不同氮磷比例营养液对AM真菌生长发育的影响

温室条件下,研究不同氮磷比例营养液对丛枝菌根(Arbuscular.mycorrhizae,AM)真菌(Glomus.mosseae)生长发育的影响。结果表明:在一定磷水平条件下增加氮的水平,有利于菌根真菌的生长发育,但超过一定水平则会抑制菌根真菌的生长发育,说明氮水平也会影响菌根真菌的生长发育,这种影响与氮磷比例有关。综合比较菌根长度、根外菌丝量及孢子数三项指标,在20%浓度Hoagland营养液的基础上,将氮磷比例提高到4∶2有利真菌生长。在AM菌剂生产中,通过营养液中氮磷比例的调控能获得较大数量的侵染根段、菌丝及孢子等繁殖体。     

氮磷添加对湿地松人工林土壤有机碳组分的影响

本文以安徽省宣城市宛陵林场湿地松林为研究对象,通过设置对照(CK, N 0 kg/(hm²·a)+P 0 kg/(hm²·a))、低氮(LN, N 50 kg/(hm²·a)+ P 0 kg/(hm²·a))、高氮(HN, N 100 kg/(hm²·a)+ P 0 kg/(hm²·a))、高氮低磷(HNLP, N 100 kg/(hm²·a)+P 50 kg/(hm²·a))和高氮高磷(HNHP, N 100 kg/(hm²·a)+P 100 kg/(hm²·a))5种处理,开展连续5年的野外氮磷添加控制试验,并于2023年测定0~20、20~40 cm土层土壤基本性质、有机碳组分和水解酶活性,探究了短期氮磷添加对森林土壤有机碳组分含量的影响及其关键因素。结果表明：①氮磷添加下,土壤pH显著降低了3.49%~11.48%,HNLP处理下0~20 cm土层土壤硝态氮、全磷含量分别显著增加了128.10%、76.67%;②5年氮添加对土壤有机碳(SOC)、颗粒态有机碳(POC)、矿物结合态有机碳(MAOC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)含量无显著影响,HN处理下土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量显著提高,HNLP处理下0~20 cm土层SOC、POC、MAOC含量分别显著增加了31.51%、18.01%、27.12%,20~40 cm土层MBC含量显著增加了13.35%;③结构方程模型表明,氮磷添加改变了土壤中硝态氮和全磷含量,通过直接或者间接影响土壤β-1, 4-葡萄糖苷酶、纤维二糖苷酶、β-1, 4-N-乙酰葡糖氨糖苷酶活性来影响土壤碳组分含量。因此,从长期碳固持的角度来看,高氮低磷混合施用模式更有利于提高土壤有机碳的稳定性。该研究结果为森林“双碳”目标的实现提供了森林经营理论支持。     

氮磷添加对不同退耕年限草本植被群落及土壤化学计量特征的影响

采用空间代替时间的方法,根据安塞县纸坊沟小流域8个退耕年限序列(1~35年)的退耕地采样数据进行分析,研究植物群落与土壤化学计量学特征对不同施肥处理的响应程度。结果表明:(1)与未施肥相比,施N肥和施N肥+P肥后,地上生物量分别增加了77.1%和142.0%。地上生物量对不同施肥处理的响应程度表现为施N肥+P肥组合高于单一添加N肥。(2)与未施肥相比,施N肥后叶片氮、磷含量分别增加了13.6%和0.6%,氮磷比下降了3.8%;施N肥+P肥后叶片氮、磷含量分别增加了15.6%和8.7%,氮磷比下降了15.2%,叶片N、P含量及氮磷比对施N肥+P肥的响应程度均高于单一施N肥。(3)与未施肥相比,施N肥后土壤N、P含量分别增加了27.7%和36.2%,N/P比下降了9.1%;施N肥+P肥后土壤N、P含量分别增加了16.6%和25.0%,N/P比下降了9.1%,土壤N、P含量对施N肥的响应程度略高于施N肥+P肥。总体而言,适当的施肥方式有利于植物对土壤养分的利用和分配。     

