表明:1）6种降镉技术中,施用石灰措施对微量元素含量变化和影响最为显著,包括增加和降低效果,且在各组合技术中起主导作用;2）从6种降镉技术的综合效果来看,土壤中钼（Mo）和铁（Fe）的有效性增强,锌（Zn）、铜（Cu）和锰（Mn）的有效态含量减少,而水稻体内Zn、Mn、Cu在稻米部位相对累积,Mo在秸秆中含量增加,水稻Fe的含量水平则总体上升。从作物正常生长所需与籽实营养价值的角度考虑,在水稻种植的过程中,宜采用VIP、VP、V、I降镉技术,最大程度降低对水稻吸收积累微量元素的影响,保证稻米安全高质产出。     

Rhizosphere Cadmium Speciation and Mechanisms of Cadmium Tolerance in Different Oilseed Rape Species

ABSTRACT

The role of rhizosphere processes in cadmium (Cd) uptake by plants and mechanisms of Cd tolerance is unexplored and a matter of debate. Pot experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions to investigate rhizosphere Cd speciation and mechanisms of Cd tolerance in different oilseed rape (Brassica juncea L. and Brassica napus L.) species using a sequential extraction technique. A Cd-tolerant oilseed rape, Xikou Huazi, a non-tolerant oilseed rape, Zhongyou 821, and an Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) were used in the study. The results showed that three predominant forms of Cd in the plants were NaCl-extractable Cd, acetic acid-extractable Cd, and water-extractable Cd. The concentration of water-extractable Cd in Xikou Huazi was significantly lower than in Zhongyou 821. A significant depletion of exchangeable Cd was observed in the rhizosphere soil of oilseed rapes Xikou Huazi and Zhongyou 821, as well as Indian mustard. At 60 mg kg^?1 of soil Cd concentration, the concentrations of carbonate-bound and organically bound Cd in the rhizosphere soil of Xikou Huazi were significantly higher than in the non-rhizosphere soil. The concentrations of these two Cd speciations were higher in the rhizosphere soil of Xikou Huazi than in the rhizosphere soil of Zhongyou 821. However, for Zhongyou 821, there were no significant differences in the concentrations of these two Cd speciations between the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere at 30 and 60 mg kg^?1 of soil Cd concentrations. A significant difference existed in rhizosphere Cd speciations and Cd forms in the plants between Cd-tolerant oilseed rape and non-tolerant oilseed rape. This difference was the main reason that Cd-tolerant oilseed rapes take up and accumulate Cd.     

Identification of Phosphorous Efficient Germplasm in Oilseed Rape

ABSTRACT

Plant species and genotypes within one species may significantly differ in phosphorus (P) uptake and utilization when they suffer from P starvation. The objective of this research was to screen P-efficient germplasm of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) and analyze the possible mechanism responsible for P efficiency by two-steps screening experiments and validation of P efficiency. Phosphorus efficiency coefficient at seedling stage, namely, ratio of shoot dry weight under low P to that under adequate P (PECS) of 194 oilseed rape cultivars varied from 0.050 to 0.62 and was significantly related with shoot dry weight under low P level (r = 0.859??, P < 0.01). Oilseed rape cultivar ‘Eyou Changjia’ presented the highest P efficiency coefficient in each growth stage and had the highest seed yield at low P, whereas oilseed rape cultivar ‘B104-2’ was the most sensitive to low P stress among the 12 candidate cultivars obtained from the two-steps screening experiments. Under low P condition in validation experiments of soil and solution cultures, ‘Eyou Changjia’ could produce much more dry matter and acquire more P than ‘B104-2.’ Moreover, P efficient coefficient obtained from the pot experiment was comparable to those from the field experiment. This might be attributed to high P uptake efficiency for ‘Eyou Changjia’ when it suffered from low-P stress. Comparison of results from the hydroponics with those from the pot and field experiments led to the conclusion that the P uptake efficiency in the hydroponics is highly related to that in soil culture conditions. These results show that there are large genotypic differences in response to phosphorus deficiency in oilseed rape germplasm (Brassica napus L.) and ‘Eyou Changjia’ is P-efficient and ‘B104-2’ is P-inefficient. By comparing these results further, the mechanism responsible for P efficiency was suggested to be mainly due to high P uptake efficiency by forming larger root system, and improving the ability of mobilizing and acquiring soil P in P-efficient oilseed rape under the condition of P starvation.     

