清末民国时期安徽的农业改良

清末民初，安徽农业改良机构渐次成立，形成了包括农政机关、农会、农业推广机构、农业研究机构和农业教育机构的农业改良机构体系。其改良的举措，主要有举办农事调查、宣传农业科技知识、研究和推广优良品种、引进新农具和化肥、防治病虫害等。尽管改良取得了一定成效，但没有改变近代安徽农业的落后局面。     

“昆玉高速公路”生态景观走廊规划设计

在分配分析当地气候、土壤、水文、植被等自然条件与社会经济条件的基础上，将贯穿玉溪市中心城区的“昆玉高速公路”生态景观走廊划分为风景化景观、生态农业景观、公路森林生态景观3个不同类型进行绿化设计，以期达到绿化、美化和提高公路的运行条件和环境质量，带动公路沿线生态建设工程，丰富生物多样性和推动区域经济发展等的综合效果。     

广适性小麦品种选育探讨

根据中国小麦生产实际,对黄淮和北部冬麦区品种的广适性进行了概念界定。在广适性的育种目标方面进行了探索讨论,确定了以光敏性、结实性、抗病性等为主要特征的育种目标。提出了传统技术与现代分子育种相结合的渐进式改良育种策略     

沙漠高速公路生态景观植物群落选择与设计——以榆靖高速公路为例

在对当地气候、土壤、植被等环境特征分析的基础上,提出了贯穿毛乌素沙地的榆靖高速公路生态景观走廊的不同类型植物群落类型和规划设计方案。在沙漠高速公路生态景观绿化植物群落的选择中应遵循适地适树、生物多样性和植物多功能等原则,在植物群落设计中应坚持统筹兼顾,多种搭配,丰富多彩,统一多变,以期达到绿化、美化和提高公路的运行条件及生态环境质量,带动沙漠高速公路沿线区域经济综合发展。     

Comment on "Evolutionary paths underlying flower color variation in Antirrhinum"

Although Whibley et al. (Reports, 18 August 2006, p. 963) argue for the presence of high-fitness ridges in the Antirrhinum floral-color adaptive landscape, their data are equally compatible with adaptive landscapes having a single peak and no ridges. Their demonstration of divergent selection across a hybrid zone argues against the presence of adaptive ridges.     

一种新型水质改良剂对池塘水质的影响

一种新型水质改良剂对池塘水质的影响研究结果表明,施用新型水质改良剂对水化因子有很大影响,使池塘DO升高,COD、NH4+-N、NO2--N降低,pH值变化平稳;1次施用的效果持续时间约为15 d,在池塘中施用这种新型水质改良剂可达到改良水质的目的。     

Methodological Approaches to Estimation of Land Value upon Change in its Hydro-Amelioration Status

Risk factors in agriculture and forestry are examined in connection with inundation of ameliorated peatlands. Feasibility of peatland rewetting for prevention of wildfires is considered on the example of Ryazan Meshchera. To study risks, a comprehensive approach, combining prediction of ameliorated landscape performance and analytical modeling, is employed. The main hypothesis is related to continuity of natural conditions of these reclaimed lands subject to continuous influence of an artificial drainage network. The analysis of risk factors was performed for the four types of landscape amelioration districts of Ryazan Meshchera: moraine-formed fluvio-glacial plains, interfluvial sandur plains of the Moscow stage, valley sandurs and terraces above the floodplains of the Oka River, and sandur lacustrine plains. The districts were compared according to the degree of their “peatification” (ratio of peatlands to total area), groundwater depth, and extent and density of the open-channel drainage network. It appears that the type four district has the largest fraction of peatlands (60% and more); in the districts of type two and three, peatlands occupy 20–30%. When building an analytical model for assessing change in land value as a result of rewetting of fire-prone peatlands, it is proposed to apply a methodology of applied information economics. This methodology allows quantifying noneconomic factors in the presence of risks and uncertainties. The employed approaches largely involve the Fermi estimate, which is a decomposition of affecting factors into elementary components and estimation of their inherent uncertainties, and the Monte Carlo method, which is numerical modeling of possible scenarios of event developments under artificially generated random events with the probabilities corresponding to that earlier determined by Fermi estimation. It is assumed that, during the implementation of the Wetlands International program aimed to change amelioration status of lands that contain fire-prone peat bogs in the Ryazan part of Meshchera, substantial costs will be incurred not only in rewetting but also in eliminating the damage caused, which can be calculated with the help of the proposed analytical model.     