短期和长期氮磷添加对青藏高原草甸土壤微生物残体积累系数的影响

微生物残体积累系数（NAC）是单位微生物生物量积累的微生物残体量,可用来指征微生物残体的积累效率,然而青藏高原草甸生态系统的土壤NAC对短期和长期氮磷添加的响应尚不明确。以青藏高原草甸氮磷添加1年（短期）和10年（长期）后的土壤为研究对象,量化了土壤微生物残体碳（MNC）、土壤微生物生物量碳（MBC）,并估算了短期和长期养分添加后的NAC,同时综合土壤基本理化性质、微生物胞外酶活性、植物生物量等环境因子,分析了NAC的主要调控因素。结果显示,短期养分添加后0~10 cm和20~30 cm土层的NAC分别为31.33和38.12,不同氮磷添加处理对NAC无显著影响（P>0.05）;长期养分添加后0~10 cm和20~30 cm土层的NAC分别为14.46和17.49,氮磷添加显著降低了20~30 cm土层的NAC（P<0.05）。进一步的统计分析结果显示,pH是影响NAC的主要因素,长期氮磷添加导致土壤pH降低,从而降低了NAC。本研究探讨了NAC对氮磷添加的差异响应及影响因素,为理解氮磷沉降增加背景下微生物介导的碳积累提供了数据支持。     

施氮对不同龄级油松针叶氮磷化学计量的影响

目的探究缺氮地区油松(Pinus tabuliformis)人工林碳、氮、磷生态化学计量特征,及养分在树体内的重吸收、利用效率的变化情况,揭示各指标随油松龄级变化的规律及对梯度氮添加的响应差异。方法试验在山西省朔州市金沙滩林场进行,选择Ⅱ～Ⅴ龄级油松人工林,每个林下设置5个施氮梯度：0、5、10、15、20 g/m²,分别模拟对照以及低、适宜、中高、高氮水平。在生长盛期(7月),采集表层土壤和当年新生枝条上的成熟针叶样品,测定碳、氮、磷含量,计算化学计量比,分析油松氮、磷重吸收效率(NRE、PRE)、氮磷养分利用效率(NNUE、PNUE)和氮磷内稳态指数(H_N、H_P)。结果土壤全氮含量影响着各龄级油松新生叶全碳(TC)、全氮(TN)含量及碳氮比(C/N)、碳磷比(C/P),峰值或谷值均出现在土壤全氮含量为0.8～1.0 g/kg范围内。各龄级油松新生叶氮磷比(N/P)随龄级升高呈增加趋势,叶片全磷(TP)含量与土壤氮水平呈显著正相关。各龄级油松新生叶NRE随土壤全氮含量增加而下降,NNUE则随土壤全氮含量的增加总体呈上升趋势;PRE较为稳定,但Ⅴ龄级油松PRE随土壤全氮含量的升高变化较为明显;PNUE随土壤全氮含量的增加缓慢减小。各龄级油松内稳态指数(H)拟合效果均达到显著水平(P<0.10),且H_N均>4,呈稳定状态,除Ⅴ龄级油松H_P值为0.999,处于敏态,其余各龄级H_P值多在1.951附近浮动,处于弱稳态。结论Ⅱ龄级油松对土壤氮含量的变化反应敏感,而较高林龄的油松磷含量变化更显著。各龄级油松氮内稳态指数均大于4,处于稳态,充足的氮养分可以巩固油松氮的稳定性。Ⅲ、Ⅳ龄级油松调节体内营养再吸收利用的能力较强,氮、磷内稳性均较高,而Ⅱ龄级油松对氮的强吸收能力降低了磷的稳定性,Ⅴ龄级油松对磷的再吸收和利用能力较低,Ⅱ、Ⅴ龄级油松磷内稳态指数呈现弱稳态和敏态。因此,土壤氮素水平变化后,应注意幼龄和老龄级油松的磷素营养。     

过量施用氮磷和有机肥对大白菜产量和氮磷吸收的影响

采用田间肥料试验研究过量施用氮、磷和有机肥对大白菜产量和吸收氮、磷养分的影响.结果表明,与不施氮肥比较,N用量225 kg/hm2,大白菜增产102.4%;与不施磷肥比较,P2O5用量180 kg/hm2,大白菜增产21.5%;施用有机肥大白菜产量显著增加.N用量225、450、675 kg/hm2,P2O5用量180、360、540、720 kg/hm2各处理间,大白菜产量均无显著差异.过量施用氮、磷和有机肥,大白菜奢侈吸收氮、磷养分.依据土壤氮、磷收支平衡,N、P2O5、有机肥用量分别为225 kg/hm2、180 kg/hm2、150 t/hm2,基本上可满足大白菜对养分的需求,在此基础上过量施用氮、磷和有机肥均导致氮和磷养分的浪费.     

