亚高山退化森林生态系统及植被恢复研究进展

对国内亚高山退化生态系统及植被恢复的研究进展进行了综述。包括国内学者对亚高山退化生态系统特征、干扰因子和作用机理、退化生态系统的天然更新即限制因素和植被恢复等方面的研究情况,提出了现有研究中存在的一些问题,并对亚高山退化生态系统更深入系统的研究提供建议和依据。     

香格里拉亚高山造林地类型划分及森林植被恢复对策

针对20世纪70年代以来,香格里拉县森林覆被率不断下降,亚高山针叶林迅速减少,无林地面积大量增加的趋势及森林植被恢复的紧迫性,从三个方面,论述了造林地的形成、类型划分及森林植被恢复对策。第一,系统地分析了香格里拉亚高山针叶树种及森林类型多样性,叙述了21个亚高山针叶林类型及其主要特点;根据植被演替理论,论述了亚高山针叶林经采伐、森林火灾干扰后,退化林地形成及演变趋势。第二,运用群落分类法,根据造林地建群种和亚建群种提出了造林地类型组和类型的两级分类方法,并运用表格叙述了七个类型组和20个类型的主要特征。第三,提出了森林植被恢复的对策建议。     

香格里拉亚高山针叶林研究

2010年5～10月通过对香格里拉主要森林类型进行系统调查,分析了亚高山针叶林在本区的地位,论述了香格里拉县亚高山针叶林8个群系的基本特征及分布,提出亚高山针叶林保护及植被恢复重建面临的生态问题。     

德钦县退化林地植被恢复策略

针对德钦地区的特姝地貌及生态特征,将区域分为干暖河谷区和亚高山寒温区,分析不同区域植被恢复重建面临的困难和问题,对干暖河谷区提出合理进行树种选择,高质量的整地,使用保水剂,适当深栽,密度适宜,选择最佳种植模式等植被恢复策略;对亚高山寒温区提出推荐适应性较强的造林树种,发展混交林,进行牲畜防护等植被恢复策略.     

云南玉龙县亚高山沼泽湿地植被研究

亚高山沼泽湿地是云南湿地的重要组成部分,在湿地类型中占有重要的地位,发挥着重要的生态服务功能。斑块调查采用"3S"技术和实地调查,植物群系采用典型样方法调查了130个样地,分析整理样地资料,将玉龙县的亚高山沼泽湿地植被划分为3个沼泽植被型13个群系。在全面查清玉龙县亚高山沼泽湿地植被类型、分布区域及分布面积的基础上,科学分析并归纳了玉龙县亚高山沼泽湿地植被的分布特点和植被结构特点,同时根据湿地受威胁现状,针对性地提出了保护管理建议。     

岷江上游亚高山典型森林植被群落数量特征研究

本文应用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数，Simpson生态优势度指标以及群落均匀度指标，定量研究岷江上游亚高山主要森林群落的组成结构特征。以原始林的数量特征为参照，比较分析了岷江上游亚高山植被自然恢复与人工恢复的群落数量特征。结果表明，岷江上游亚高山主要森林群落的物种多样性指数为0.55～4.62，多数在1-3之间，多样性指数值偏低。生态优势度为0.06-0.92，多数在0.40-0.80之间。群落均匀度为0.27～1.39之间。原始林的群落组成及结构特征取决于人为干扰程度。在森林植被恢复过程中，人工营造的混交林的群落结构优于自然恢复的次生林的群落结构，因而具有较好的生态效应，而人工营造的纯林的群落结构则比自然恢复的次生林差。人工林的林木生长速度大于天然更新的林木。     

香格里拉亚高山不同退化程度森林群落土壤种子库的特征研究

2006～2007年采用种子萌发法,对香格里拉亚高山不同退化森林群落的土壤种子密度、丰富度,物种组成及地上植被组成开展了调查研究。结果表明:(1)亚高山土壤种子库中共有42个种子植物,种子密度为471～891粒/m2;(2)退化林地种子库中的物种密度依次为重度退化>极度退化>中度退化>轻度退化>未退化,物种丰富度依次为轻度退化>未退化>极度退化>中度退化>重度退化;(3)多年生草本植物在5类群落中均占绝对优势,只在未退化林地中发现木本植物;(4)土壤种子库及地上植被在物种组成上具有较小的Jaccard相似系数;(5)11月份物种数量及种子密度比4月份及7月份高;(6)0～5 cm表土种子库中具有较高的物种数量及种子密度;(7)种子扩散、地上植物的无性繁殖及人工造林是恢复香格里拉亚高山退化植被的有效途径。     