自然景观空间意义之探索——南太行山典型峡谷景观韵律美评价

景观的韵律美价值与景观对原始人类的战略意义相一致,这是景观韵律美评价的基本原理。本文对南太行山典型峡谷景观(王相岩峡谷景观)的空间结构及其意义、韵律美价值进行了分析和探讨:围谷及其绝壁上的悬岩和洞穴,预示着一种潜在的、原始人的理想领地和直接生境;峡谷走廊与围谷的结合而形成的串珠式空间序列和每一围谷中的倒塔式竖向空间序列,能最大限度地满足人的空间探索欲和求知欲,产生多种景观感受和有利于形成清晰的整体环境认知图。这些结构正是自热景观美的韵律。     

新型底质改良剂对池塘水质和底质的影响

利用膨润土、腐植酸钠、黄腐酸吸附光合细菌制成一种新型底质改良剂,通过对池塘水质指标和底质有机质的测定,研究该底质改良剂对池塘水质和底质的影响。结果显示,该底质改良剂可以改善养殖水体水质,水体中溶解氧(DO)含量能够得到有效提高,化学需氧量(CODMn)明显下降,氨氮(NH4+-N)和亚硝酸盐氮(NO2--N)的去除效果显著,水体pH值稳定在渔业水质标准范围(淡水6.5~8.5);且可在一定程度上减少池塘底质有机质的积累。     

Analysis of the Hierarchical Structure of Factors Shaping Landscape-Specific Ameliorative Systems in Agriculture

This paper presents principles of investigating how the structural parts of geographical systems of different hierarchical levels influence the variability of economic and landscape environmental factors to be considered when designing landscape-specific ameliorative systems of crop farming. In addition, it describes the distinctive features of natural complexes that belong to three nodal levels of agrogeosystems’ classification, that is, agri-environment section, genus of the agricultural landscapes, and type of the agricultural landscapes in Tver oblast. It has been shown that all the studied parameters of agrogeosystems fall into three groups based on the degree of their influence on the spatial variability of factors of different orders. The first group includes crop yield, soil acidity, and the share of pastures and fallow lands in farms; the second group includes plant nutrient content in soils, waterlogging of soils, and its stoniness as well as the share of hay lands; and the third group embraces elements of the structural organization of agricultural enterprises.     

Productivity of herbaceous stands of different ages under landscape conditions of a terminal moraine ridge

Yield formation of uneven-aged herbaceous stands under various weather and lanscape conditions is investigated in a multifactor experiment. It is shown that yield and adaptive properties of the stands depend in many respects on their age and climatic situation as well as on the properties of the landscape and soil environment.     

勋章菊新品种‘星白’及其应用

勋章菊作为一种新优地被植物,可配植于公园、庭院、路基以及树池中,对扮靓城市景观起到很好的作用。介绍了日本引进的勋章菊品种‘星白’的生物特性和适应能力,对该品种的几种景观应用形式作了尝试,并对‘星白’的花色改良进行了初步研究。以期丰富苏州地区地被植物的多样性,为勋章菊的杂交育种提供新素材。     

农林院校背景下风景园林学科的中国建筑史教学方法探析

分析了风景园林专业成为一级学科后,相关课程设置发生的改变.认为中国建筑史课在此趋势下必然会进行适应性调整.辨析了建筑史与园林史的关系,以及农林院校建筑史教学的侧重点,进而从教学内容的专题化,教学方式的多样化方面探讨了教学方法的适应性变化.     