长期不同施肥对茶园土壤碳氮磷构成的影响

从浙西茶区采集了34个茶园表层土壤,按施肥模式分为施用有机肥+化肥、单施化肥和不施肥等3组茶园,用化学分析方法研究了长期不同施肥下茶园土壤碳、氮、磷库的变化特点。结果表明,3组施肥模式之间的茶园土壤p H和有机碳含量差异不明显;单施化肥或有机肥+化肥的茶园土壤全磷、全氮和有效磷含量明显高于不施肥茶园;全磷与全碳的比例(P/C)和全氮与全碳的比例(N/C):化肥有机肥+化肥不施肥;施用有机肥+化肥土壤的有机质结合态磷比例明显高于单施化肥和不施肥土壤,单施化肥土壤的钙结合态磷的比例明显高于施有机肥+化肥和不施肥土壤,不施肥土壤的闭蓄态磷的比例高于施有机肥+化肥和单施化肥土壤;单施化肥土壤具有较高的NO3--N/NH4+-N比和无机氮含量;施用有机肥+化肥土壤有较高比例的颗粒态有机碳、活性有机碳和微生物生物量碳。基于19项分析指标应用主成分分析方法对研究的34个土壤进行聚类的结果也表明,土壤之间碳、氮、磷库组成的差异主要与施肥模式有关。施用有机肥+化肥的茶园土壤养分较为协调。     

亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤溶解性有机碳和微生物量碳对氮磷添加的响应

以安徽省祁门县查湾林场常绿阔叶林为研究对象,研究土壤溶解性有机碳和微生物量碳的季节变化特征及其对氮磷添加的响应。结果表明,0~30 cm土层DOC平均含量在不同月份之间的变化范围为126~298 mg kg-1。中坡林分不同处理土壤DOC平均含量高低顺序为N(300 mg kg-1)N+P(257 mg kg-1)CK(241 mg kg-1),坡顶林分施N处理和N+P处理间的DOC含量接近,差异不显著。中坡和坡顶林分土壤MBC季节变化基本呈双峰趋势,其峰值均出现在2012年11月和2013年3月。中坡林分土壤MBC含量在2013年的1、5、7月施N和N+P处理都低于CK,而坡顶林分MBC含量在2012年7月和9月2013年5月与7月MBC含量都表现为N+PCKN。土壤微生物量碳与土壤溶解性有机碳及土壤有机碳之间呈极显著相关。     

不同治理措施对土壤氮磷含量影响分析

以朝阳县下洼小流域为研究对象,通过分层次采样和S形采样法,系统分析不同治理措施和坡位土壤的氮磷养分差异。结果表明,汛期后,各治理措施的土壤全氮含量均有所增加,其中封禁治理增幅最大(20.37%),而坡改梯增幅最小(5.76%);土壤碱解氮含量均显著减少,其中封禁治理和经果林减幅较大达到78.91%、75.43%;经果林的土壤全磷和有效磷含量显著增加,增幅为93.13%和31.67%,而其他措施均减少;不同坡位土壤氮磷养分含量差异显著,坡中和坡下养分流失较为明显。经果林在减少氮磷流失方面效果较好,而坡改梯在短期内效果较差。     

不同氮磷比例对玉米氮素利用的影响

生产实践表明,化肥的增产作用是十分重要的.目前在化肥施用上普遍存在着利用率偏低、增产不增收的现象.为此,在在田间条件下,应用15N示踪法研究玉米施用氮肥后,氮素的运输、分配及其经济利用,为科学施肥提供依据.     

