水肥条件对小麦、玉米N、P、K吸收的影响

水、N是影响作物N、P、K吸收的重要因素。通过对 6个水分等级和 5个N肥等级相互搭配的研究结果表明 ,高水、高N处理不利于小麦N吸收 ,而玉米是耐肥作物 ,相同灌水条件下 ,玉米的吸N量随施N量的增加而增加。在低灌水条件下 (W 0、W 1处理 ) ,玉米子粒吸N量很低 ,变幅为 0～17.3kg/hm2,并且不受施N量的影响 ;而小麦子粒吸N量仍达 36.6～154.2kg/hm2。小麦与玉米吸P量的变化趋势与吸N量的变化趋势非常接近。但是 ,作物的吸K量随灌水量增加有明显增加的趋势 ,在玉米上表现尤其明显 ,并且作物的吸K量主要存在于茎秆中 ,因此 ,在当地推广和宣传秸秆还田很有必要     

锌锰肥对玉米吸收氮磷钾及干物质积累的影响

石灰性中肥力土壤,玉米施用锌、锰肥具有明显的增产效果,平均每公顷增产玉米３２８．５ｋｇ,增产６．４％。锌、锰可促进玉 Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ的吸收及茎叶、子粒干物质积累;但锌锰配合施用的子粒干物质量低于单施锌。     

植物激素类除草剂对玉米幼苗吸收重金属的影响

研究了土壤镍,镉污染条件下,向玉米幼苗喷施植物激素类除草剂２,４－二氯苯氧乙酸（２,４－Ｄ）对玉米幼苗生长量,细胞膜透性以及重金属Ｎｉ,Ｃｄ在幼苗组织中含量的含量的影响。结果表明,在土壤Ｎｉ,Ｃｄ污染条件下,无论向幼苗喷施低浓度２,４－Ｄ促进生长或喷施高浓度的２,４－Ｄ抑制生长,都会引起幼苗细胞膜透性和ＮｉＣｄ在组织中的含量较单独施用Ｎｉ,Ｃｄ时增加,使生长量较单独施用Ｎｉ,Ｃｄ或喷施高浓度２,４     

超积累植物吸收重金属的生理及分子机制

超积累植物从根际吸收重金属 ,并将其转移和积累到地上部 ,这一过程包括跨根细胞质膜运输、从根表皮细胞向中柱的横向运输、从根系的中柱薄壁细胞装载到木质部导管、木质部长途运输、从木质部卸载到叶细胞 (跨叶细胞膜运输 )、跨叶细胞的液泡膜运输等主要环节和调控位点。本文就近十年来这方面的研究进展作一综述     

锌锰肥对玉米吸收氮磷钾及干物质积累的影响

石灰性中肥力土壤,玉米施用锌、锰肥具有明显的增产效果,平均每公顷增产玉米328.5kg,增产6.4%.锌、锰可促进玉米对N、P、K的吸收及茎叶、子粒干物质的积累;但锌锰配合施用的子粒干物质量低于单施锌.     

农作物叶片对大气沉降重金属的吸收转运和积累机制

近年来,农产品的重金属超标问题已经引起了公众的广泛关注,也是国内外学者研究的热点.要实现农产品重金属污染的有效防控,首先需要解决的就是重金属来源问题.目前已有的研究大多集中在根系对土壤中重金属的吸收机制研究,且已基本探明作物根系对重金属的吸收转运机制,包括根际离子的活化,根细胞的吸附和扩散、跨膜运输,根皮层细胞的横向运...     

