冬季大棚番茄的钾肥效应

施用钾肥能显著提高冬季大棚番茄的果实产量,增产幅度达１１％－１７％,但施钾量超过一定范围,增产幅度下降。施用钾肥同时改善了果实的品质,番茄果实中Ｖｃ的含量与产量的趋势一致,但果实中全糖的最高含量,在产量与Ｖｃ含量的峰值之前出现。收获早期的高产量,高价格对番茄施胛的经济收益高具有一定的贡献。     

冬季大棚番茄的钾肥效应

施用钾肥能显著提高冬季大棚番茄的果实产量,增产幅度达11%～17%,但施钾量超过一定范围,增产幅度下降.施用钾肥同时改善了果实的品质,番茄果实中Vc的含量与产量的趋势一致,但果实中全糖的最高含量,在产量与Vc含量的峰值之前出现.收获早期的高产量、高价格对番茄施钾的经济收益高具有一定的贡献.     

大棚番茄主要病害的发生与防治

大棚栽培番茄,往往因茬口过频或同科作物常年连作,而不同程度地出现土壤板结、养分不全、肥力减退和病源菌增多等不良问题,对抗病力差的作物如番茄等的生长极为不利,容易感染立枯病、早疫病（轮纹斑病）、叶霉病、根腐病等病害,严重的还易造成毁灭性的危害。因此,应高度重视大棚栽培番茄病害的防治。下面介绍番茄几种主要病害的综合防治方法。     

温室大棚无公害番茄生产技术

阐述了无公害番茄在温室大棚生产中对基地的选择条件、种植技术问题,并提出相应的研究对策与建议。     

大棚番茄群体结构及光分布特性与中早期产量形成关系的研究

试验研究了大棚内不同栽培密度条件下的番茄群体结构特点(叶倾角、株形、叶容量、冠层叶面积密度)及光的分布特性(相对照度、光量子数、辐射量)与产量之间的关系。试验表明:大棚番茄高架栽培群体最适密度为5.56株/m²其中早期最高产量达5940kg/亩;最适宜生理指标为:冠层叶面积密度LAD0.942m²/m²,叶容量98.6片/m²。此冠层接受的辐射量为45.6％,光量子数40.3％,冠层的相对照度38.5％,群体消光系数1.04。     

毒死蜱及其主要代谢物3,5,6-TCP在土壤中的降解特征及影响因素

应用土壤培养实验,考察了毒死蜱及其主要代谢物3,5,6-TCP在5种土壤中的降解过程,并应用CV变异系数评价影响毒死蜱及其主要代谢物3,5,6-TCP在土壤中降解的因素,结果表明:(1)应用二级动力学方程能更好拟合毒死蜱及其主要代谢物3,5,6-TCP在5种土壤中的降解过程;(2)土壤自身物理属性对毒死蜱及其主要代谢物3,5,6-TCP降解过程具有主要影响作用,其次是温度和化合物的浓度;(3)毒死蜱在5种土壤中的降解半衰期平均值为14.71～19.37 d,3,5,6-TCP与其母体毒死蜱相比,半衰期较长,在5种土壤中的降解半衰期平均值为29.56~73.72 d;(4)毒死蜱在5种土壤上的平均半衰期DT50为红壤(19.37 d)>黑土(19.23 d)>石灰岩土(16.35 d)>潮土(14.79 d)>紫色土(14.71 d),而3,5,6-TCP在5种土壤上的平均半衰期DT50为紫色土(73.72 d)>潮土(54.84 d)>黑土(37.19 d)>红壤(36.03 d)>石灰岩土(29.56 d)。     

山东海阳地区番茄大棚土壤重金属元素分布特征

对山东省海阳地区150个不同种植年限的番茄大棚土壤重金属元素的分布特征进行了调查研究.结果表明,该地区番茄大棚土壤Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn含量平均值为18 874、80.1、27.7、467.5 mg/kg,变异系数26.7％ ～ 39.2％,具有一定的空间变异性.该地区番茄大棚土壤Cu和Zn元素含量在种植年限为1～ 10年间逐年增加,而在种植年限11 ～ 17年间呈降低的趋势,番茄大棚土壤Cu和Zn元素含量随种植年限变化的规律与大棚土壤施肥量以及土壤pH的变化有关;随着蔬菜温室使用年限的增加,土壤Mn含量有逐年降低的趋势,Fe元素含量变化趋势不明显.     