氮磷比对两种蓝藻生长及竞争的影响

通过室内实验研究了不同氮磷比条件下主要水华藻类——铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginisa）和巨颤藻（Oscillatoria princeps）的生长和种间竞争。结果表明,无论在纯培养体系还是混合培养体系中,微囊藻在中氮磷比（N/P=4.5）下生长最好,颤藻在低氮磷比（N/P=0.45）下生长最好;氮磷比对藻类的种间竞争抑制参数能够产生明显影响,中氮磷比时微囊藻对颤藻的竞争抑制参数最大,分别是高氮磷比（N/P=45）和低氮磷比时的1.38倍和1.35倍;而颤藻对微囊藻的竞争抑制参数则是在低氮磷比时最大,分别是高氮磷比和中氮磷比时的2.22倍和4.02倍。中、高氮磷比时微囊藻对颤藻的竞争抑制参数（α）大于颤藻对微囊藻的竞争抑制参数（β）,而低氮磷比时则相反。根据Lotka-Volterra竞争模型中两物种的竞争结局可初步判断,中、高氮磷比时,微囊藻在竞争中占优势,低氮磷比时,微囊藻和颤藻不稳定共存。     

Effects of Broad-Leaf Crop Frequency in Various Rotations on Nitrate Nitrogen and Extractable Phosphorus in a Black Chernozem Soil

In the Canadian prairies, current recommendations allow growing of canola or pea once every 4 years on a particular field to effectively mange diseases, insects, and weeds, but producers are interested in increasing frequency of these crops to optimize economic returns. A 4-year (from 1999 and 2002) field experiment, with treatments consisting of rotations of monoculture canola and pea to rotations that contained these crops every 2, 3, and 4 years with wheat and flax, was conducted on a Black Chernozem (Udic Boroll) silty clay at Melfort, Saskatchewan, to determine the impact of frequency of broad-leaf crops canola and pea in various crop rotations on accumulation and distribution of nitrate nitrogen (N) and extractable phosphorus (P) in the soil profile after 4 years. Two cultivars of canola, an herbicide-tolerant blackleg- resistant variety (hybrid) and a conventional (not herbicide tolerant) open-pollinated, blackleg-susceptible variety (OP), were included. Mean effects of crop rotation or rotation length on soil nitrate N were not significant, though the amount of soil nitrate N in different soil layers tended to be greatest with monocultures and least in the 4-year rotation with flax. Effects of crop phase (i.e., individual crops that make up the rotation)?×?crop rotation interactions on soil nitrate N were significant for all layers in the soil profile. The amounts of nitrate N in soil after canola, especially hybrid canola, were lowest in most crop rotations, suggesting the importance of canola in minimizing downward movement of nitrate N in the soil profile. Soil extractable P in the 0- to 15-cm layer was least with monocultures and greatest in the 4-year rotation with flax. There was a significant effect of crop phase on soil extractable P, but soil P levels varied with crop phase in different rotations. In conclusion, residual nitrate N in soil can be reduced by extending crop rotations and using high-yielding disease-resistant canola cultivars, most likely by improving crop yields.     

不同施肥山核桃林氮磷径流流失特征

通过设置径流小区试验,定位研究不同施肥条件下山核桃林氮磷径流流失特征。结果表明,随着施肥时间的推移,氮磷流失均呈现降低的趋势,氮磷流失以可溶态氮、磷为主,分别占总氮、总磷的79.43%～83.60%和47.65%～75.39%。山核桃专用肥的施用对氮磷养分流失起到了良好的调控作用,与常规施肥(氮、磷流失负荷分别为523.41,36.87g/hm2)相比,山核桃专用肥的撒施和沟施使氮、磷流失负荷分别下降了35.73%,32.37%和43.37%,38.46%,故山核桃专用肥料沟施能有效减少前期氮磷养分流失的风险。     