滴灌磷钾肥基追比对滴灌玉米干物质积累、产量及养分吸收的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了磷钾肥滴灌追施对玉米干物质、产量及养分吸收的影响。结果表明,磷钾肥部分基施、部分滴灌追施玉米的生物量和产量要优于磷钾肥全部基施,其中磷肥75%基施和25%滴灌追施比磷肥全部基施的玉米干物质提高4.36%,产量增加8.14%;钾肥50%基施和50%滴灌追施比钾肥全部基施的玉米干物质增加4.86%,产量增加4.98%。磷钾肥部分基施、部分滴灌追施显著提高了玉米氮、磷、钾的吸收量和利用率,其中磷肥75%基施和25%滴灌追施的氮、磷、钾肥的利用率分别为46.65%、28.42%、46.33%,比磷肥全部基施分别提高了6.0、8.44和8.95个百分点;钾肥50%基施和50%滴灌追施的氮、磷、钾肥的利用率分别为45.46%、27.92%、46.95%,比钾肥全部基施分别提高了4.26、0.99和11.89个百分点。     

高磷土壤施用锌肥对玉米氮磷钾吸收和积累的影响

在田间高磷土壤条件下,研究不同锌肥施用量对玉米各个生育期植株氮磷钾吸收和积累以及对产量的影响,以期为提高氮磷钾的利用率、玉米增产和合理施锌肥提供科学依据。研究结果表明:施用锌肥能提高玉米各生育期植株和籽粒N和K的含量,P的含量则呈降低的趋势。同一施锌量,玉米植株积累的NPK量随植株生长而增加,在同一生育期中,玉米植株积累的N和K量在施锌量10～50 kg/hm2范围内,呈增加的趋势,继续增加施锌量则呈降低的趋势,累积的P量在施锌量10～150 kg/hm2范围内呈降低的趋势,说明施锌量10～150 kg/hm2范围内,能够提高NK肥的利用率。不同施锌量对玉米产量的影响是施锌量10～50 kg/hm2范围内,呈增加的趋势,继续增加施锌量则呈降低的趋势。     

硫肥用量对玉米氮硫吸收分配和产量的影响

为明确硫肥用量在作物增产方面的效应,本研究采用单因素随机区组设计,通过大田试验,设置5个硫肥(硫磺)用量,分别为0 kg(S)·hm~(-2)(S0)、40 kg(S)·hm~(-2)(S1)、80 kg(S)·hm~(-2)(S2)、120 kg(S)·hm~(-2)(S3)和160kg(S)·hm~(-2)(S4),研究不同硫肥用量对玉米产量和氮硫素吸收、分配的影响。结果表明,施用硫肥可使玉米产量增加7.0%~18.1%,S2处理玉米产量最高,为12 978.30 kg·hm~(-2)。施用硫肥能显著提高玉米各生育时期(除大喇叭口期外)植株干物质积累量。成熟期,玉米叶片、叶鞘、籽粒干物质积累量均在S2处理下达最大值,玉米茎秆、苞叶、穗轴干物质积累量均在S1处理下达最大值。整个生育期内,玉米硫素积累量和硫素吸收强度均在S2处理下达最大值,且显著高于不施硫的S0处理。成熟期时,玉米叶片硫素积累量随施硫量的增加而增加,S4处理时达最大值;玉米茎秆、苞叶、穗轴硫素积累量均在S1处理下最大;玉米叶鞘和籽粒硫素积累量则S2处理下最大。从拔节期至抽雄吐丝期,S3处理促进玉米氮素积累效果最佳;灌浆期和成熟期分别以S1和S2处理更有助于玉米氮素积累。施硫量的增加会在一定程度上降低玉米硫肥偏生产力和硫肥利用率;玉米硫肥农学利用率在S2处理下最大。玉米植株的氮素和硫素吸收累积量具有极显著相关关系。因此,适量的硫肥在提高玉米产量和氮硫吸收、分配及利用效率方面发挥着重要作用,施硫量为80 kg(S)·hm~(-2)时,整体效果最佳。     