Effects of Cadmium and Lead on Plant Growth and Content of Heavy Metals in Arugula Cultivated in Nutritive Solution

A greenhouse assay using an arugula (Eruca sativa L.) hydroponics system was carried out to evaluate the following effects of increasing amounts of cadmium and lead in nutritive solution: (a) production; (b) translocation of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) throughout the plants; (c) possible interactions of Cd and Pb with other mineral elements, transition metals, essential to plants; (d) tolerance limits to Cd and Pb with regard to production; and (e) chelating interaction of Cd and Pb with root substances. The absorption of Cd and Pb increased with increasing dosages in solution. Roots accumulated larger amounts of metals than shoots. Plants develop better with less than 0.025 mg L^?1 of Cd, with a damaging Cd concentration of 1 mg L^?1. The tolerable Pb concentration was up to 10 mg L^?1. Cadmium and Pb translocate poorly in plants and their deleterious effect is due to the deposit of very stable chelates in roots.     

喷洒氯化钾对油菜植株硝酸盐再利用的影响

从植物体本身着手研究植物氮素高效利用的机理与途径,这是近几年来植物氮素营养研究的热点之一,而调动植物液泡中的硝酸盐使之得到更高程度的再利用,这是提高植物氮素利用效率和降低植物体内硝酸盐含量的途径之一。试验采用土培试验,研究叶面喷施质量分数为1%的氯化钾溶液对油菜角果初期和收获期植株硝酸盐累积再利用的影响,以喷施质量分数为1.17%的硫酸钾溶液(要求氯化钾和硫酸钾溶液中钾离子的物质的量浓度相同)和清水作为对照,在开花后期开始喷施,连续隔日喷洒15天,喷施部位在茎和叶,重点喷洒叶的背面,尽量不喷施至叶柄,于角果初期和收获期采样。结果表明,喷施氯化钾溶液能显著降低油菜角果初期和收获期茎、叶、根硝酸盐含量和植株硝酸盐总量,促进硝酸盐再利用;可以增强角果初期叶片硝酸还原酶的活性;能增加收获期干物质累积量,但不影响角果初期干物质累积量。     

利用小孢子胚离体培养筛选抗除草剂的油菜

选用4个甘蓝型油菜（Brassica napus L．）F、（7039，7040，282和5102）为小孢子培养供体材料，分别对小孢子胚在含草甘膦和盖草能的培养基上进行培养，以筛选出抗草甘膦和抗盖草能的胚状体，进而获得再生植株。其中，基因型7039和7040用于草甘膦筛选，282和5102用于盖草能的筛选。选取子叶期胚状体，在含0．006％的草甘膦及0．01％和0．02％盖草能的MS-2培养基上培养2周，不抗草甘膦和小抗盖草能的胚状体2周内变褐死去，抗草甘膦和抗盖草能的胚状体转绿。随后转绿胚状体转移至正常MS-2培养基中继续培养，直至获得再生植株。再生植株喷施0．25％的草甘膦液表明均抗草甘膦；而对植株喷施0．05％的盖草能液时，0．02％筛选出的植株大部分为抗盖草能，而0．01％筛选出的植株却大部分死去，表明用0．02％浓度筛选抗盖草能植株的方法更有效。用170mg／L秋水仙碱直接处理再生植株20和30h，染色体加倍率分别达到了34％和52％。     

Influence of Cadmium Toxicity on Growth and Antioxidant Enzyme Activity in Rice Cultivars with Different Grain Cadmium Accumulation