水溶液和芦笋中毒死蜱的辐照降解

为寻求一种能有效降解毒死蜱残留的技术方法,本文采用60Co γ射线辐照水溶液和芦笋中的毒死蜱,并对比了毒死蜱的辐照降解率。结果表明,辐照剂量在0～12kGy时,水溶液中毒死蜱的降解率随剂量的增加而增大,4kGy的辐照可使其降解率达95.5%;芦笋中毒死蜱的辐照降解率偏低,8kGy辐照时降解率最高,达到30.0%。进一步研究表明,芦笋成分Vc、芦丁和总糖等的存在对辐照降解毒死蜱有抑制效应。     

沼液与化肥配合基施对大棚番茄产量和品质的影响

采用不同比例沼液与化肥配合做基肥施用来研究沼液施用对番茄产量和品质的影响,以期为沼液的资源化合理利用提供理论参考。基于N平衡原理,本研究采用完全随机区组设计,共设计了7个基肥处理,分别为CK(空白)、CF(常规施肥)、HF(化肥)、ZF(沼液)、ZF80%+HF20%(80%沼液+20%化肥)、ZF50%+HF50%(50%沼液+50%化肥)、ZF20%+HF80%(20%沼液+80%化肥)。研究结果表明,与化肥处理相比,在番茄定植后的40和80 d沼液配施所占的比例越大,其对土壤有效养分和有机质含量抑制作用越强,但在番茄定植后160 d沼液对土壤有效养分和有机质含量却有明显的促进作用。沼液与化肥配施提高了番茄叶片叶绿素含量,其中以ZF80%+HF20%处理最高,且在番茄定植后的40、80、160 d分别比CF和HF处理提高了19.60%、11.91%、2.92%和184.25%、23.08%、35.03%。沼液与化肥配施还提高了土壤阳离子交换量和重金属含量,且含量的高低与沼液施用量呈正相关关系。沼液与化肥配施提高了番茄果实中Vc和可溶性糖含量,降低了可滴定酸含量,虽然ZF处理中检测到重金属,但均未超过国家标准,可以忽略不计。番茄产量以ZF80%+HF20%处理最高,分别是CK、CF、HF、ZF、ZF50%+HF50%和ZF20%+HF80%处理的2.58、1.05、1.02、1.05、1.01和1.01倍。综合分析认为,ZF80%+HF20%能明显提高土壤养分含量,改善土壤生态环境,促进番茄产量提高和品质改善。     

优化施肥对大棚番茄氮素利用和氮素淋溶的影响

以河北省徐水县连续11年种植春番茄的大棚蔬菜地为试验对象,采用田间对比和土壤硝态氮地下淋溶原位监测方法,研究了合理优化施肥对春番茄经济效益和土壤中硝态氮淋溶的影响。试验以氮素空白为对照,设单施有机肥、常规施肥和优化施肥。其中优化施肥与常规施肥有机肥用量一致,无机氮素减少了240 kg/hm2。结果表明, 1) 优化施肥的春番茄产量和经济效益较常规施肥分别提高了4.1% 和4.5%; 2)优化施肥的氮素利用率显著提高,比常规施肥增加了1.48%; 3) 优化施肥可以显著减少大棚菜地敞棚期硝态氮的淋溶量。2011年本试验敞棚期（5月8日9月30日）降水总量为465.3 mm,优化施肥土壤硝态氮淋溶量比常规施肥减少了50.06 kg/hm2。     

