鸭嘴-偏心轮式钵苗栽植器的设计

针对目前我国北方地区早春季节低温干旱的特点,设计了鸭嘴-偏心轮式钵苗栽植器,进而根据栽植工艺要求对鸭嘴吊篮运动和鸭嘴开启方式进行了分析,确定了最佳投苗位置和偏心圆环运动传动比等主要结构参数.通过室内试验发现:该栽植器具有工作可靠性好、作业速度快、钵苗站直率高和对钵体形状适应性良好等特点,为开发成熟的钵苗栽植装备奠定了基础.     

基于EDEM-RecurDyn的指夹式取苗爪仿真优化与试验

为了实现自动移栽机高效、高质量取苗,提出整排取苗、同时投苗的工作方式。以指夹式取苗爪为研究对象,阐述了取苗爪的结构组成及工作原理。建立了取苗爪的运动数学模型,结合钵体力学特性及根系分布特点,对组成取苗爪的各构件进行尺寸参数优选,并在RecurDyn中建立其虚拟样机模型。通过试验进行钵体力学性能测量,对试验所得数据进行处理,得出钵体物理特性参数,进而在EDEM中建立钵体颗粒模型。通过EDEM-RecurDyn耦合仿真取苗爪插入、夹取、提离过程。分析取苗爪插入钵体苗深度、开始夹苗深度对取苗时钵体的影响,仿真优化得到当取苗爪插入钵体深度I_d=34 mm,插入钵体平均速度I_v=280 mm/s,开始夹苗深度C_i=4 mm,夹苗平均速度C_v=250 mm/s时,可以获得较好的钵体完整性。在16、20、24次/min的取苗速率下进行取苗爪取投苗试验,结果表明,所设计的指夹式取苗爪取苗成功率均在96%以上,钵体破碎率小于1%,具有良好的取苗、投苗效果,在取苗作业中可以保持良好的钵体完整性。     

水稻钵苗有序移栽试验装置的研究

为了研究水稻钵苗有序移栽的可行性,给水稻钵苗有序移栽机的研制提供工艺参数,以YP450C水稻插秧机为机体,确定了钵苗移栽工作部件及其传动系统,研制了水稻钵苗有序移栽试验装置.借鉴国内外钵盘育秧技术,在室内模拟水田实际工况,采用气吸式取苗原理移栽空气整根盘育乳苗,进行育苗和移栽试验.试验结果表明,利用气吸式原理移栽空气整根钵体乳苗所需要的真空度范围为400～900Pa;移栽后钵苗排列有序,钵苗入土直立度高.     

蔬菜自动移栽机对置秧盘交替自动取投苗机构研究

针对现有蔬菜自动移栽机茎秆夹持式和钵体顶出式取苗方式的缺点,基于顶出-夹取结合式取苗方式,设计了一种适用于对称布置可弯曲秧盘的交替式取投苗机构。阐述了该机构工作原理、关键点运动轨迹和结构组成。分析了关键因素对秧苗夹持点运动轨迹的影响方式并优选了取值：驱动曲柄转速10r/min,取投苗摇杆长度为 309mm,驱动气缸伸出速度25mm/s,0.8s内完成拔苗,伸出时刻为提前0.4s。该参数组合下秧苗夹持点在拔苗阶段最大横向位移9.6mm,累计横向位移0mm,理论提升高度44mm,满足取投苗作业理论要求。以苗龄45d的辣椒秧苗为作业对象,进行了栽植频率70~120株/(min·行)的取投苗性能试验,试验结果表明,该交替取投苗机构在栽植频率100株/(min·行)时可实现取苗成功率93%,投苗成功率95%,总体成功率88%,满足取投苗作业要求,验证了该取投苗机构的可行性。     

一体式蔬菜钵苗取苗爪夹持力检测传感器设计与试验

针对入钵夹取式全自动蔬菜钵苗移栽机取苗爪体积小，夹持力检测传感器结构与安装方式干涉取苗爪正常取投动作、影响自身精度与使用寿命等问题，本文选用聚二甲基硅氧烷(Polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS)薄膜作为传感器介电层，设计了一种内置式钵苗夹持力传感器，并通过嵌入方式实现取苗爪与传感器一体化设计。建立穴孔、钵体基质、取苗爪仿真模型，应用LS-PrePost软件对取苗过程进行耦合仿真，得到取苗爪与钵体基质接触部位最大受力区域，确定了取苗爪与传感器的结构与尺寸；设计夹持力信号检测系统，将硬件电路与采集软件结合，完成电容量-电压转换、信号放大、噪声滤除，实现夹持力信号的采集、处理、显示与保存等功能。为验证传感器性能，进行传感器标定试验与室内验证试验。标定试验表明，在不同振荡频率下，夹持力传感器平均灵敏度为0.372 8 N/V,平均线性决定系数为0.989 2,精度为7.548%,量程为7 N,满足移栽过程中夹持力检测的准确度要求；室内验证试验表明，夹持力检测传感器具有良好的稳定性与适应性，可用于移栽机取苗机构夹持实时精准检测。     