川西亚高山森林不同恢复阶段生长季蒸腾特征

【目的】定量揭示我国川西亚高山地区不同恢复阶段森林的蒸腾耗水特征,为当地森林恢复树种选择、水源涵养功能提升与低效林改造等提供科学参考。【方法】选择川西亚高山地区植被恢复系列中无论是林龄、类型还是面积都具有典型代表性的岷江冷杉老龄原始林、红桦次生林和粗枝云杉人工林作为研究对象,利用热扩散技术监测生长季树木蒸腾量;利用林分边材面积进行尺度上推,估算林分冠层蒸腾耗水量。基于机器学习技术(随机森林回归算法)估算整个生长季(5—10月)的林分冠层蒸腾耗水量。【结果】各森林类型平均日冠层蒸腾量表现为粗枝云杉林红桦林岷江冷杉林;在整个生长季观测到的粗枝云杉林、红桦林和岷江冷杉林日最大冠层蒸腾量分别为3. 17、2. 08和1. 69 mm;基于多气象因素,随机森林回归算法可有效估算森林蒸腾耗水量;整个生长季的林分冠层蒸腾总量估算结果表现为粗枝云杉林(314. 1 mm)红桦林(199. 3 mm)岷江冷杉林(125. 5 mm)。【结论】处在演替早期的红桦次生林冠层蒸腾耗水量明显高于处于演替晚期的岷江冷杉原始林;人工林蒸腾耗水量明显高于天然林(岷江冷杉原始林和红桦次生林),因此可将森林蒸腾耗水特征作为研究区森林恢复度的评价指标。该区大量营造的粗枝云杉人工林已步入中龄林阶段,高蒸腾特征可能会对流域产水量构成压力,建议进行抚育性结构调整。通过综合分析多项研究结果,本文提出一个"森林水分利用生态演替"假说:伴随着亚高山森林植被自然恢复进程(正向演替),林地蒸腾耗水量趋于减少,地带性演替顶级群落亚高山暗针叶林具有最低蒸腾耗水特征。这个假说可作为川西亚高山区区域水文平衡维持和植被结构调整的参照体系。     

梵净山典型植被类型的根系真菌群落结构及功能类群特征研究

[目的]解析世界自然遗产地梵净山地区典型植被类型对真菌群落结构及功能的影响,为深入探讨可见的地上植物群落和未知的地下真菌群落结构间的关联机制提供数据支撑。[方法]以梵净山常绿阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林和亚高山矮林3种植被类型为研究对象,高通量测序技术探讨根系真菌群落结构在植被类型间的差异,FUNGuild对真菌进行功能预测,并分析真菌群落与土壤性质、细根性状和叶性状间的关系。[结果]子囊菌门和担子菌门为优势真菌门,undefined saprotroph、丛枝菌根真菌、外生菌根真菌、植物病原菌、内生真菌、寄生性真菌和杜鹃花类菌根真菌为主要功能类群。常绿阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林和亚高山矮林的显著差异功能类群分别是丛枝菌根真菌、外生菌根真菌和杜鹃花类菌根真菌。真菌群落组成在植被类型间存在显著差异,常绿阔叶林真菌多样性和Shannon指数显著高于常绿落叶阔叶混交林和亚高山矮林,而Bray-Curtis相异性指数在亚高山矮林显著低于常绿阔叶林和常绿落叶阔叶混交林。ABT分析表明,根碳含量是影响真菌丰富度的首要因子,叶干物质含量是影响真菌Shannon指数、Simpson指数和Pielou指数...     