高量施锌肥对玉米Zn吸收和积累及产量的影响

在田间试验条件下,研究正常施锌(10kg/hm2,25kg/hm2 ZnSO4.7H2O)和超高量施锌处理(50kg/hm2,100kg/hm2,150kg/hm2 ZnSO4.7H2O),对玉米各个生育期植株锌吸收和积累以及产量的影响,以期为玉米增产、品质改善和合理施锌肥提供科学依据。结果表明:在施锌肥量10～150kg/hm2范围内,玉米苗期、拔节期、吐丝期、灌浆期、成熟期的植株和籽粒含锌量都有显著增加的趋势,并且施用量与锌含量呈极显著正相关,正常施锌和超高量施锌在植物体内各个生育期锌含量都呈增加的趋势,且同一浓度施锌量,玉米植株积累的锌量随植株生长而增加,说明玉米在不同生长期从土壤中吸取的锌元素也在不断增加。玉米地上部分各生育阶段对锌的吸收速率总体趋势为,随着施锌量的增加各个生育阶段对锌的吸收速率呈增加趋势,其中,拔节期-吐丝期对锌的吸收速率最高。随着施锌量的增加,玉米产量呈现先增加后降低的趋势,最适合的施锌量为50kg/hm2,相比正常施锌量有所提高,并且高施锌肥可以增加玉米产量、提高玉米籽粒和植株锌含量。     

重金属铅镉对玉米生长及土壤微生物的影响

采用温室盆栽土培方法,研究了土壤中不同浓度重金属铅（Pb,0-800 mg.kg^-1）、镉（Cd,0-50 mg.kg^-1）单一及其复合处理对玉米（Zea mays L.）生长及土壤微生物（细菌、放线菌、真菌）数量的影响。结果表明,在重金属Pb、Cd单一及其复合处理下,玉米的株高、干重均低于对照,重金属Pb、Cd处理对玉米的生长存在负面影响。重金属Pb、Cd单一处理抑制细菌、真菌的生长,中低浓度Pb（≤300 mg.kg^-1）、Cd（≤10 mg.kg^-1）单一处理促进放线菌数量的增加,高浓度（Pb≥800 mg.kg^-1、Cd≥50 mg.kg^-1）则呈现抑制效应;Pb、Cd复合在高中低浓度下都抑制土壤微生物生长,减少微生物数量。玉米株高同土壤微生物之间相关性不显著;玉米干重同土壤细菌、真菌显著相关,同土壤放线菌之间相关性不显著。     

Integrated Fertilizer Management: Influence on Soil Nitrogen,Available Phosphorus,Potassium, Nutrient Uptake and Maize Yield

A field experiment was conducted on an Alfisol (kandic paleustalf) in Abeokuta, Southwestern Nigeria, for two seasons to assess the influence of inorganic and organic fertilizers on nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), nutrient uptake and maize yield. The treatments consisted of three rates of organic fertilizer 0, 5 and 10 t ha^?1 in the form of poultry manure and NPK fertilizer (20:10:10) applied at 0 and 120 kg ha^?1. Maize (Zea mays) was used as the test crop. The results showed that the combined application of 10 t ha^?1 poultry manure and 120 kg ha^?1 NPK fertilizer enhanced the uptake of N, P and K better than other treatment combinations. Application of 10 t ha^?1 poultry manure alone gave the highest grain yield, which was 67.02% higher than the control in the first season. Complementary application of 5 t ha^?1 poultry manure with 120 kg ha^?1 NPK 20–10-10 was recommended for grain yield.     

保水剂与氮磷肥配施对玉米生长及养分吸收的影响

以夏玉米为研究对象,采用避雨桶栽试验方法精确控制水肥条件,研究保水剂(SAP)与5种氮磷肥配比(N∶P分别为1∶4,2∶3,1∶1,3∶2,4∶1)模式对土壤肥力水平、玉米植株生长及其养分吸收利用的效应。结果表明,保水剂与氮磷肥均衡施用(N∶P为1∶1)能够促进玉米植株的生长及对养分的吸收利用,生育期内平均株高、叶面积较其他处理分别提高了3.36%～7.19%,5.36%～29.26%;干物质积累与植株氮、磷累积量较其他处理分别提高了13.79%～27.61%,15.91%～32.47%,18.66%～33.75%;同时与未施保水剂处理相比,生育期内土壤平均无机氮含量减少5.42%,有效磷含量提高3.55%;在本试验条件下,施用SAP 1.68g/pot、N 2.89g/pot、P 2.89g/pot可得到最大玉米产量113.93g/pot,收获时产量较其他处理提高了18.69%～30.94%。试验结果为华北地区应用保水剂条件下的夏玉米氮磷肥施用配比提供了参考。     