硝酸稀土对菠菜中毒死蜱残留的降解作用研究

菠菜是我国蔬菜出口的重要品种之一,其毒死蜱残留量直接关系到我国农产品的出口和消费者的安全。采用气相色谱法（GC-NPD）测定毒死蜱残留量,研究了硝酸稀土对菠菜中毒死蜱残留动态的影响。结果表明,不论是喷施农药之前2d还是喷施农药之后2d喷施硝酸稀土,不同的硝酸稀土对菠菜中的毒死蜱残留都有不同程度的降解作用,且随着喷药后时间的延长,毒死蜱在菠菜中的残留量逐渐减少。不同时间喷施硝酸稀土,对菠菜中毒死蜱残留降解的效果存在差异,药后喷施的效果优于药前喷施。在硝酸稀土种类的选择上,首先选择对毒死蜱降解效果好的硝酸铈和硝酸钕,其次选择常乐益植素和硝酸镧。根据稀土农用的安全性分析,参考植物性食品中稀土最大残留限量标准,选择硝酸稀土作为农药残留降解制剂用于蔬菜安全生产,在技术上是可行的,人类食用是安全的。     

哈夫尼菌降解毒死蜱条件的优化及动力学模型建立

利用响应面法优化哈夫尼菌降解毒死蜱的条件,并建立了降解模型。采用Box-Behnken设计试验,以响应面法进行优化,结果表明,哈夫尼菌降解毒死蜱的最优条件为：蔗糖浓度0.31%,毒死蜱初浓度51.33mg·L-1,培养温度30.7℃,在该条件下理论预测毒死蜱降解率可达74.7%。通过假设和验证,得出哈夫尼菌降解毒死蜱为一级动力学模型,哈夫尼菌能水解毒死蜱P-O键,属一级酶促反应。     

不同灌溉方式对设施番茄土壤剖面硝态氮分布及灌溉水分效率的影响

为了弄清不同灌溉方式对日光温室番茄水分利用效率及硝态氮在土壤剖面中迁移的影响,选择山东寿光日光温室,以当地主栽品种"齐达利"为试材,研究了沟灌、小水勤灌和滴灌3种灌溉条件下设施番茄的产量,水分利用效率及硝态氮在0—90cm土壤剖面中的分配规律。结果表明,与传统沟灌相比,小水勤灌、滴灌均能够显著提高设施番茄经济产量,增产率分别为15.5%,11.3%,同时节水率分别为16.7%,36.0%,而相应产量水分效率则分别提高了38.7%,74.0%;同时,两种灌溉方式还显著改变了硝态氮在土壤剖面的分布,将更多的硝态氮保留在作物所能再利用的土层中,减少了硝态氮的淋失,对保护地下水环境具有重要意义。     

Cucumber Productivity and Soil Degradation in Recropping System in Greenhouse

Soil degradation resulting from recropping of greenhouse-cultivated cucumber (Cucumis statirus L.) has become a serious problem for production. The objective was to determine the soil degradation processes and make suggestions for prevention. Experiments were conducted in a solar greenhouse 4.0 m long and 0.7 m wide during 2001–2005 in northern China. In 2001, every fourth plot was filled with continuously cropped typical sandy soils from the winter–spring cucumber season for 0, 1, 4, or 8 years, respectively. Soil particle composition, nutrient content, and species of soil microbes were analyzed. A grafted cucumber with squash root was transplanted to the continuously cropped soil. Results indicated that cucumber fruit productivity increased with increases of recropping year up to the fourth year and then decreased thereafter with continuous cropping. Soil particle percentages did not change significantly as recropping years increased. Soil nutrients were not the main factor for decreased productivity. As the number of recropping years increased, the soil available nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P), available potassium (K), and organic content increased. The soil bacteria and fungi increased after 3 or 5 years of recropping, and soil actinomycetes decreased significantly after 5 years of recropping. The ratio of bacteria–fungi–actinomycetes changed, populations of fungi and bacteria increased, and the ratio of actinomycetes decreased, which led to an increase in the occurrence of pathogenic and soil-borne microbes and a decrease in fruit productivity, which were assumed to be the main factors of soil degradation. To stop recropping from influencing populations of fungi, bacteria, and actinomycetes, recropping should not be utilized after 4 years of recropping in order to continue with vegetable productivity in greenhouses.     