变行距水稻钵苗移栽机移栽装置设计与试验

针对现有水稻钵苗移栽机移栽行距固定、不能适应南方双季稻区不同行距移栽农艺要求的问题,在歩距式水稻插秧机基础上,设计了一种取苗轨迹简单、实用及性能可靠的变行距钵苗移栽装置。根据钵苗最佳拔取角度与取、投苗位置要求,确定取苗运动轨迹,设计取苗连杆机构,建立运动学模型,并应用Matlab对机构模型进行优化设计;根据取苗连杆机构运动参数与钵苗下落姿态的要求,设计苗夹开合与旋转运动控制凸轮,并进行取苗连杆机构与苗夹机构之间运动同步性的运动仿真分析;为满足钵苗经过输苗筒后下落至水田时刻的一致,以保证移栽时钵苗株距均匀性,对输苗筒的关键结构进行了理论分析及设计;进行不同取苗速度、不同行距的移栽试验,平均取苗成功率达到89.96%,平均倒苗率3.45%,表明该装置具有较好的移栽效果,可应用于水稻钵苗变行距移栽作业。     

大株距行星轮系蔬菜钵苗栽植机构优化设计与试验

设计了一种能适应大株距栽植的行星轮系蔬菜钵苗栽植机构,通过该机构栽植嘴能将蔬菜钵苗植入土中。构建了一种新型的非圆齿轮传动比函数,建立了机构的运动学模型,推导了栽植嘴尖点的(角)位移、(角)速度方程。基于Visual Basic开发了计算机辅助分析与优化软件,分析了非圆齿轮中心距a、角位移系数k1和k2、行星架初始安装角φ0、栽植嘴初始安装角α0、中间齿轮初始安装角γ0以及栽植嘴顶端到行星轮中心的距离S等重要参数对栽植轨迹的影响,通过人机交互方式优化出一组能够满足蔬菜钵苗栽植工作要求的机构参数(a=53 mm、k1=0.23、k2=0.03、φ0=-58°、α0=-144°、γ0=144°、S=175 mm)。根据优化所得参数建立栽植机构的三维模型并进行仿真分析,同时制作了栽植机构的样机进行田间植苗试验。试验了栽植嘴在不同时刻开启和闭合对西兰花钵苗栽植时直立度和成功率的影响,得出栽植嘴在其运动轨迹最低点上方10 mm处张开为最佳开启位置,钵苗直立度优良率达85%,栽植效率可达100株/(min·行),栽植株距达到450 mm,证明该机构适用于蔬菜钵苗的大株距栽植。     

自动移栽机整排取苗间隔投苗控制系统设计与试验

针对自动移栽机取苗控制精度、协调配合等问题,结合自主设计的自动移栽机取苗、投苗及分苗系统结构及其工作原理,基于可编程控制器PLC设计了一种整排取苗间隔投苗控制系统。该控制系统采用3个行程开关I1、I2、I3检测翻转取苗状态,实现取苗爪针在插入苗钵过程中逐渐收缩的过程,减少了对钵体内部的损伤;运用光电传感器感应分苗杯位置和数量,以增量式编码器获取分苗杯运动位移,通过两者配合完成苗钵在最佳投苗点投苗;选用72孔和128孔穴盘、20 d苗龄的黄瓜苗进行取苗、投苗栽植试验,检测控制系统性能。试验结果表明:在栽植频率40~70株/min范围内,两种穴盘苗的取苗投苗综合成功率均高于95%,平均值为97.98%,随着栽植频率的增加,取苗投苗综合成功率有所下降,但变化不大,证明设计的控制系统能适用不同规格苗盘、不同栽植频率下的自动移栽,达到高效自动移栽目的。     

蔬菜移栽机气吹振动复合式取苗机构设计与试验

针对我国全自动蔬菜移栽机取苗、投苗机构复杂等问题,设计了一种蔬菜移栽机气吹振动复合式取苗机构及其配套苗盘。设计的取苗机构主要由送苗装置、振动装置和气吹装置等组成,各部分配合完成自动取苗、投苗工作。构建了振动过程中苗盘与钵苗的动力学模型,通过分析钵苗取苗条件,求解出振动过程中影响取苗成功率的3个主要参数:振动频率、振幅以及钵苗基质含水率。综合考虑振动与气吹相结合的取苗方式,以取苗成功率、基质破损率作为取苗效果评价指标,选取钵苗基质含水率、振动器振动频率、吹气气压为试验因素,进行多目标正交试验。试验结果表明:在给定因素水平下,当钵苗含水率为55%、振动器振动频率为36 Hz、吹气气压为0. 45 MPa时,取苗效果最佳,此时取苗成功率为92%,基质破损率为3. 46%。     

油菜钵苗开沟槽水平推苗栽植机构设计与试验

为了提高油菜钵苗移栽效率与质量,设计了一种适合厢面开沟槽水平推苗移栽的栽植机构。为了分析和优化该机构的结构参数,建立了数学模型和运动学方程,并编写了基于Matlab的人机交互式程序。结合油菜钵苗水平推苗移栽的农艺要求,探讨了栽植机构运动轨迹与幼苗移栽直立度合格率的关系。研究了水平推苗移栽的运动机理,优选了栽植机构杆件长度、安装位置和初始角度等参数,并根据该参数设计了油菜钵苗幼苗移栽试验装置。进行了栽植机构运动静、动轨迹验证试验和栽苗试验,轨迹验证试验表明,样机实际运动规律符合仿真设计要求,栽苗试验表明,在行驶速度0. 4～0. 6 m/s、栽植机构循环频率在1～1. 5 Hz之间,移栽株距0. 2～0. 3 m,移栽深度0. 04～0. 06 m时,水平推苗栽植合格率不低于90%,说明水平推苗移栽满足油菜钵苗移栽要求。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。