正交设计优化玉米SSR—PCR反应体系的研究

为建立适宜玉米SSR—PCR的反应体系和扩增程序,利用正交设计L16（4^5）表,对反应体系的模板DNA、dNTPs、Primers、Taq DNA聚合酶的浓度进行4因素4水平优化筛选和扩增程序的优化,确立了最优反应体系和扩增程序。即在10μL体系中,模板DNA20ng,1×PCR buffer,dNTPs62．5pmol／μL,Primers0．25pmol／μL,Taq DNA polymerase0．5U。反应程序为：94℃预变性5min;94℃变性45S,60℃退火45S,72℃延伸1min,32个循环;72℃延伸5min,4℃保存。使用300对SSR引物对重组近交系的两亲本扩增,筛选出条带清晰,有差异的引物94对,用于基因连锁图谱构建和QTL定位。     

镧浸种处理对玉米光合特性的影响

为了探索镧对玉米光合特性的影响,采用露天盆栽方法,以氯化镧（LaCl3）溶液浸种处理玉米种子,测定大喇叭口期玉米叶片光合日变化、光响应曲线和CO2响应曲线及PEP羧化酶（PEPCase）活性。结果表明,高（120 mg.L-1）低（60 mg.L-1）两个La3＋溶液浓度条件下,玉米叶片光合午休现象得到缓解,气孔因素是主要原因;La3＋溶液浸种处理后,表观量子效率（AQY）和光饱和点（LSP）显著提高,羧化效率（CE）降低,La3＋对PEPCase有明显的抑制作用。说明La3＋溶液浸种预处理主要是通过提高植株对光能的利用来提高玉米叶片的光合效率。     

Effect of Nitrogen Nutrition on Solute Accumulation and Ion Contents of Maize under Sodium Chloride Stress

Salinity is a major abiotic stress that limits the productivity of crops, particularly cereal crops, while decreasing nutrient availability, especially of nitrogen. An experiment was conducted to study the effects of salt stress [i.e., S₀, S₁, and S₂ (control, 1.09; 5; and 10 dS m^?1)] and four different nitrogen (N) levels [i.e., N₀, N₁, N₂, and N₃ (control, 175, 225, and 275 kg N ha^?1)] on two maize hybrids, Pioneer 32B33 (salt tolerant) and Dekalb 979 (salt sensitive). The experiment was conducted in a wire house. The experiment was laid out with three factors in a completely randomized design. The plant tissue was analyzed for solute and ion contents. With the increase in salt stress and N rate, solute (i.e., glycinebetaine), protein, total soluble sugar, and total free amino acids accumulated in both hybrids. Nitrate (NO₃) and nitrite (NO₂) reductase activity decreased sharply at 10 dS m^?1 compared to lower levels of salinity but it increased significantly with the addition of N. The uptake of potassium (K⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), N, and phosphorus (P) reduced significantly in shoots with increased salinity while the sodium (Na⁺) and chloride (Cl) contents were increased. It is concluded from the present study that at greater salinity level, hybrid Pioneer32B33 maintained statistically greater solute and ion contents excluding Na⁺ and Cl ions and significantly decreased enzyme activity. However, these parameters were increased by N rate.     

Genotypic Difference in Nitrogen Acquisition Ability in Maize Plants Is Related to the Coordination of Leaf and Root Growth

ABSTRACT

The capacity of a plant to take up nitrate is a function of the activity of its nitrate-transporter systems and the size and architecture of its root system. It is unclear which of the two components, root system or nitrate-uptake system, is more important in nitrogen (N) acquisition under nitrogen-sufficiency conditions. Two maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines (478 and Wu312) grown in nutrient solution in a controlled environment were compared for their N acquisition at 0.1, 0.5, 2.5, 5, and 10 mmol L^?1 nitrate supply. Genotype 478 could take up more N than Wu312 at all nitrate concentrations, though the shoot biomass of the two genotypes was similar. Genotype 478 had a larger leaf area and longer root length. The specific N uptake rate of 478 (μmol N g^?1 root. d^?1) was lower than that of Wu312. In an independent nitrate-depletion experiment, the potential nitrate uptake rate of 478 was also lower than that of Wu312. No genotypic difference was found in photosynthesis rate. It was concluded that the greater N acquisition ability in 478 involves the coordination of leaf and root growth. Vigorous leaf growth caused a large demand for N. This demand was met by the genotype's large root system. Besides providing a strong sink for N uptake, the larger leaf area of 478 might also guarantee the carbohydrate supply necessary for its greater root growth.     