Threshold of Soil Olsen-P in Greenhouses for Tomatoes and Cucumbers

Phosphorus (P) accumulation is a common phenomenon in greenhouse soil for vegetables. Excessive P accumulation in soil usually decreases the yield and quality of vegetables as well as potentially polluting water environments. Ninety-eight tomato and 48 cucumber greenhouses were investigated in the eight main vegetable production areas of Hebei Province, China. Soil Olsen-P, the electrical conductivity (EC), the pH value, the organic matter of the soil, and the cropping years of these greenhouses were investigated and analyzed in order to better understand the status of soil P accumulation and positively find effective ways to solve the excessive phosphate accumulation problem. The investigation showed that the ratio was above 70% for all of the greenhouses where the soil Olsen-P exceeded 90 mg·kg^?1 (upper bound of soil Olsen-P optimum value in greenhouse) in the 0–20 cm surface soil in the investigated greenhouses. There was a significant positive correlation between the soil Olsen-P content and the soil EC, between the soil Olsen-P and the cropping years, and the Olsen-P had a significant negative correlation with the soil pH value. It is concluded that supplying phosphate fertilizer excessively induced the soil EC to ascend and the pH value to descend, which increases the possibility of the soil secondary salinization and soil degeneration. The significant positive correlation between the soil organic content and the soil Olsen-P contents suggests that supplying organic fertilizer might mobilize soil residual phosphate. This also provides a good way to solve the problem of soil P accumulation. In order to further explore the threshold content of soil Olsen-P demanded by tomato and cucumber under the high soil Olsen-P condition, two tomato greenhouses (T1, T2) in Dingzhou and two cucumber greenhouses (C1, C2) in Wuqiang were researched. All of the greenhouses had ranges of soil Olsen-P content that were between 150 and 300 mg·kg^?1, which far exceeded the 90 mg·kg^?1 ideal. The P fertilizer application rates showed positive correlations with the soil Olsen-P contents and EC values in cucumber and tomato greenhouses in the current season. Analyzing T1 and T2 results showed that tomato was sensitive to the high soil Olsen-P contents ranging from 230.64 to 729.42 mg kg^?1 at the seedling stage (15 days after transplanting; DAT) and from 199.41 to 531.42 mg kg^?1 at the fruiting stage (90 DAT), because the yields correlated negatively with soil Olsen-P contents at each growth stage. It is suggested that the maximum soil Olsen-P threshold content for tomato should be lower than 230 mg·kg^?1 at the seedling stage and lower than 199 mg·kg^?1 at the fruiting stage. But cucumber yield did not change significantly as soil Olsen-P content rose from 248.75 to 927.62 mg kg^?1, 212.40 to 554.07 mg kg^?1, 184.48 to 455.90 mg kg^?1, and 128.42 to 400.96 mg kg^?1 at the seedling stage (15 DAT), early fruiting stage (50 DAT), middle fruiting stage (140 DAT), and late fruiting stage (235 DAT), respectively, suggesting that the maximal soil Olsen-P threshold content was lower than 249, 212, 185, and 128 mg·kg^?1 at each growth stage, respectively. The relationship between fruit qualities and soil Olsen-P contents at each growth stage was not evident. Activities of soil alkaline phosphatase (ALP) decreased as soil Olsen-P supply was raised in T1, T2, and C1 at the seedling stage. It is concluded that in an excess soil Olsen-P condition tomato yield decreases strongly as soil ALP activity decreases, whereas ALP activity has little direct effect on cucumber yield.     