祁连山水源涵养林土壤水文特征研究

通过对祁连山水源涵养林区的苔藓-青海云杉林、亚高山灌丛、灌木-青海云杉林、中低山灌木林和祁连圆柏以及牧草地等6种植被土壤水分物理性质的测定与计算,比较分析了不同植被的水源涵养能力,建立了主要土壤类型的入渗模型、土壤水分消退方程,评价了不同植被土壤层水文特征及其与植被间的关系.祁连山区主要森林的平均土壤密度均小于1 g·cm-3,土壤的蓄水能力很强但各植被间差异较大.各种森林植被土壤均表现出较高的入渗性能,土壤初渗率、稳渗率及蓄水能力从大到小的次序均为:苔藓-青海云杉林、亚高山灌丛、灌木-青海云杉林、中低山灌木林、祁连圆柏林和牧草地.在相同的环境条件下,森林土壤(山地灰褐土)的保水能力较高,水势消退曲线呈凸形,而牧草地土壤(山地栗钙土)的保水能力相对较弱,水势消退曲线呈凹形.土壤含水量相同时,后者所持水分的有效性更大.     

川西亚高山针叶林生物量遥感估算模型研究

利用野外实测68个样地的森林生物量数据、TM影像的单波段数据、植被指数数据以及地形数据在内的18个自变量建立了川西亚高山针叶林生物量的回归估算模型。研究表明:在建立的一元线性回归、一元非线性回归和多元线性回归生物量模型中,以多元线性回归模型在森林生物量估算中有较好的精度。     

重庆市级重大项目菖蒲盖景区农旅融合亚高山草场修复与养护

介绍重庆市酉阳县菖蒲盖亚高山草场概况,以及草场存在的水土流失、植被退化、景观效果不佳等问题。藉此提出清杂、整地、灌溉排水、土壤改造、植草等对草场加以生态修复的技术措施,以及相应的草场维护和景观养护措施。通过实施生态修复,认为初步取得了预期效果。     

头塘小流域不同植被类型对土壤物理性质的影响

研究区域位于云南省东北部会泽县城东郊的头塘小流域,属金沙江支流牛栏江水系上游。以自然植被针叶混交林地为参照,与针叶人工纯林地、阔叶人工纯林地、针叶人工混交林地进行比较,分析不同植被类型土壤物理性状的差异和动态过程,以及土壤物理特性变化与人为干预影响之间的关系。结果表明,阔叶林和混交林对土壤性状的恢复作用大于纯林,华山松对土壤环境的恢复作用大于云南松,且与林龄正相关。     

浅论不同植被类型对土壤物理性质的影响——以会泽头塘小流域为例

随着社会经济的发展,人地矛盾日益尖锐,自然植被遭到严重破坏,土壤严重退化,因此,恢复植被及恢复土壤生态环境,提高森林或人工林生产力,促进森林尽快发挥其经济与生态功能势在必行。为此,本文以自然植被针叶混交林地为参照,同针叶人工纯林地、阔叶人工纯林地、针叶人工混交林地进行比较,探讨不同植被类型土壤物理性状的差异和动态过程,客观揭示土壤物理特性变化与人为干预影响之间的关系。     

Changes in species composition and diversity in the restoration process of sub-alpine dark brown coniferous forests in western Sichuan Province, China

By adopting the concept of space as a substitute for time, we analyzed the dynamics of species composition and diversity of different restoration sequences (20, 30, 40, 50 years) in two secondary forest types in western Sichuan Province, distributed in a northerly or northwesterly direction. The analysis was based on the results of measurements of 50 plots located at elevations between 3100–3600 m. The forests originated from natural regeneration in combination with reforestation of spruce when the old-growth bamboo-dark brown coniferous forests and moss-dark brown coniferous old growth forests were harvested. Similar old-growth dark brown coniferous forests at ages ranging between 160 and 200 years were selected as the reference forests for comparisons. We recorded 167 species of vascular plants from 44 families and 117 genera. There was no significant difference in terms of the number of species among secondary forests. But the importance values of dominant species varied during the restoration processes. The dominant species in the secondary forests is Betula albo-sinensis, while Abies faxoniana is the dominant species in old-growth dark brown coniferous forests. Species richness increased significantly with restoration processes. It increased quickly in secondary forests during the period from 30 to 40 years, but decreased significantly in the old-growth dark brown coniferous forests. The species richness among growth forms decreased in the following order: herb layer > shrub layer > tree layer. The maximum value of the evenness index occurred in secondary forests at age 40 and remained relatively stable in the bamboo-birch forests, but the evenness index tended to decrease in moss-birch forests and slightly increased in the old-growth mossdark brown coniferous forests. There was a statistically significant difference in the eveness index between the tree and shrub layers as well as between the tree layer and the herb layer, but there was no significant difference between the shrub layer and the herb layer. The value of the Shannon index increased over restoration time. In bamboo-birch forests, the maximum value of the Shannon index was 3.80, recorded at age 50. In moss-birch forests, the maximal value was 3.65, reached in this forest at age 30. The value of the Shannon index of old-growth dark brown coniferous forests was recorded between younger secondary and older secondary forests. The value of the dominance index of communities varied. At the first stage of restoration, it increased, and at the end it was decreased. The dominance index of the tree layer had a similar trend as that of the community dominance index, but was more variable. The minimum value of the dominance index of the tree layer in the moss-birch forests reached 20 years earlier than that of the bamboo-birch forests. There was a significant difference among restoration sequences in the α diversity indices except for the dominance index. No significant differences between the two secondary forest types were detected. Over age, the value of the Bray-Curtis index between secondary forest and old-growth dark brown coniferous forest increased. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2007, 43(5): 17–23 [译自: 林业科学]     