Abstract

The effect of cadmium (Cd) toxicity on growth, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant enzymes was studied using two rice cultivars, Bing 97252 with low and Xiushui 63 with high grain Cd accumulation. Plants were exposed to 0–5 μ M Cd in hydroponic culture. Cadmium stress inhibited plant height and chlorophyll content and altered melondialdehyde (MDA) content and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD). Roots and shoots responded differently to Cd in terms of antioxidant enzyme activity. Generally, the activities of SOD, POD, and CAT decreased with increase in Cd level, while the activity of MDA increased with increase in Cd level. With the increase in Cd concentration in nutrient solution, MDA content in shoots and roots of Xiushui 63 increased at a much higher rate than did that of Bing 97252 at both growth stages. At booting stage, a decrease of 46%–52% in SOD activity was noted in plant roots grown under 5 μ M Cd, while at tillering stage the decrease was 13%–19% compared with the control. A significant decrease in chlorophyll content and plant height was noted under higher Cd treatment (1.0 and 5.0 μ mol) at two stages. The higher MDA and lower chlorophyll content in the cultivar Xiushui 63 showed that it is more sensitive to Cd than the cultivar Bing 97252.     

气候变化对我国油菜生产的影响

近年来,我国气候发生了显著变化：一是年平均气温显著升高;二是年降水总量有增加趋势,但区域性和季节性明显;三是极端气候事件频率和强度显著增加;四是CO2浓度持续升高;五是日照时数缩短明显。受其影响,我国油菜种植面积近年来显著增加,特别是冬油菜,有明显的“北移、西扩”趋势,这与气温升高引起作物种植北界北移有关。尽管我国油菜的单产也呈现增加趋势,但其与气象因子变化之间的关系目前还不明确。由极端气候引起的农业灾害显著增加,油菜生产的不稳定性增大。因此,提高综合抗逆能力、促进稳产是油菜生产急需解决的问题。     

土壤中水分和镉供应量对油菜器官中镉分布特征的影响

为探究油菜作为镉(Cd)污染农田修复植物的可行性,本研究以德油5号为试验材料,采用全生育期土培盆栽试验,设置高、中、低3个水平的土壤水分及4个水平的土壤镉含量,研究不同土壤水分条件下油菜对镉的吸收和富集规律。结果表明,土壤水分与镉浓度对油菜的吸镉能力影响显著,且其吸收量随着土壤水分与镉浓度的增加而增大;油菜不同器官的镉含量差异较大,其地上部分吸镉量为土壤总镉含量的0.41%～1.17%,叶片镉含量为总吸收量的46.4%～72.6%;不同水分条件下,油菜器官的镉富集量差异明显,高水、中水处理下油菜各器官的镉富集表现为叶>茎>根>角果壳>籽粒,低水处理下表现为叶>根>茎>角果壳>籽粒。综上,油菜整体具有较强的吸镉能力,但镉离子不溶于菜籽油,说明油菜可吸收土壤中的镉,又不影响菜籽油食用,是修复镉污染农田土壤的理想植物。本研究为利用油菜进行重金属土壤综合治理提供了理论依据。     

镉胁迫对玉米幼苗抗氧化酶系统及矿质元素吸收的影响

通过水培实验研究了在10-6、10-5、10-4mol·L-1浓度下,Cd2＋胁迫对玉米幼苗抗氧化酶系统、丙二醛（MDA）含量、Cd积累及矿质元素吸收的影响,同时讨论了Cd2＋毒害的作用机理。结果表明,中、低浓度（10-6、10-5mol·L-1）Cd2＋胁迫下,玉米幼苗MDA含量与对照组相比没有显著变化;高浓度（10-4mol·L-1）Cd2＋胁迫后,MDA含量显著升高（P〈0.05）。Cd2＋胁迫初期,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性均升高;随着胁迫时间的延长,除叶片中SOD和CAT活性略有上升外,其他抗氧化酶活性逐渐下降,高浓度组抗氧化酶活性下降最明显。植物吸收的Cd主要积累在根部,Cd2＋胁迫能干扰玉米对Fe、Cu、Zn、Mg等养分的吸收。