Effect of Clinoptilolite Addition to Soil on Wheat Yield and Nitrogen Uptake

Abstract

During the past years, appreciable amounts of zeolite‐rich tuff that contains more than 70% clinoptilolite (Cp) have been discovered in Greece. The present study evaluates the ability of natural Greek Cp to increase the efficiency of nitrogen (N) fertilizer uptake in wheat. A pot experiment with winter wheat was conducted in a Typic Xerorthent that was fertilized with ammonium sulfate and amended with 0 to 60 ton/ha of Cp. Clinoptilolite application resulted in an increase of the cation exchange capacity of the soil from 9.5 to 13.6 meq/100 g (i.e., 43%). Soil ammoniacal N was greater in the samples amended with Cp at the boot stage, as was NO₃‐N. Clinoptilolite addition increased total wheat yield (dry matter of hay plus seed) 52% (from 21.1 g/pot in the control to 32.0 g/pot) in the treatment with 60 ton/ha of Cp. The influence was greater for seed yield than hay yield. Clinoptiloite addition resulted in high increase in total N uptake, about 141% (from 156 mg/pot in the control to 376 mg/pot) in the treatment with the highest Cp rate. For hay, the increase was 133% (from 125 mg/pot to 291 mg/pot), whereas for seed it was 126% (from 31 mg/pot to 70 mg/pot) from control to the treatment with the highest Cp rate, resulting in a more efficient N fertilizer use. The optimum Cp addition rate was estimated as large as 15 ton/ha.     

不同氮、磷、钾肥用量对玉米源、库干物质积累动态变化的影响

本研究采用田间小区的试验方法研究了不同氮、磷、钾用量下玉米各组分的干物质积累及其随时间的动态变化规律。结果表明,不同氮、磷、钾肥用量下玉米的各组分干物质积累随生育期的延续呈现有规律的动态变化:叶片、茎秆、营养体干物质积累自拔节期后呈直线上升,至灌浆期干物质积累达到最大值,之后便呈缓慢下降趋势;籽粒的干物质积累在灌浆期之前缓慢增加,之后呈直线上升;总生物产量在苗期缓慢增长,中期呈直线上升,到了后期由于营养体干物质的下降以及籽粒干物质的显著上升,也稳定增长。营养体、籽粒干物质和总生物产量的积累随时间的动态变化,均可用Logistic方程Y=a/(1+bexp(ct))来描述;在各个氮、磷、钾处理中,以N240、P225、K240处理各组分干物质积累最大速率较大,出现日期较早。籽粒和总生物产量之间的关系可用回归方程Y=exp(a+bx)描述。在氮、磷、钾各用量下,氮以N240、磷以P225、钾以K240处理籽粒产量最高,收获系数最大,因此比较适宜的N、P2O5、K2O用量分别为240、150、240 kg hm-2。     

包膜肥对设施番茄产量及土壤氮、磷累积的影响

采用小区试验方法研究包膜肥对设施番茄产量及土壤N、P累积的影响,结果表明:施用包膜肥处理与传统处理相比,在中期50d时提高了表层(0-30cm)土壤中氮的含量,而对60-120cm土层的影响不明显,对磷的影响在表层和地下都不明显。在种植结束时(110d),包膜肥处理在0-120cm的土层中都显著降低了氮的含量,在0-30cm中提高了磷的含量,但在30-120cm的土层中没有显著影响。相同施肥量时,在110d时包膜肥处理降低了N、P在30cm以下土层中的累积,同时包膜肥可显著提高番茄产量;在包膜肥追肥量较传统处理减少1/3时,产量依然没有显著降低。包膜肥处理较传统处理也降低了番茄硝酸盐的累积。     

Effects of Broad-Leaf Crop Frequency and Fungicide Application in Various Rotations on Nitrate Nitrogen and Extractable Phosphorus in a Dark Brown Soil