退化森林生态系统人工针叶林恢复对鸟类群落的影响

2005-2006年夏季在河北塞罕坝地区运用固定样线法对退化森林生态系统人工针叶林恢复形成的40年生人工针叶林鸟类群落进行调查,并同自然恢复形成的天然落叶阔叶林和天然针阔混交林进行比较.共记录鸟类39种.分别隶属于8目17科.结果表明:人工针叶林恢复对退化森林生态系统鸟类群落具有重要影响;人工针叶林鸟类物种数为(4.14±0.60)种·hm-2,密度为(26.21±7.64)只·hm-2,均高于或显著高于(P=0.018)天然阔叶林,且密度与天然混交林无显著差异(P=0.902),人工针叶林中的沼泽山雀和黄眉柳莺的密度有了显著提高,分别从(2.78±0.67)只·hm-2和(1.21±0.45)只·hm-2增加到(13.57±5.58)只·hm.(P=0.027)和(5.95 4-1.56)只·hm-2(P=0.009,0.002),但人工针叶林鸟类群落物种多样性值(H')较小(0.98 4-0.10)、均匀度(J)显著较低(0.73 ±0.04)(P=0.003,0.045);在鸟类4个取食集团中,人工针叶林有2个取食集团的物种组成与自然恢复无显著差异,但密度却有较大的变化,人工针叶林可以显著提高食虫鸟的密度(P=0.041),但杂食鸟和食谷鸟密度均显著低于天然混交林(P=0.007,0.002).     

Determination of diffusion coefficients for sub-alpine fir

Estimates of the drying rate for sub-alpine fir lumber and the effect of process variables on final moisture contents are valuable information for kiln operators. The diffusion approach offers one generalized way to estimate the drying time required and the final moisture content distribution. The diffusion coefficients of normal wood and wet wood of sub-alpine fir lumber were determined by two types of approaches in this study: the traditional method and the inverse moisture diffusion algorithm. The results from both approaches indicate that the diffusion coefficient of normal wood is greater than that of wet wood for sub-alpine fir.     

Effects of drought and nitrogen addition on photosynthetic characteristics and resource allocation of Abies fabri seedlings in eastern Tibetan Plateau

Abies fabri (Mast.) Craib is an endemic and dominant species in typical sub-alpine dark coniferous forests distributed in mountainous regions of the eastern Tibetan Plateau, China. We investigated the ecophysiological responses of A. fabri seedlings to short-term artificially-applied drought, nitrogen addition alone, and the combination of these treatments. Drought was created by excluding natural precipitation with an automatically controlled plastic roof that covered the seedlings. Nitrogen fertilization was applied weekly by spraying over seedlings with ammonium nitrate solution. Experiment results showed that drought caused a reduction in photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency and leaf mass per area. Nitrogen addition enhanced photosynthetic performance by increasing net photosynthetic rate. In the drought plots, nitrogen addition increased net photosynthetic rate and instantaneous water use efficiency. These results showed that applied nitrogen improved plant water use efficiency and N accumulation in plant organs under drought conditions. Especially under drought conditions more N was concentrated into needles by applied nitrogen as compared with other organs. In conclusion, our results indicated that the combination of nitrogen addition and drought may result in positive effects on A. fabri seedlings in the short-term.