作物品种和化学固定剂对玉米谷物中镉和锌积累的影响

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of soil amendments(lime,nano-Si foliar solution and used diatomite) on the growth and metal uptake of three maize(Zea mays L.) cultivars grown in a Cd and Zn-contaminated acidic soil.The addition of lime significantly increased the maize grain yields and decreased the concentrations of Zn and Cd in the grains and shoots of maize when compared with the control.Among the three maize cultivars,Yunshi-5 accumulated the lowest amounts of Cd and Zn in the grain.The concentrations of Zn and Cd in the grain of Yunshi-5 conformed to the Chinese feed standards.These data revealed that a combination of low metal-accumulating maize and chemical fixation could effectively provide a barrier to prevent metals from entering the human food chain.     

Effects of Phosphorus Fertilizer Source and Plant Density on Growth and Yield of Maize in Northwestern Pakistan

ABSTRACT

Phosphorus (P) fertilizer source and plant density are considered some of the most important factors affecting crop growth and yield. A field experiment was conducted to determine the impact of P source [zero-P control, DAP (diammonium phosphate), SSP (single super phosphate), and NP (nitrphos)] and plant density (D₁ = 40,000, D₂ = 60,000, D₃ = 80,000, and D₄ = 100,000 plants ha^?1) on growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L cv. Azam) on a P-deficient soil (6.6 mg P kg^?1) at New Developmental Agricultural Research Farm, North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) Agricultural University, Peshawar, Pakistan, during summer 2006 in wheat-maize cropping system. Physiological maturity was delayed, plant height was increased and leaf area was decreased significantly when maize was planted at highest (D₄) than at lowest plant density (D₁). Application of SSP resulted in earlier physiological maturity of maize than other P fertilizers. Grain and stover yield, harvest index, shelling percentage, thousand grain weight and grains ear^?1 were maximized at D₃ (80,000 plants ha^?1) and with application of P fertilizer. Highest benefit in growth and grain yield was obtained with application of DAP to maize planted at D₃. Application of DAP at D₃ gave 15, 29, and 19% higher grain yield than its application at D₁, D₂, and D₄, respectively. In conclusion, the findings suggest that growing maize at 80,000 plants ha^?1 applied with DAP can maximize productivity of maize in the wheat-maize cropping system on P-deficient soils.     

单一及复合污染下铅铜在玉米幼苗体内积累与迁移的动态变化

采用光照培养箱培养及原子吸收分光光度法,研究了不同浓度（10～100mg·L-1）Cu2＋、Pb2＋单一及复合污染后玉米幼苗体内各器官中积累与迁移的动态变化规律。结果表明,在单一污染条件下,Cu2＋、Pb2＋在玉米体内的积累量与重金属处理浓度和处理时间呈正相关,分布顺序为根〉茎〉叶,积累量为Pb2＋〉Cu2＋,根茎间迁移率随着处理浓度增高逐渐减小,茎叶间迁移率变化规律为先减小后增大;复合污染后,随着处理浓度和处理时间的增加,Cu2＋、Pb2＋在玉米体内的积累量逐渐增大,其中（100＋100）mg·L-1浓度下30d处理时积累量达到最大值,Cu2＋、Pb2＋在玉米各器官中的分布规律为根〉茎〉叶,积累能力为Pb2＋〉Cu2＋,根茎间的迁移率表现为在10～20d时随浓度增高逐渐上升,30d时逐渐下降,而茎叶间的迁移率则表现为随处理浓度的增加先升高后降低。Cu2＋、Pb2＋复合污染后玉米体内Cu2＋、Pb2＋的含量均大于单一处理,Cu2＋、Pb2＋复合处理具有协同效应。实验结果也证明玉米是一种易富集Cu2＋、Pb2＋的作物。