Flexibility in crop rotation planning allows canola and pea producers to adapt to changing management practices and marketing opportunities. Current recommendations in western Canada are to follow a 1 in 4-yr rotation for canola or pea on a particular field, but producers are interested in increasing frequency of these crops. The objective of this study was to determine the impacts of frequency of broad-leaf crops canola and pea and fungicide application in various crop rotations on accumulation and distribution of nitrate nitrogen (N) and extractable phosphorus (P) in the soil profile after 8 yr on a Dark Brown Chernozem (Typic Boroll) loam at Scott, Saskatchewan. The field experiment (from 1998 and 2005) contained monoculture canola and monoculture pea compared with rotations that contained these crops every 2, 3, and 4 yr with wheat and/or flax. Two cultivars of canola were included, an herbicide-tolerant and blackleg-resistant hybrid, and a conventional (not herbicide tolerant) open-pollinated, blackleg-susceptible (OP) cultivar. Subplots were fungicide treatments that attempted to control both blackleg and sclerotinia stem rot in canola and mycosphaerella blight in pea. Residual soil nitrate N in most layers and extractable P in many layers were significantly affected by crop rotation or rotation length, with the greatest amounts after monocultures. Fungicide application resulted in decreased amount of residual soil nitrate N, but it had no effect on soil extractable P. Crop phase (i.e., individual crops that make up the rotation) had a significant effect on soil nitrate N in many crop rotations; for example, residual soil nitrate N tended to be greatest after pea or OP canola and also after flax in the 4-yr rotation with flax. Crop phase had no effect on soil extractable P in any crop rotation. The lower amounts of residual soil nitrate N were usually associated with greater cumulative seed yields, and more so with greater cumulative N removal in seed in various crop rotations and phases within rotations. In conclusion, the findings suggest that accumulation of residual nutrients in soil, especially nitrate N, can be minimized by extending crop rotations, using high-yielding disease-resistant canola cultivars, and applying fungicides in years with weather conditions conducive to diseases.     

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Balances of Hungarian Farms as Management Tools for Sustainable Agriculture

Abstract

At the moment, Hungarian agriculture is confronted with a certain duality as far as nutrients are concerned. On the one hand, national soil nutrient balances show substantial deficits, and on the other hand, agricultural nutrient use is responsible for a part of the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) losses to the environment. To understand this duality and help optimize farm nutrient management, the farm gate N and P balances of 12 farms, representing a variety of Hungarian agriculture, were calculated for the year 2002. The farm gate N and P surpluses/deficits in the east of the country were lower than in the west. This was correlated with a lower fertilization rate. The low soil fertility level due to a prolonged period of low fertilization in combination with continuing nutrient deficits can lead to possible future reduction in crop yields.     

不同施肥制度对褐土及其微团聚体磷素肥力的影响

通过8年定位试验,研究了不同施肥制度下褐土及其微团聚体磷素肥力变化规律,从各级微团聚体全磷和有效磷储量角度探讨了不同施肥制度下土壤磷素肥力的变化实质。结果表明,不施肥处理主要是由于10～50μm粒级全磷储量和<10μm粒级有效磷储量减少而造成土壤磷素肥力下降;单施常量NPK化肥和增量NPK化肥处理主要通过提高<10μm粒级全磷和有效磷储量增加土壤磷素含量;有机肥(物)料配施常量NPK化肥处理则在提高小粒级微团聚体磷素贮备和供应能力的同时,增强了大粒级特别是10～50μm粒级全磷和有效磷储量,进而使土壤磷素肥力得到提高。采用有机肥(物)料配施常量NPK化肥是改善土壤磷素肥力的有效措施。     

不同氮磷肥施用对春玉米农田N_2O排放的影响

农田过量施肥会增加N2O排放,使农田土壤成为重要的温室气体排放源。为减少农田N2O排放,利用自动观测系统研究了春玉米农田中不同肥料对N2O排放的影响,并结合作物产量及N2O的排放量探索减少温室气体排放的施肥措施。采用田间试验方法设定了不施肥（CK）、尿素（U）、尿素加磷肥（NP）和硝酸磷肥（NOP）4个处理进行研究。结果表明,各处理下N2O排放总量分别为：CK0.21kgN·hm-2、U1.19kgN·hm-2、NP0.93kgN·hm-2、NOP0.69kgN·hm-2;N2O排放主要受施肥、灌溉,降雨和土壤温度的影响;在作物生长后期土壤含氮量小于7mgN·kg-1的情况下,观测到土壤吸收N2O的情况;各处理下排放因子均小于政府间气候变化委员会（IPCC）的缺省值1%,表明IPCC推荐的排放因子不适用于估算中国北方的春玉米农田N2O排放。施加磷肥有助于减少农田N2O排放并提高产量,硝态磷肥较尿素可以显著减少N2O排放。综合考虑产量和N2O排放,相对于施用尿素和尿素加磷肥处理,硝酸磷肥处理不仅可节约15%和30%的肥料投入,而且分别减少42%和26%的N2O排放,具有减排不减产的良好效果。