Direct demonstration of an adaptive constraint

The role of constraint in adaptive evolution is an open question. Directed evolution of an engineered beta-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase (IMDH), with coenzyme specificity switched from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), always produces mutants with lower affinities for NADP. This result is the correlated response to selection for relief from inhibition by NADPH (the reduced form of NADP) expected of an adaptive landscape subject to three enzymatic constraints: an upper limit to the rate of maximum turnover (kcat), a correlation in NADP and NADPH affinities, and a trade-off between NAD and NADP usage. Two additional constraints, high intracellular NADPH abundance and the cost of compensatory protein synthesis, have ensured the conserved use of NAD by IMDH throughout evolution. Our results show that selective mechanisms and evolutionary constraints are to be understood in terms of underlying adaptive landscapes.     

Rapid construction of empirical RNA fitness landscapes

Evolution is an adaptive walk through a hypothetical fitness landscape, which depicts the relationship between genotypes and the fitness of each corresponding phenotype. We constructed an empirical fitness landscape for a catalytic RNA by combining next-generation sequencing, computational analysis, and "serial depletion," an in vitro selection protocol. By determining the reaction rate constant for every point mutant of a catalytic RNA, we demonstrated that abundance in serially depleted pools correlates with biochemical activity (correlation coefficient r = 0.67, standard score Z = 7.4). Therefore, enumeration of each genotype by deep sequencing yielded a fitness landscape containing ~10(7) unique sequences, without requiring measurement of the phenotypic fitness for each sequence. High-throughput mapping between genotype and phenotype may apply to artificial selections, host-pathogen interactions, and other biomedically relevant evolutionary phenomena.     

森林景观“斑块耦合网络”视角下森林经营的思考

森林经营理论和实践经历了从单一永续利用到多目标持续利用, 最终实现森林可持续经营的演变过程。森林景观“斑块耦合网络” 代表森林景观整体结构的骨架,对森林可持续经营具有指导意义。阐释了森林景观“斑块耦合网络”理论对森林异质性经营、适应性经营与跨尺度经营的实践应用价值,进一步揭示森林异质性景观的稳定机制、森林整体约束下的适应性调控机制与多尺度上森林经营机制,提出了现代森林经营对“斑块耦合网络”研究的启示与展望。     

Long-term effect of ameliorative rototilling of solonetz

An effective technology of growing crops with tilling solonetz by a PMS-70 rototiller was developed. On the basis of a long-term field experiment, a 30-year period of influence of cyclic soil ameliorative farming practices of chestnut-solonetz complex soils of the Rostov oblast is substantiated.     

乡土植物在城市绿化中的应用初探

乡土植物具有资源丰富,对当地生态环境具有高度适应性,能提供诸多乔木、灌木、攀缘植物、地被和草本花卉,同时应用到城市绿化中;能展示地方资源,创造地方性景观;苗木易获取,生产成本低廉,养护容易;不致引入生物侵害等优势。在城市绿化建设中,合理开发利用乡土植物资源,不仅能形成地域性植被特色景观,而且对城市生态环境建设和生物多样性保护具有重要意义。建议城市绿化首选乡土植物。     

盐渍化土壤改良的研究进展

我国盐渍化土壤广泛分布在干旱、半干旱地区。研究盐渍化对我国农业可持续发展、提高盐碱地的生产能力和维持良好的生态经济效益具有举足轻重的作用。该研究介绍了国内外学者提出的盐渍化土壤的成因、危害以及盐渍化土壤改良措施的最新研究成果,分析了盐渍化对植物的毒害机理。并且,结合目前相关研究的前沿和热点问题,提出我国盐渍化土壤的研究前景,为进一步完善盐渍化土壤改良措施提供理论依据。     

青岛市城阳区地被植物应用调查研究

地被植物对于提高园林绿地景观效果、维持生态系统良性循环、创建适宜的人居环境具有重要意义。通过对青岛市城阳区地被植物的应用现状进行的调查,结果表明：绿地中应用的地被植物约有50余种,主要有鸢尾、萱草、平枝栒子、迎春、石楠、火棘、五叶地锦等,阐述了地被植物在青岛市城阳区园林绿地中的应用现状,并针对应用中存在的问题提出了相关建议。