温室番茄生产实时在线辅助决策支持系统的研制

为了加强对温室环境监控的能力、提高温室番茄高产优质栽培的管理水平，研制开发出一种基于环境数据采集系统的实时在线辅助决策系统。该系统不仅能对温室主要环境要素进行实时采集、存储、图表显示，而且能为用户提供实时管理信息服务。系统实际运行表明，各项技术指标基本达到了设计要求，但在相关知识库与数据库的完善、传感器的选型与制作等方面仍需要深入研究。     

稻草与生石灰对设施土壤微量元素含量和番茄产量的影响

为了探究设施内添加稻草与生石灰对土壤微量元素含量和番茄产量的影响,以长期施肥定位试验为依托,比较了施用鸡粪(M)的基础上,添加稻草(MR)、生石灰(MCa)、稻草与生石灰同时添加(MRCa)各处理全土及各粒级团聚体中有效态Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn含量和番茄产量的变化。结果表明:(1)添加稻草可增加土壤中有效态Fe、Mn、Zn含量,MR处理较M处理分别增加3.2%,80.9%,15.1%,对有效态Cu含量无显著影响;添加生石灰也可增加土壤中微量元素含量,其中Mn含量增加显著。土壤中有效态Fe、Mn、Cn、Zn含量与pH呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),与有机质含量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。(2)随着土壤团聚体粒级的减小,有效态微量元素含量呈下降趋势。添加稻草和生石灰可增加1~0.25mm粒级中有效态Mn含量,MRCa处理较其他处理增加6.6%~46.6%;添加稻草可增加<0.25mm粒级中有效态Zn含量。土壤中有效态Fe含量与<1mm粒级中含量呈显著正相关(P<0.01);土壤中有效态Mn、Zn含量分别与各粒级中含量呈显著正相关(P<0.01);土壤中有效态Cu含量与1~0.25mm粒级中含量呈显著正相关(P<0.01)。(3)施入稻草或生石灰可增加番茄产量,且稻草和生石灰同时施入产量最高,MRCa处理较MCa、MR处理分别增加12.6%,33.8%。土壤有效态Fe、Cu含量与产量正相关,其中有效态Fe含量对产量具有直接作用,决策系数最高,土壤有效态Cu含量对产量具有间接作用。因此,可以通过长期添加稻草和适量生石灰缓解设施土壤微量元素短缺的现状,且可获得最高作物产量,为设施内土壤可持续利用和设施农业可持续发展提供保障。     

两种叶菜类蔬菜对毒死蜱的吸收转移规律

采用水培方法,研究了毒死蜱对两种叶菜类蔬菜菠菜和生菜生长的影响、在不同培养液中的降解速度以及在蔬菜中的吸收和转移规律。结果表明,低浓度毒死蜱（1.0和10.0mg·L^-1）对两种供试蔬菜的生长没有明显影响,但高浓度毒死蜱（100.0mg·L^-1）对两种蔬菜的生长均有一定的影响,而且生菜对毒死蜱较菠菜更为敏感。两种蔬菜均能明显促进毒死蜱在溶液中的降解,在不同溶液中的降解速度如下：菠菜-培养液〉生菜-培养液〉塘水〉培养液。两种供试蔬菜对毒死蜱均有很强的吸收能力,而且具有相似的吸收规律。毒死蜱在菠菜根中达到最大吸收值所需的时间比生菜根所需的时间短,但在茎和叶中所需的时间两种蔬菜相同。     

番茄日光温室膜下滴灌水肥耦合效应研究

采用二因素二次通用旋转组合设计,研究了日光温室中膜下滴灌水肥耦合技术对番茄植株生长发育、果实品质和产量的影响。结果表明：灌水定额、施肥定额二因素与番茄植株生长发育、果实品质和产量之间存在极显著的回归关系,F回〉F 0.01（5,7）=6.1088,回归可靠;二因素的影响程度为施肥定额>灌水定额,由此提出了最优水肥组合方案,灌水定额为2704.5~2836.95m3/hm2,施肥定额为265.5~309.64kg/hm2。本研究为日光温室番茄膜下滴灌栽培生产提供了借鉴。